老年血液透析患者矿物质与骨代谢异常分析

目的分析老年血液透析患者矿物质与骨代谢异常相关临床资料, 为临床制定精准治疗策略提供依据。方法选取2022年4月至2022年6月在北京怀柔医院及怀柔区中医医院进行规律血液透析的267例患者, 分为老年组(年龄≥60岁)129例和年轻组(年龄<60岁)138例, 收集患者一般资料、用药情况、化验资料包括血常规、血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素等, 并对患者高磷血症及饮食用药相关知识进行调查问卷, 比较两组患者钙磷达标率、用药情况、问卷得分等的差异。结果 (1)老年组血钙[(2.3±0.2)mmol/L]、血磷[(1.9±0.6)mmol/L]、全段甲状旁腺激素[213.5(93.5, 359.9)ng/L]的达标率分别为(84/129)65.1%、(56/129)43.4%、(66/129)51.2%, 与年轻组比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05), 老年组高磷血症患病率(66/129, 51.2%)低于年轻组(90/138, 65.2%)(χ2=5.422, P=0.020)。(2)与年轻组比较, 老年组血肌酐[(796.6±225.2)μmol/L比(1025.6±281....     

85例老年细菌性肝脓肿的临床特点分析

目的 总结85例老年细菌性肝脓肿的临床特点,为临床治疗提供依据. 方法 回顾我院1989年1月至2009年12月收治的206例细菌性肝脓肿的临床资料,根据患者年龄将其分为老年组(≥60岁)与非老年组(＜60岁),比较2组间临床表现、实验室与影像学检查以及治疗和预后的特点. 结果 与非老年组相比,老年组患者常伴有内科基础疾病,且血清肌酐水平[( 115.1±44.2) mmol/L比(88.5±37.3) mmol/L,P＜0.01]、APACHEⅡ评分[(8.7±4.1)分比(6.2±4.0)分,P＜0.05]显著升高,且多发、双叶肝脓肿较非老年组多见(32.9％比20.7％,18.8％比8.3％,P均＜0.05).经积极治疗后,老年组患者住院时间、并发症发生率、病死率与非老年组无显著差别(P均＞0.05). 结论 老年肝脓肿患者临床表现、实验宣与影像学检查有其自身特点,经积极治疗可获得与非老年患者相同的预后.     

“矮缩”综合征

本文报道3例身高矮缩的病人,2例接受血液透析10年以上,第3例为老人。3例均经骨组织定量测定证实为晚期甲状旁腺功能亢进症(甲旁亢)。例1男性,44岁。透析10年余,有驼背,2年来矮缩了9cm,血钙1.77～2.10mmol/L,血磷1.47～2.29mmol/L,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)16～20U。手部 X 线片正常,脊柱 X 线片有轻度弥漫脱钙并有早期双凹陷。髂骨活检为甲旁亢。血甲状旁腺素(PTH)升高为5.14ng/ml(正常<1.0ng/ml),血25羟胆骨化醇(25OHD)正常,行甲状旁腺次全切除术,切除了260mg 增生的甲状旁腺。例2男性,56岁。血液透析11年,身高矮缩8.5cm,手 X 线片正常,脊柱X 线片示胸椎明显后突,并有明显弥漫脱钙,血钙2.45～2.50mmol/L,血磷2.3～2.8mmol/L,AKP16～23 U,髂骨活检显示严重的甲旁亢。行甲状旁腺次全切除术,切除增生的甲状旁腺1.1g。例3男性,73岁,病人几个月来身高矮缩,并有驼背,经测量指     

核素显像对甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊断价值

目的评价3种核素显像方法在甲状旁腺功能亢进症(甲旁亢)诊断中的应用价值。方法35例拟诊甲旁亢患者进行了核素显像,包括201Tl/99mTcO4-减影法8例和99mTc-MIBI双时相法27例,后者有20例同时做了99mTc-MIBI/99mTcO4-减影法显像。阳性指标为减影或延迟图像上出现异常增高的放射性聚集灶,所有显像资料均参照临床最终诊断结果进行了评价,并与同期的B超或CT检查作了对比分析。结果确诊的35例甲旁亢患者,其中甲状旁腺腺瘤31例(异位1例)、甲状旁腺增生3例与甲状旁腺腺癌1例。201Tl/99mTcO4-减影法、99mTc-MIBI双时相法及99mTc-MIBI/99mTcO4-减影法显像诊断甲旁亢的灵敏度分别达62.5%、88.9%、90.0%,特异度均为100%,同期B超的灵敏度和特异度分别为74.3%和85.7%。另28例甲旁亢患者有CT资料,22例有阳性发现(78.6%)。99mTc-MIBI/99mTcO4-减影法显像较其它方法具有更高的诊断效能。结论核素显像能较准确地检测功能亢进的甲状旁腺,是患者术前定位的重要辅助诊断手段。     

老年人社区获得性军团菌肺炎的临床分析

目的 分析社区获得性军团菌肺炎老年患者的临床特征,探讨与非老年患者的异同.方法 收集2001年1月至2009年10月在北京大学第一医院住院治疗的80例社区获得性军团菌肺炎患者的流行病学、临床、实验室资料及转归情况,通过单变量及多变量分析的方法比较老年组与非老年组间的差异.结果 (1)与非老年组比较,老年组患者更多并存脑血管病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、糖尿病,更多应用免疫抑制剂(均P＜0.05);(2)老年组与非老年组感染军团菌的血清型差异无统计学意义;(3)与非老年组比较,老年组乏力、低钠血症、低磷血症更为常见(x2值分别为5.300、5.520、4.470,P值分别为0.021、0.019、0.034),血肌酐水平更高[分别为(108.55±56.57)μmmol/L和(75.42±17.62)μmmol/L,t=-3.062,P=0.002]、氧合指数更低(氧合指数＜300者分别有57.7%和29.2%,x2=4.120,P=0.042),而外周血白细胞总数升高不显著[分别为(8.34±3.65)×109/L和(10.63±5.02)×109/L,t=-2.287,P=0.022];(4)老年组病情更严重(x2=41.140,P=0.000),更易并发左心功能不全(P=0.037),住院时间更长(Z=-2.194,P=0.028);而在病死率、入住重症监护病房以及接受糖皮质激素、机械通气方面与非老年组比较,差异无统计学意义.结论 社区获得性军团菌肺炎老年患者并存症多,受累器官多,病情重;但经适当治疗,预后与非老年患者无差异.     

慢性肾衰甲旁亢对T淋巴细胞亚群及IL—2R的影响

慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)患者易患感染,是导致死亡的重要原因之一。大量临床及实验研究证明CRF患者往往伴有继发性甲旁亢及免疫功能低下,二者与肾功能衰竭的程度相关。然而甲旁亢与机体免疫功能之间的关系尚未明确,为此,本文研究了CRF患者甲旁亢对T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD8)及IL-2R的影响,现报告如下.1　对象和方法1.1　病例选择　CRF伴甲旁亢患者30例,甲状旁腺激素(PTH)均大于200ng/L,其中男20例,女10例,均已接受血透(HD)治疗3个月以上,碳酸氢盐透析,透析器为Gam-broGEF12H,面积1.2m2,每周透析3次,每次透析4h。患者被随机分为…     

老年原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症七例临床分析

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症 (甲旁亢 )是甲状旁腺分泌过多甲状旁腺激素引起的临床症状群 ,发病年龄通常在 2 0～ 5 0岁 ,有骨痛、泌尿系结石、纤维囊性骨炎等典型临床表现。无症状或症状不典型者亦不少见 ,尤其是老年患者。临床资料1.一般资料 :老年不典型甲旁亢患者 7例 ,年龄 60～ 82岁 ,男性 2例 ,女性 5例。无任何临床表现 2例 ,仅在查体时发现血钙增高。其余 5例的主要症状为乏力 2例 ,腰痛 1例 ,双下肢肌肉疼痛 1例 ,关节痛 1例 ,烦渴、多饮、多尿 1例。合并结节性甲状腺肿 4例。2 .实验室检查 :血钙 (3 .0 4± 0 .16)ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ ,血…     

老年癌症患者并发抑郁症临床特征观察

目的 观察老年癌症并发抑郁症(CRD)患者的临床特征. 方法 将92例按<中国精神疾病分类与诊断标准·第3版>(CCMD-3)诊断标准确诊的CRD患者分为老年组54例和非老年组38例,采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表对2组患者的临床特征进行观察和比较. 结果 44.26%的老年癌症患者合并抑郁症,SDS标准分为(59.39±7.40)分,高于全国常模;与非老年组相比,老年组患者晨重夕轻、早醒、入睡困难、记忆力减退症状较多,焦虑/躯体化因子分较低,睡眠障碍因子分较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01). 结论 老年CRD患者临床特征不同于非老年组及一般抑郁症患者,应加强识别和诊断.     

老年人急性心肌梗死的临床特征分析

目的　探讨老年人急性心肌梗死 (AMI)的临床特点。方法　对住院的 AMI患者的临床资料进行统计 ,分析年龄≥ 6 0岁的老年 AMI患者 (老年组 )及年龄 <6 0岁 (非老年组 )患者的临床特点。结果　本研究包括 2 5 8例老年AMI患者 (平均年龄 6 8.5± 6 .6岁 )及 117例非老年 AMI患者 (平均年龄 5 1.2± 6 .8岁 )。与非老年患者比较 ,老年AMI患者更多患有心绞痛或陈旧性心肌梗死 (7.8%与 18.2 % ,P <0 .0 2 )及高血压病 (43.6 %与 5 8.1% ,P <0 .0 1)。表现为无 Q波心肌梗死 (NQMI)的老年患者明显高于非老年组 (13.1%与 6 .0 % ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,肌酸激酶 (CK)峰值在老年组则显著低于非老年组 (1198.7± 132 2 .1U /L与 15 70 .4± 15 0 7.0 U /L ,P<0 .0 2 )。老年组较非老年组中有更多的患者伴有心力衰竭 (8.5 %与 2 .6 % ,P<0 .0 2 ) ,心房颤动 (14 .7%与 5 .1% ,P<0 .0 1)及右束支传导阻滞 (RBBB) (8.9%及 0 % ,P<0 .0 0 1) ,死亡率也显著增高 (13.5 %与 5 .1% ,P<0 .0 2 ) ,但老年患者却较少接受静脉溶栓治疗 (2 0 .1%及 4 1.9% ,P<0 .0 0 1)及择期经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA) (13.5 %与 33.3% ,P<0 .0 0 1)。结论　本研究提示老年 AMI患者较非老年患者更多表现为 NQMI,更多伴有心房颤动、心力衰竭及 RBBB等     

肾性甲状旁腺功能亢进症甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植31例临床分析

目的总结31例尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(以下简称甲旁亢)行甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植的临床经验。方法回顾性分析1996-2005年我院肾科行甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植者31例的临床特点、相关内科处理及疗效。结果 31例患者为长期血液透析者(平均透析9.2年),26例有骨痛,11例有骨折,25例有皮肤瘙痒,14例有转移性钙化。(2)31例患者血甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)平均为(1811±879)ng/L;颈部 B 超及发射型计算机体层摄影术均证实有增生肿大的甲状旁腺2～4枚,内科治疗均失败。(3)31例患者均做甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植术,术后症状明显改善。iPTH 快速下降至200 ng/L 以下。高钙、高磷恢复至正常水平,碱性磷酸酶逐步下降。随访最长时间9年,目前 iPTH、钙、磷正常。结论严重肾性甲旁亢对内科治疗失败者应及时行甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植治疗,疗效可靠。     

老年急性心肌梗死特点及急诊介入治疗近期疗效分析

目的探讨急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)的疗效和安全性。方法采用回顾性分析方法 ,将228例行急诊PCI的AMI患者分为老年组(n=116例)和非老年组(n=112例),分别对两组的临床特征、住院时间和并发症发生率进行比较。结果两组患者平均住院时间非老年组明显短于老年组(P0.01);入院到球囊扩张平均时间两组间无显著性差异(P0.05),老年组置入2个以上支架数、住院期间二次PCI和梗死后心绞痛明显高于非老年组(P0.01),再梗死两组间无显著性差异(P0.05),老年组严重心律失常和泵功能KillipⅢ级以上明显多于非老年组血(P0.01),但两组间心源性休克的发生率和30d死亡率无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论老年AMI行急诊PCI治疗并发症高于非老年患者,但并不增加近期死亡率。     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者心功能与神经内分泌系统变化的特点

目的　探讨老年慢性心力衰竭患者心功能状态及神经内分泌系统变化的特点。方法　将入院诊断为慢性心力衰竭急性发作的患者 16 4例分为老年组 (10 0例 )和非老年组 (6 4例 )。根据症状对患者进行心功能分级 (NYHA) ;根据血流动力学指标对患者进行Forrester分级。用放射免疫法测定血浆去甲肾上腺素 (NE)、肾素活性 (PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )、醛固酮 (ALD)及心房肽 (ANP)和脑钠素 (BNP)浓度。结果　 (1)老年组由缺血性心脏病所致心力衰竭的比例显著高于非老年组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )老年组NYHAⅣ级以及ForresterⅣ级的比例较非老年组多 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 ) ;(3)老年组心脏指数及左心室射血分数均较非老年组显著降低 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 1) ;(4 )两组患者的神经内分泌因子较正常对照组显著增加 ,老年组除PRA外 ,NE、AngⅡ、ALD、ANP和BNP血浆浓度的增加较非老年组显著为低 (分别为 P <0 .0 5 ,P<0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 ,P<0 .0 1,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　老年慢性心力衰竭由缺血性心脏病引起者较多 ,急性发作时其临床症状较重 ,心功能低下较为显著 ,但神经内分泌系统的反应性不明显     

药物洗脱支架置入术后晚期支架内再狭窄患者再次介入治疗的短期预后及危险因素分析

目的:本研究旨在探索老龄和非老龄药物洗脱支架置入术后晚期支架内再狭窄(L-ISR)患者的临床特征,再次经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后的短期预后及相关危险因素。方法:共入选218例在我院初次置入药物洗脱支架并于2016年因L-ISR而需要再次入院接受治疗的患者。根据患者年龄分为老龄组(年龄≥65岁,n=77)和非老龄组(年龄<65岁,n=141)。患者的入院特征、临床表现以及介入治疗特点和手术结果等被纳入分析评估,并随访患者PCI后12个月内的主要不良心血管事件(MACE)包括心原性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死及靶病变血运重建(TLR)。结果:L-ISR患者中75.7%的患者因不稳定性心绞痛入院,64.7%的患者再次置入支架。与非老龄组相比,老龄组有更高比例的脑卒中、心房颤动、既往冠状动脉旁路移植术并且支架置入至发现支架内再狭窄的时间更长,体重指数(BMI)更小、冠心病家族史比例更低(P均<0.05)。两组患者入院时的临床症状表现相似,主要表现为不稳定性心绞痛,其他基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。与老龄组患者相比,非老龄组患者的MACE发生率较高,但差异无统计学意义(6.4%vs 3.9%,P=0.546)。多因素回归分析发现,左心室收缩功能障碍(OR=6.317,95%CI:1.145~34.843, P=0.034)是L-ISR患者介入治疗后短期MACE发生的独立危险因素。结论:左心室收缩功能障碍与L-ISR患者短期MACE发生相关。在临床实践中,识别该类人群可能更有助于L-ISR患者的危险分层和二级预防。     

Elevated serum parathyroid hormone concentration in eucalcemic patients after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism and its relationship to vitamin D profile

Elevation of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in eucalcemic patients after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism has been described in up to 40% of patients, but little is known about its etiology or clinical significance. To better understand the cause of this phenomenon, we studied 49 patients without renal dysfunction or osteomalacia who underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on their serum PTH and calcium levels after parathyroidectomy: (1) elevated PTH with eucalcemia (n = 21), (2) normal PTH with eucalcemia (n = 28). Elevation of serum PTH with eucalcemia after parathyroidectomy occurred in 43% of patients. Patients in group 1 had significantly higher preoperative and postoperative mean serum PTH levels and significantly lower postoperative serum levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)/25(OH)D(3) ratio, and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)/PTH ratio compared with patients in group 2. Serum PTH in group 1 patients normalized as early as 3 months, but remained elevated in some patients for more than 4 years, and was not associated with development of recurrent hypercalcemia. Normalization of serum PTH in group 1 patients was associated with significant increase in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)/PTH ratio. Our data suggest that elevation of serum PTH in eucalcemic patients after parathyroidectomy is a frequently reversible state of resistance of the kidneys to PTH-mediated 1-alpha hydroxylation of 25(OH)D(3) and does not signify subsequent recurrence of hyperparathyroidism.     

Hormone, calcium and blood pressure relationships in primary hyperparathyroidism

The cause of hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism and its response to corrective surgery remains a matter of controversy. We therefore studied blood pressure, vasoactive hormones and plasma calcium responses to parathyroidectomy in six hypertensive and two normotensive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Twenty-four-hour intra-arterial pressure recordings, together with hourly blood sampling for plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, cortisol, catecholamines and calcium levels, were undertaken in each patient before surgery and were repeated under identical conditions 3-6 months after parathyroidectomy. Mean plasma calcium was 3.03 +/- 0.1 before, and 2.35 +/- 0.02 mmol/l after, parathyroidectomy. Changes in arterial pressure were small and variable in individual patients. Group mean arterial pressures before and after surgery were identical. Plasma cortisol and PRA were significantly higher in the hypercalcaemic state (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively) but there was no significant difference in plasma aldosterone or catecholamine levels. No correlations between changes in plasma calcium or parathyroid hormone levels and concomitant changes in plasma concentration of other hormones were observed. Our findings show that correction of primary hyperparathyroidism has no systematic effect on arterial pressure in a heterogeneous group, including some patients with probable background essential hypertension, when evaluated 3-6 months after surgery. Compared with values after corrective surgery, mean levels of PRA and cortisol-but not aldosterone or catecholamines--are elevated in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. These findings are consistent with an inhibitory effect of raised ionic calcium concentration on the response of the adrenal glomerulosa to angiotensin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone.     

Primary hyperparathyroidism. A surgical perspective

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common disorder and one that can usually (approximately 95%) be successfully treated by parathyroidectomy. PTH assays have become quite accurate for confirming the diagnosis. In patients with malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, parathyroid-like protein levels are usually increased, and radioimmunoassays being developed to quantitate serum levels of this protein will make the diagnosis easier. Treatment for a parathyroid adenoma is removal of the tumor and identification of the normal parathyroid glands. Treatment for primary or secondary hyperplasia is usually subtotal parathyroidectomy. Recurrent hyperparathyroidism is uncommon, except in patients with familial hyperparathyroidism, MEN-1 parathyroid carcinoma, or renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Persistent hyperparathyroidism is more common and is usually due to surgeon inexperience, but it is also caused by ectopically situated parathyroid glands, multiple abnormal parathyroid glands, or supranumerary parathyroid glands. Preoperative localization studies using ultrasound, thallium-technetium scanning, MRI, or CT scanning are reliable in patients with solitary parathyroid adenomas, but often fail to detect all of the abnormal parathyroid tissue in patients with multiple abnormal parathyroid glands. Intraoperative use of urinary cyclic AMP assays and rapid PTH assays have recently been used experimentally during parathyroid explorations to determine whether all hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue has been removed, but these methods are not yet reliable or fast enough to be generally accepted. Most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who are successfully treated by parathyroidectomy experience psychological, clinical, and metabolic benefits.     

CHANGES OF URINARY CYCLIC AMP EXCRETION AND PLASMA PARATHYROID HORMONE LEVELS BEFORE AND AFTER PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

Urinary cyclic AMP excretion and plasma parathyroid hormone(PTH) levels were examined in three patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy. Plasma PTH and urinary cyclic AMP in the individual patients decreased in parallel following parathyroidectomy. During surgery there was a statistically significant correlation between PTH levels and cyclic AMP excretion in individual patients. These findings support the claim that the rate of urinary cyclic AMP excretion reflects endogenous PTH activity in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.     

Parathyroidectomy: Overview of the Anatomic Basis and Surgical Strategies for Parathyroid Operations

It is imperative for the surgeon who performs parathyroidectomy to have a thorough understanding of the anatomy and embryology of the parathyroid glands in order to optimize the cure rate for patients with hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Furthermore, all clinicians caring for patients with hyperparathyroidism should be aware of the advancements in preoperative parathyroid localization, intraoperative PTH monitoring and surgical strategies for treatment of hyperparathyroidism. In this chapter, the anatomy and embryology of the parathyroid glands will be reviewed. The available surgical options for treatment of patients with hyperparathyroidism will be addressed, including “focused” parathyroidectomy, bilateral neck exploration, radioguided parathyroidectomy, and endoscopic and video-assisted parathyroidectomy. The unique challenge associated with reoperative parathyroidectomy for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism will be outlined. Finally, insight into how to locate a qualified surgeon will be provided and recommendations will be made on what constitutes an appropriate choice of operation for specific patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.     

Characteristics of the patients who received parathyroidectomy within 5 years after the initiation of hemodialysis

Thirteen patients, who received parathyroidectomy within 5 years after the initiation of hemodialysis, were discussed on their clinical characteristics and their prognoses. 204 patients received the first parathyroidectomy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism in our department, 13 of which were selected on dialysis duration. 9 patients were female and origin of CRF were analgesics-induced interstitial nephritis in 2 and prune-belly syndrome in 1. There were 2 patients who suffered from renal disease more than 30 years. Concomitant primary hyperparathyroidism was suspected in 1 case. In all cases, PTx achieved adequate control of 2HPT after the operation.     

Metabolic effects of parathyroidectomy in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.

Effects of parathyroidectomy on parathyroid function and calcium (Ca) metabolism were carefully evaluated in 6 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism without symptoms normally attributed to the disease and in 7 with bone disease or nephrolithiasis. Before parathyroidectomy, both groups of patients demonstrated evidence of the sequelae of parathyroid hormone (PTH) excess, since they presented one or more of the following features: low bone density by 125I-photon absorption, hypercalciuria (urinary Ca greater than 200 mg/day on an intake of 400 mg/day), negative Ca balance (absorbed Ca less than urinary Ca), elevated fasting urinary Ca greater than 0.2 mg/mg creatinine for a night-time sample after a 6-hour fast), and decreased renal function (creatinine clearance of less than 65 ml/min). Following parathyroidectomy, most of these deleterious effects were reversed commensurate with the return of immunoreactive serum PTH, serum Ca, and urinary cyclic AMP toward normal. These quantitative non-invasive techniques may be useful for the initial evaluation and follow-up of patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.