氢溴酸沃替西汀有关物质的测定方法

目的建立氢溴酸沃替西汀中有关物质的测定方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法( HPLC),用 Agilent HC?C18(2)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈 -0.5%三乙胺溶液(用磷酸调至 pH 6.0),梯度洗脱,检测波长 226 nm,以外标法定量检测已知杂质,主成分自身对照法检测未知杂质。结果氢溴酸沃替西汀和杂质 B、D、E、F、G、H、I、J、M等 9个已知杂质的分离度良好;线性范围满足定量分析的要求, 9个杂质的相关系数均在 0.998以上; 9个已知杂质的平均加样回收率在( 100.2±1.1)%,RSD均＜ 5%。结论反相高效液相色谱法具有高选择性(能定量分析 9个工艺杂质及降解杂质),色谱条件简单易操作,高灵敏度、精密度良好,可作为氢溴酸沃替西汀原料杂质的控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定琥珀酸多西拉敏片中有关物质

目的建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)法测定琥珀酸多西拉敏片中的有关物质。方法 2017年 10月至 2018年 9月,采用高效液相色谱法,紫外检测器,苯基硅烷键合硅胶柱,固定相: Polar?Phenyl,250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm,流动相: 0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(加三乙胺溶液 3 mL,用磷酸调节 pH至 3.0)?乙腈(89∶11),检测波长: 260 nm。结果 5种已知杂质和琥珀酸多西拉敏及其他未知杂质均能得到有效分离;琥珀酸多西拉敏、杂质 A、B、C、E和 G分别在 0.08～20.36、0.08～20.14、0.05～19.85、0.10～ 20.66、0.25～20.39、0.05～22.63 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好, r均为 0.999 9。杂质 A、B、C、E和 G平均回收率分别为 99.62%,98.87%,1     

高效液相色谱法测定氟伐他汀钠缓释片的有关物质

目的 建立氟伐他汀钠缓释片有关物质的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定方法，为建立氟伐他汀钠缓释片的质量控制标准提供参考。方法 色谱柱为ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C₁₈ Rapid Resolution(75 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5μm);流动相A:pH值7.2缓冲液-甲醇乙腈混合液(体积比90:10),流动相B:pH值7.2缓冲液-甲醇乙腈混合液(体积比10:90),梯度洗脱；流速：2.0 mL·min^-1;柱温：35℃;检测波长：305,365 nm;进样量：25μL。结果 主峰与各杂质峰均能达到完全分离；杂质A、B、C、D、E、F、G的检测限分别是0.069 5,0.032 5,0.059 3,0.074 0,0.050 3,0.048 6,0.026 3μg·mL^-1,杂质A、B、C、D、E、F、G的定量限分别是0.2318,0.108 3,0.197 8,0.246 6,0.167 6,0.162 1,0.087 6μg·mL^-1;在研究的浓度范围内与各自峰面积呈良好的线性关...     

高效液相色谱法测定瑞舒伐他汀钙片中8种有关物质的含量

目的：建立瑞舒伐他汀钙片有关物质测定方法;方法制备瑞舒伐他汀钙片中8种杂质,以色谱柱：Agilent extend-C18（4.6 mmx250 mm,5μm）;流动相：0.05 M磷酸二氢钠缓冲液（用磷酸调pH至2.0）：乙腈：甲醇=46：20：34;检测波长：242 nm;流速：0.7 mL·min-1为色谱条件,采用对照品对照法计算瑞舒伐他汀钙片中8种杂质的含量;结果瑞舒伐他汀非对映异构体、5-氧化-瑞舒伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀-5S-内酯在3批瑞舒伐他汀钙片中含量最高;结论规定瑞舒伐他汀钙片中杂质A、B、C的含量不得过0.5%,杂质D、E、F、G、H不得过0.2%,单杂不得过0.2%,总杂质不得过1.5%。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸莫西沙星原料药中的有关物质#br#

目的 建立盐酸莫西沙星原料药有关物质的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm, 5μm)对有关物质A~H进行定量分析,以0.1%三乙胺溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.5)-乙腈(70:30)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长293nm(检测杂质A、B、C、D、F),280nm(检测杂质G和H),243nm(检测杂质E),柱温30℃,进样量10μL。结果 盐酸莫西沙星与各杂质峰及各杂质峰之间的分离度均大于1.5,杂质A~H的线性范围分别是0.153~1.534、0.506~1.517、0.252~1.510、0.393~1.474、0.486~1.458、0.153~1.526、0.095~1.426和0.160~1.602μg/mL,各杂质在线性范围内均与峰面积成良好的线性关系(r>0.99),杂质A~H的检测限分别为0.0511、0.1517、0.1006、0.1474、0.2430、0.0509、0.0285和0.0481μg/mL,定量限分别为0.1534、0.5056、0.2516、0.3932、0.4859、0.1526、0.0950和0.1602μg/mL,分别加入80%、100%和120%指标浓度的杂质考察回收率,结果各个杂质的回收率均在80%~120%范围内,定量限和回收率的RSD均符合验证要求。3批样品有关物质测定的结果显示,已知杂质的含量均低于0.1%。结论     

HPLC法测定利格列汀原料药的有关物质

目的：采用HPLC法测定利格列汀原料药的有关物质。方法采用C18（150mm ×4．6mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相A为0．1％磷酸;流动相B为乙腈,梯度洗脱;流速为1mL? min －1,检测波长为225nm。结果利格列汀及其已知杂质（杂质A、杂质B、杂质C、杂质D、杂质E）的线性范围分别为0．05～1．2μg? mL －1;平均回收率分别为97．5％、100．2％、103．6％、97．6％和99．0％。结论本法简便、准确、可靠、适合于利格列汀原料药有关物质测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸莫西沙星原料药中的有关物质#br#

目的 建立盐酸莫西沙星原料药有关物质的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm, 5μm)对有关物质A~H进行定量分析,以0.1%三乙胺溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.5)-乙腈(70:30)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长293nm(检测杂质A、B、C、D、F),280nm(检测杂质G和H),243nm(检测杂质E),柱温30℃,进样量10μL。结果 盐酸莫西沙星与各杂质峰及各杂质峰之间的分离度均大于1.5,杂质A~H的线性范围分别是0.153~1.534、0.506~1.517、0.252~1.510、0.393~1.474、0.486~1.458、0.153~1.526、0.095~1.426和0.160~1.602μg/mL,各杂质在线性范围内均与峰面积成良好的线性关系(r>0.99),杂质A~H的检测限分别为0.0511、0.1517、0.1006、0.1474、0.2430、0.0509、0.0285和0.0481μg/mL,定量限分别为0.1534、0.5056、0.2516、0.3932、0.4859、0.1526、0.0950和0.1602μg/mL,分别加入80%、100%和120%指标浓度的杂质考察回收率,结果各个杂质的回收率均在80%~120%范围内,定量限和回收率的RSD均符合验证要求。3批样品有关物质测定的结果显示,已知杂质的含量均低于0.1%。结论 方法学验证结果显示,可作为检测盐酸莫西沙星的有关物质的方法。     

注射用泮托拉唑钠中有关物质研究

目的 提高注射用泮托拉唑钠中有关物质的质量标准。方法 色谱柱为Thermo Hypersil ODS C₁₈柱(125 mm×4.0 mm,5μm),流动相为0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(用20%磷酸调p H至7.0)-[水-乙腈(1∶99,V/V)],梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为290 nm(杂质A,B,D+F,E)和305 nm(杂质C),柱温为40℃,进样量为20μL。采用加校正因子的主成分自身对照法计算有关物质的含量,杂质A,B,D+F,E按校正因子1.0计算,杂质C按校正因子0.3计算。结果 在拟订色谱条件下,出峰顺序依次为杂质C、杂质A、泮托拉唑、杂质D+F、杂质E、杂质B,泮托拉唑与杂质D+F的分离度大于3.0;杂质A、杂质B、杂质C、杂质D+F、杂质E、泮托拉唑的检测限分别为0.24,0.29,0.80,0.71,0.30,0.30 ng。调整流动相梯度洗脱程序后,杂质D和杂质F的分离度大于1.0;检测限均为0.01μg/m L;加样回收率均在90%～110%范围内,RSD低于10.0%(n=9)。6批注射用泮托拉唑钠...     

高效液相色谱法测定利肺止咳颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定利肺止咳颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱的含量。方法:采用Agilent C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,以水-乙腈-磷酸-十二烷基硫酸钠(520∶480∶1∶5)为流动相,流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为210nm。结果:盐酸麻黄碱线性范围为4.4~48.7mg.L-1;精密度试验RSD为0.5%,重复性试验RSD为0.9%,平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为1.5%(n=6)。结论:该方法简便、可靠、准确,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定硫酸沙丁胺醇有关物质的含量

目的建立硫酸沙丁胺醇原料药有关物质的检测方法。方法采用高效液相色谱( HPLC)法测定。色谱柱为 HypersilGold C8柱( 250 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm)流动相 A为 3.45 g一水合磷酸二氢钠用 900 mL 0.05%的三乙酸胺溶液溶解,以稀磷酸调节 pH至 3.0之后用 0.05%的三乙酸胺溶,液定容至 1 000 mL;流动相 B为甲醇∶乙腈(体积比 20∶80),进行梯度洗脱;流速为 1.0 mL/min,检测波长为 273 nm,柱温为 25 ℃。结果在该色谱条件下,硫酸沙丁胺醇及杂质 A、B、C、D、E、F、G、K、M、O、L、Q、I、J均能有效分离,分离度均大于 1.5;并且硫酸沙丁胺醇及杂质 C、D、F、M、O在 0.45~18.0 μg/mL内质量浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,回收率分别为杂质 C为 99.1%,RSD为 2.6%(n＝9);杂质 D为 99.3%,RSD为 2.1%(n＝9);杂质 F为 100.1%,RSD为 2.5%(n＝9);杂质 M为 100.5%,RSD为 1.7%(n＝9);杂质 O为 100.2%,RSD为 1.9%(n＝9)。结论该方法专属性强,适用于硫酸沙丁胺醇原料药有关物质检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.