高血压脑出血手术方式选择（附116例报告）

目的评价高血压脑出血患者选择不同的颅内血肿清除手术方式对临床效果的影响。方法回顾性分析采用去骨瓣减压并血肿清除术、脑室引流术、脑内血肿立体定向引流术患者116例。结果存活90例,死亡26例。随访6月预后良好38例,预后不良52例。结论高血压脑出血外科治疗主要目的是减压,但不必强行清除全部血肿,血肿周围脑叶与硬脑膜出现间隙是减压目的达到的标志。结合临床选择适当的手术方式是手术成功的关键。     

CTA在脑动静脉畸形出血急诊显微外科手术治疗中的指导意义

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)存脑动静脉畸形(AVM)出血急诊显微外科手术治疗中的指导意义. 方法 同顾性分析四川省人民医院神经外科自2004年8月至2007年10月应用CTA指导急诊显微外科手术治疗脑AVM出血的21例患者的临床资料. 结果 本组21例脑AVM患者均行血肿清除及脑AVM的显微外科手术治疗,畸形血管伞切15例.部分切除5例,1例延髓血管畸形未能切除.痊愈6例(皮层下非功能区血肿5例,小脑血管畸形1例),好转14例(皮层下功能区血肿7例,小脑血肿4例,基底节区血管畸形3例),死亡1例(延髓血管畸形).结论 CTA可完成脑AVM的诊断,指导脑AVM出血的急诊显微外科手术治疗.     

Malformation vasculaire cérébrale découverte dans le bilan pré-thrombolyse d’un infarctus cérébral. Impact sur la décision thérapeutique

Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke is contraindicated in patients harboring an asymptomatic intracranial vascular malformation, whether it is incidentally discovered at the time of the initial cerebral imaging or previously known. Because thrombolysis is associated with a risk of serious intracerebral hemorrhage, it is theoretically possible that this treatment increases the risk of bleeding or rupture of these malformations. However, this risk seems very low in clinical practice. We report two cases, one with a probable brainstem cavernous malformation treated with alteplase for a supratentorial ischemic stroke who developed just after treatment a fatal brainstem hemorrhage, and another one with asymptomatic dural arteriovenous fistula, treated by endovascular thrombectomy solely. This approach was safe and effective, and the patient had an endovascular embolization of the fistula one month later as it became symptomatic. Based on the literature, we discuss the bleeding risk of asymptomatic intracranial vascular malformations in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with alteplase, depending on the type of malformation (intracranial aneurysm, arteriovenous and cavernous malformation or fistula), and the alternative therapeutic options.     

Cerebral arterial dissection]

We investigated a total of 98 cases with stroke caused by cerebral arterial dissection recruited in Strategies against Stroke Study for Young Adults in Japan (SASSY-Japan). The most frequent site of dissection was the intracranial vertebrobasilar artery. The stroke subtype was divided into ischemic (TIA and cerebral infarction) and hemorrhagic types (subarachnoid hemorrhage). The ischemic type was predominant (69%) and patients with the ischemic type were younger than those with the hemorrhagic type (P < 0.01). In the intracranial arterial dissection, nearly all cases were of the ischemic type. In contrast, in the extracranial arterial dissection, 60% of cases were ischemic and 40% were hemorrhagic. Cerebral angiography was the most important diagnostic procedure in the hemorrhagic type. In the ischemic type, MRI and MRA were more frequently used to show the findings specific to the dissection such as an intimal flap or double lumen and intramural hematoma. The outcome at discharge is generally good such that the modified Rankin Score was among 0-II in 69% of cases. However, in the hemorrhagic type, recurrence during an acute stage was frequent, and the outcome was poor with a mortalit rate of 19%. The establishment of an effective intervention to prevent the recurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage is urgently required.     

CT血管造影在脑血管病诊治中的临床应用

目的　评估 CT血管造影 (CTA)在脑血管病诊断中的价值。方法　对 5 0例脑血管病患者进行了CTA检查 ,其中颅内动脉瘤 2 4例、脑血管畸形 14例、脑缺血性疾病 3例、自发性颅内出血 9例。除 4例外其余患者均行数字减影血管造影 (DSA)检查 ,并与 CTA结果对照。结果　 45例 CTA的结果与 DSA相同。 1例多发性动脉瘤 ,CTA漏检 1个动脉瘤。 4例未行 DSA的患者 ,其 CTA结果被手术或临床症状证实。CTA在描绘脑血管三维结构以及毗邻骨结构上优于 DSA。结论　CTA是脑血管病诊断的一种简单、快速、非侵袭和可靠的方法。它特别有助于术前手术方案的制定、术中病灶定位以及长期系列随访研究     

Incidence of adult brain arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage in a prospective population-based stroke survey.

BACKGROUND: Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) represent a potential source of intracranial hemorrhage, especially in young adults, but prospective population-based incidence data on AVM hemorrhage are lacking. We investigated the incidence of first-ever AVM hemorrhage in adults based on population data from the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMASS). METHODS: NOMASS is a prospective, population-based, stroke incidence survey collecting all hospitalized and nonhospitalized cases with first-ever (incident) stroke over the age of 20 in a ZIP code-defined area. All patients undergo CT and/or MR brain imaging and clinical data are systematically collected from the medical records. For this study, data on all cases with incident intracranial hemorrhage, i.e. any intracerebral, intraventricular and/or subarachnoid hemorrhage, occurring between July 1, 1993 and June 30, 1997 were used. Patients with intracranial hemorrhage due to trauma, tumor or intracranial vascular malformations other than a previously unknown AVM were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 207 patients diagnosed with a first-ever intracranial hemorrhage, 3 cases (1.4%) with an underlying brain AVM were identified. The crude incidence rate for first-ever AVM hemorrhage in our adult population was 0.55 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval 0.11-1.61). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support prior findings from retrospective surveys. Population-based studies providing a prospective design for AVM detection and diagnosis are needed to confirm the data.     

显微血管减压术后颅内出血的原因及应对策略

目的 探讨显微血管减压(MVD)术后颅内出血的原因及应对策略.方法 对12例面肌痉挛、三叉神经痛MVD术后颅内出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对相关文献进行复习.结果 本组患者中,小脑半球实质内血肿者3例,小脑出血破入脑室3例,蛛网膜下腔出血2例,脑室出血2例,后颅窝硬膜外血肿1例,幕上硬膜下血肿1例.1例脑室出血...     

New methods of intensive therapy in stroke: hemicraniectomy in patients with complete middle cerebral artery infarction and treatment of intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase

Life-threatening, complete middle cerebral artery infarction occurs in up to 10% of all stroke patients. The "malignant media occlusion" is an infarction occupying more than 50% of middle cerebral artery territory. The malignant, space-occupying supratentorial ischemic stroke is characterised by a mortality rate of up to 80%. Several reports indicate, that hemicraniectomy in this situation can be life-saving. Hemicraniectomy increases cerebral perfusion pressure and optimises retrograde perfusion via the leptomeningeal collateral vessels. A case of a patient is presented, having progressive neurological deterioration due to massive cerebral infarctions. The patient rehabilitation was successful. Decompressive surgery is life saving and can also give acceptable functional recovery. Hemorrhagic stroke is due to stroke in 15% of cases and in 10%, it is "spontaneous" intracerebral hematoma. The intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage represents one of the most devastating types of stroke associated with high morbidity and mortality. The 30-day mortality rate is 35% to 50% and most survivors are left with a neurological disability. The value of surgical therapy is debatable. The aspiration and urokinase therapy of the hematoma of intracerebral hemorrhage could improve final neurological outcome. Spontaneous, nontraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage frequently carries a grave prognosis. A large part of morbidity after intraventricular hemorrhage is related to intracranial hypertension from hydrocephalus. One patient presented had intracerebral hemorrhage and another had intraventricular hemorrhage treated with urokinase. Rapid and extensive reduction in the amount of intracerebral and intraventricular blood occurred. Urokinase lysis is safe and can be a potentially beneficial intervention in intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage. By performing decompressive craniectomy, the neurologists of stroke departments and intensive care units with the neurosurgeons will have to play major role in the management of stroke patients.     

冠心病介入术后并发脑出血的临床分析

目的探讨冠心病介入治疗术后发生颅内出血的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析8例在冠心病介入治疗术后发生颅内出血病人的临床资料,采取保守治疗5例,血肿钻孔引流术1例,脑室外引术2例。对其颅脑CT、手术前后凝血功能、血小板计数及临床诊治经过进行研究。结果 5例保守治疗的病人中,3例血肿逐渐增大,分别于介入术后2.5 h、6 h、67 h死亡,另2例好转。3例微创治疗的病人,术后颅内血肿一度减少,但因肺部感染死亡2例,脑疝死亡1例。结论冠心病介入治疗术后早期易发生颅内出血,且出血容易进展,病死率高。早发现、早治疗可提高病人生存率。     

Computerized tomography in intracranial hemorrhage.

Three hundred patients with intracranial hemorrhage were studied by computerized tomography (CT). Thalamic-ganglionic hematoma was found in 232; the mortality increased from 25% to 70% if ventricular extension occurred in this group. Lobar hematoma occurred in 45 of these patients, with a mortality of 20%, which was not influenced by ventricular extension. Seven had intraventricular bleeding only; of these, two died. In 12 patients with CT evidence of cisternal blood, angiography demonstrated aneurysms; the location of the blood predicted the location of the aneurysm in six. Multiple spontaneous intracerebral hematomas (ICHs) were visualized by CT in five patients. In 29 of 146 cases of ICH, postcontrast study showed enhancement; in 15, this was consistent with neoplasm, angioma, or aneurysm. In 14 with spontaneous ICH, ring enhancement occurred ten days to six weeks following hemorrhage.     

Intracranial arteriovenous malformations in infancy and adolescence

Fifteen children and adolescents with intracranial arteriovenous malformations are reviewed and their data analyzed; their ages varied between 1 day and 15 years and there was a slight predominance of males (9 male and 6 female patients). In this series, the arteriovenous malformations appeared clinically as cerebral hemorrhage in 9 cases, epilepsy in 3, mental retardation with epilepsy in 1, subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1, and cardiac insufficiency at birth in the other. The diagnostic procedures used were computerized transmission tomography (CTT) of the cerebrum in 14 cases, cerebral panarteriography in 15, and EEG in 4 cases. Treatment took the form of surgery, radiation therapy, or medication. The last was administered to patients with epilepsy, either as a complement to other modes of treatment or as the only treatment. In all, 4 cases died, 2 for reasons to do with their operations, 1 from a lesion of the brain stem in a hematoma of the cerebellum that had not been surgically treated, and the other from an intraventricular hemorrhage 4 months after surgery. In the last patient, necropsy revealed remnants of the arteriovenous malformation. The overall mortality was thus 26% and the surgical mortality, 12.6%. Of the 11 surviving patients only 3 received anticonvulsant drugs; each of them had a good I.Q. and good marks at school, as did the other 8 survivors.     

急性脑梗死重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓后症状性颅内出血临床特点及预后

目的分析急性缺血性脑卒中重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗后症状性颅内出血(sICH)患者的临床特点及预后。方法收集22例rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后出血转化出现的sICH患者临床资料,分析其临床特点及预后。结果22例患者中(男17例、女5例),既往抗血小板聚集药物服用史7例,脑卒中病史7例,高血压病史17例,心脏病10例,长期吸烟史9例。12例sICH在溶栓后6h内发生,4例伴有消化道大出血。12/22例患者1周内死亡;余10例中,8例1个月后生活不能自理,2例生活可自理。结论rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后出现sICH临床症状重、预后差、病死率高。     

in-hospital mortality in patient with acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

There is a lack of evidence to compare in-hospital mortality with different types of stroke. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the in-hospital mortality after acute ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke and compare the factors associated with the mortality among stroke subtypes. All patients admitted to Kurashiki Central Hospital in Japan between January 2009 and December 2009, and diagnosed with acute ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke were included in this study. Demographics and clinical data pertaining to the patients were obtained from their medical records. Out of 738 patients who had an acute stroke, 53 (7.2%) died in the hospital. The in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in the cerebral infarction group than in the intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage group (3.5%, 15.1%, and 17.9%, respectively; P<0.0001). Age was significantly lower in the subarachnoid hemorrhage group than in the other 2 groups. With regard to past history, diabetes mellitus was significantly found to be a complication in mortality cases of intracranial hemorrhage. Further investigation is needed to clarify the effect of diabetes on mortality after intracranial hemorrhage.     

Primary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical and neuropsychological findings in a prospective stroke series

Seven cases of primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) constituted 3.1% of intracerebral hemorrhages in a prospective stroke series of 2,950 patients. All patients collapsed suddenly and had a depressed state of consciousness. Focal signs, if present, were minimal and contralateral to the major site of hematoma. Angiography in four patients revealed three intracranial arteriovenous malformations and one moyamoya. We conclude that PIVH may be readily diagnosed radiologically and underlying vessel malformations should be sought by angiography. Survival is common (five of seven cases), but a severe amnesic state may be a persisting deficit.     

Outcomes with IV tenecteplase and IV alteplase for acute ischemic stroke with or without thrombectomy in real-world settings in the United States

Background and PurposeAlthough many stroke centers in United States are using intravenous (IV) tenecteplase (TNK) for acute ischemic stroke patients, there is paucity of comparative data between IV TNK and IV alteplase from real-world settings.Materials and MethodsWe analyzed the data from 122 healthcare facilities in Cerner Real World Data and included patients admitted between February 2016 to April 2022 to determine the effect of IV TNK (compared with IV alteplase) on occurrence of two outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients stratified by use of thrombectomy: non-routine discharge or death, and intracranial hemorrhage after adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsAmong 30,643 acute ischemic stroke patients analyzed, 29,480 (96.2%) and 1,163 (3.8%) patients received IV alteplase and IV TNK, respectively. The proportion of patients who received thrombectomy was significantly higher among patients who received IV TNK compared with those who received IV alteplase (16.7% versus 11.0%, p<0.001). Occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage was more common among patients treated with IV TNK in acute ischemic stroke patients who did not receive thrombectomy (7.9% versus 5.1%, p<0.001) but not in those who received thrombectomy (20.1% versus 16.8%, p = 0.234). In the logistic regression analysis, patients treated with IV TNK who did not receive thrombectomy were at higher risk of intracranial hemorrhage (OR, 1.34, 95% CI 1.05-1.72, p = 0.02) after adjusting for age (age strata), gender, race/ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, malignancy, nicotine dependence, previous ischemic stroke, previous transient ischemic attack, previous intracerebral hemorrhage, previous subarachnoid hemorrhage, previous acute myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis of aorta, previous AKI, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and hospital type, aphasia, hemiplegia, neglect, somnolence, stupor and coma, dysphagia, and homonymous hemianopsia. There was no difference in the rate of non-routine discharge or death between patients treated with IV TNK and those treated with IV alteplase in the multivariate analyses.ConclusionsIn an analysis of real-world data, IV TNK was associated with higher rates of intracranial hemorrhage compared with IV alteplase in patients with acute ischemic stroke who did not undergo thrombectomy.     

自发性脑出血血肿扩大的影响因素与预后分析

目的探讨自发性脑出血血肿扩大的影响因素,并分析其与预后的关系。 方法选取自2013年12月至2018年12月陕西中医药大学附属医院脑外科收治的670例自发性脑出血患者,根据72 h内复查CT的情况分为血肿扩大组（77例）和血肿稳定组（593例）,记录2组患者的临床资料,分析血肿扩大的影响因素,出院后随访3个月,比较2组患者的预后。 结果670例患者中发生血肿扩大77例,发生率11.49%（77/670）,其中预后不良45例,预后良好32例,血肿稳定组593例,其中预后不良261例,预后良好332例,2组患者预后不良率比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。单因素分析显示,血肿扩大组的活化部分凝血活酶时间、首次CT血肿体积、血肿形态、高血压病、卒中病史与血肿稳定组相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素分析显示,高血压病、卒中病史、血肿形态是自发性脑出血血肿扩大的独立危险因素（OR>1,P<0.05）。 结论自发性脑出血患者出现血肿扩大的独立危险因素包括高血压病、卒中病史、不规则血肿形态,血肿扩大可增加不良预后。     

Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Thrombolysis with Alteplase in Early Recurrent Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review

Background and Aim: The current American Heart Association guidelines for the management of acute ischemic stroke advise against the use of intravenous (IV) alteplase in patients with recurrent stroke occurring within 90 days of their index event. Following these guidelines strictly, patients having early recurrent ischemic stroke would be unable to avail of this reperfusion strategy that has been proven to confer superior clinical outcomes. While some registry-based studies have demonstrated the safety of IV alteplase in this subgroup of patients, data on the repeated use of the drug are lacking. Thus, we aim to determine the safety and efficacy of repeated thrombolysis in patients with early recurrent ischemic strokes. Methods: The following electronic databases were searched for relevant studies: the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials by The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE by PubMed, Health Research and Development Information Network, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Data on symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, 90-day clinical outcomes, systemic hemorrhage and allergic reactionswere synthesized. Results: Ten articles with 33 patients in total were included in our review. One patient developed symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after the second reperfusion attempt and subsequently died from pneumonia. Another died from spontaneous rupture of previously unidentified infrarenal aortic aneurysm. Six of the 13 patients with available follow-up data had good clinical outcomes (Modified Rankin Score 0-2). There were no allergic reactions and other drug-related adverse events noted. Conclusions: Repeated IV alteplase can be safe and efficacious in patients who have early recurrent ischemic stroke. Larger studies, trials, or registry-based data are needed to ascertain the encouraging findings of our review.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎高风险地区出血性卒中的治疗对策

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)高风险地区神经外科开展出血性卒中救治的方法及防控对策。方法回顾性分析2020年1月22日至2020年3月31日中国人民解放军中部战区总医院神经外科收治的51例出血性卒中的隔离防护、诊治措施和结果。结果所有出血性卒中病人入院时均视为COVID-19高危疑似感染者,采取三级防护,隔离区单间病房或ICU负压病房收治,待两次核酸检测后在负压手术间进行手术。51例中,2例确诊COVID-19,外科处理后转入感染科隔离病房治疗。自发性蛛网膜下腔出血20例中,颅内动脉瘤介入手术12例、开颅夹闭术4例;烟雾病3例对症治疗,1例颅后窝动静脉瘘行OYNX和GRUB胶介入栓塞治疗。31例高血压性脑出血中,22例行开颅血肿清除术或立体定向血肿穿刺引流术;9例血肿较小行保守治疗。未发生COVID-19交叉感染。出院时改良Rankin量表评分0分13例,1分6例,2分5例,3分18例,4分5例,5分3例;6分(死亡)1例。高等级安全防护和病毒排查导致手术时间平均拖延2~5 d,颅内动脉瘤及血管畸形再次破裂率及介入手术中脑血管痉挛发生率增高。结论COVID-19高风险地区,神经外科收治出血性脑卒中时,严格按三级防护措施处理病人是防止COVID-19交叉感染的关键。但等待核酸检测可能会影响出血性脑卒中救治时机和疗效,进一步优化COVID-19核酸检测时间是当务之急。     

Trends and predictors of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with advanced heart failure on left ventricular assist device from 2005 to 2014 in the United States

ObjectivesLeft ventricular assist devices are known to extend survival in patients with advanced heart failure; however, their association with intracranial hemorrhage is also well-known. We aimed to explore the risk trend and predictors of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with left ventricular assist devices.Material and MethodsWe included patients aged 18 years or older with left ventricular assist devices hospitalized in the US from 2005 to 2014 using the National Inpatient Sample. We computed the survey-weighted percentages with intracranial hemorrhage across the 10-year study period and assessed whether the proportions changed over time. Predictors of intracranial hemorrhage were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression model.ResultsOf 33,246 hospitalizations, 568 (1.7%) had intracranial hemorrhage. The number of left ventricular assist devices placements increased from 873 in 2005 to 5175 in 2014. However, the risk of intracranial hemorrhage remained largely unchanged (1.7% to 2.3%; linear trend, P = 0.604). The adjusted odds of intracranial hemorrhage were increased with the presence of one of the following variables: female sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% CI, 1.03-2.43), history of ischemic stroke (OR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.86-5.28), or Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 3 or more (OR, 77.40; 95% CI, 10.03-597.60).ConclusionsOver the last decade, the risk of intracranial hemorrhage has remained relatively unchanged despite an increase in the use of left ventricular assist devices in patients with advanced heart failure. Women, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores, and history of ischemic stroke were associated with higher odds of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with left ventricular assist devices.     

影像引导下前额锁孔入路内镜基底核区血肿清除术：10例技术报告

目的探讨微创内镜技术清除基底核区JOL）的方法。方法分析连续10例自发性基底核区出血病人的临床资料,血肿量18。70ml,平均38．7ml;病人GCS评分5～14分,平均9．7分;病人均存在明确神经功能缺损但未发生脑疝。均行影像引导下前额锁孔入路内镜基底核区血肿清除术。,结果手术耗时45—105min,平均67min。残余血肿体积0—6ml,平均0．8m1：血肿清除率76．9％～100％,平均96．8％。住院时间5—50d,中位时间13d。术后GCS评分7～15分,平均14．1分。术后并发肺部感染4例,其中合并消化道出血和深静脉血栓1例;无切口感染和颅内感染,住院期间无死亡病例。术后1个月、3个月、1年平均GOS评分分别是2．9、3．2、3．0分,有2例左侧出血者术后完全恢复运动和语言功能,随访期间死亡3例。结论内镜技术前额锁孔入路处理基底核区血肿,血肿清除彻底,止血可靠,对脑功能区域影响小,术后并发症少,较经侧方人路显微镜下血肿清除手术有优势。