诊断不明膝关节交锁症的病因探讨和疗效观察

目的　探讨诊断不明膝关节交锁症的病因、症状特点 ,经关节镜治疗后的临床疗效。　方法　对 4 7例膝关节不明原因交锁的病例均施行关节镜检查。镜下发现的病变 :34例滑膜疾病、4例Hof fa病、9例髌股关节排列异常 ,滑膜疾病镜下刨削切除滑膜皱襞、增生肥厚的滑膜团块及滑膜瘤样病变 ,Hoffa病镜下部分切除髌下脂肪垫 ,髌骨半脱位行髌骨外侧支持带松解、胫骨结节前内侧移位。　结果　平均随访 1年 ,全部病例术后交锁症状消失 ,4 6例膝关节疼痛完全消失或明显缓解 ,术前存在膝关节功能障碍的大多数病例术后恢复或接近正常。　结论　诊断不明膝关节交锁症的原因较多 ,其主要病因是滑膜疾病、Haffa病、髌股关节排列异常。关节镜术是一个重要的诊断和治疗手段 ,并可获得满意的临床效果。     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的诊断和治疗

目的探讨髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2004年10月～2006年11月收治的单纯髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征37例。将其临床症状、体征与关节镜检查进行比较,探讨临床诊断治疗方法。结果经关节镜检查证实,单纯膝关节滑膜皱襞综合征37例,其中术前诊断半月板损伤而术后诊断滑膜皱襞5例;滑膜皱襞B型4例,C型25例,D型8例。关节镜下动态观察,发现可解释症状的有病理改变的滑膜皱襞即可诊断。术后随访时间3～48个月,关节功能优良达89.2%,手术后无症状加重或感染病例,疗效与伴随的软骨损伤程度呈负相关。结论早期髌内侧膝关节滑膜皱襞综合征临床诊断较困难,认真详细的体格检查及造影后MRI检查有助于提高诊断准确率,关节镜是诊断和治疗髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的最佳方法。     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞撕裂的诊断及治疗

目的 :讨论髌内侧滑膜皱襞撕裂的诊断及治疗方法。方法 :698例关节镜检查中髌内侧滑膜皱襞撕裂者 34例 ,占 4 % ,均在局麻关节镜下行撕裂的滑膜皱襞切除术 ,术后在髌内侧滑膜皱襞的对应处用绷带加压包扎 2～ 3d。结果 :术后随访 2～ 1 0年 ,由髌内侧滑膜皱襞撕裂引起的疼痛均消失 ,膝关节功能恢复正常。结论 :关节镜下切除撕裂的髌内侧滑膜皱襞创伤小 ,恢复快 ,效果好     

膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义

目的:观察膝关节镜下髌下皱襞结构的变化,探讨膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义。方法:回顾性总结分析膝关节镜手术病例400例,男177例,女223例;年龄9~79岁,平均42岁。术前均有膝关节疼痛、肿胀和交锁等现象,保守治疗无效,行膝关节镜检查及镜下手术。术中证实单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例,术前有膝前区疼痛症状者8例,疼痛区域模糊不定者3例,膝关节反复肿胀、积液者2例;术前诊断为半月板损伤4例,关节软骨损伤2例,髌股关节骨性关节炎1例,髌下脂肪垫损伤4例。11例均行膝关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术。结果:400例膝关节镜手术中发现有髌下皱襞结构的284例(71%);有髌下皱襞病变的52例(13%),其中单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例(2.75%)。髌下皱襞病变镜下表现为髌下皱襞肿胀、增厚、纤维化、丧失弹性,与髁间凹产生撞击。11例单纯髌下皱襞病变均行关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术,术后随访9例,2例失访,随访时间3~24个月,平均14个月。疗效评定优7例,良1例,可1例,差0例,优良率88.89%。结论:髌下皱襞具有明确的临床意义,其病变可以引起临床症状。     

开放式半月板切除术后膝关节紊乱的关节镜评价与治疗

１９８９～１９９４年，作者对２４例开放式半月板切除术后的膝关节紊乱病例进行了二次关节镜术。回顾研究表明半月板切除术后早期，关节紊乱的主要原因是残留后角的交锁、残余半月板破裂及脂肪垫损伤；晚期膝关节紊乱的主要原因是半月板切除导致的退变性骨关节炎和／或膝内／外翻。早期病例通过关节镜下半月板再切除或修整及脂肪垫部分切除可获得满意疗效；对晚期的骨关节炎病例则需进行关节镜清理术及胫骨高位截骨或关节置换术。     

膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的关节镜诊治

目的探讨膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的临床诊断、关节镜诊断及疗效。方法回顾分析1996年1月～2007年12月收治的420例诊断为膝关节痛或半月板损伤或滑膜皱襞综合征的患者,其中有70例内侧滑膜皱襞综合征患者。按Sakakibara法分析其关节镜下形态,在镜视下行皱襞切除术、挛缩内侧支持带松解术,随访分析其疗效。结果70例内侧滑膜皱襞综合征中,镜下A型8例,B型13例,C型24例,D型25例。经镜下行皱襞切除,获得随访43例,随访时间为6个月～5年,平均32个月,按Lysholm法进行疗效评定,优良率90.7%。结论关节镜仍是该病确诊的"金标准",镜下彻底切除滑膜皱襞、松解挛缩内侧支持带是治疗该病有效的方法。     

Hoffa病的诊断与关节镜手术治疗

２０例膝前痛患者经临床物理检查、磁共振成像及关节镜检视诊断为Ｈｏｆｆａ′ｓ病（髌下脂肪垫夹挤综合征）。所有病例均于关节镜检查的问时施行了关节镜下髂下脂肪垫部分或全部切除术。经平均３０个月随访，参照Ｌａｒｓｏｎ膝关节功能评分，１８例获得满意疗效。随访结果还提示脂肪垫部分切除不仅可获得与全切除相似的疗效，而且损伤更小，恢复更快。     

关节镜下治疗膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征

目的探讨膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的临床诊断、治疗方法及结果。方法自2006年10月至2010年11月期间,我院共诊治膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征患者87例,其中46例采取保守治疗后症状无缓解而接受关节镜下手术切除滑膜皱襞。男24例,女22例;年龄23～72岁,平均年龄为41岁。按Sakakibara法对滑膜皱襞进行分类,在关节镜下行皱襞切除术,并随访记录其疗效。结果 46例经关节镜下皱襞切除的患者,其中A型27例,B型15例,C型3例,D型1例;同时合并9例半月板损伤,5例髌股关节内侧面骨关节炎形成。增生的滑膜皱襞均采用篮钳或刨削器将其切除。43例获得随访,平均随访时间为25个月,无复发病例。膝关节功能根据Lysholm评分进行评定,术后功能较术前明显改善,治疗结果优良率为90.7%。结论膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征根据临床症状和MRI表现即可诊断,关节镜下可以确诊,同时镜下行滑膜皱襞切除可获得满意的效果。     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的关节镜治疗

目的:探讨关节镜下微创治疗髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的临床效果.方法:2000年5月～2003年4月对37例髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征患者进行治疗,男25例,女12例,平均年龄32.8岁.8例病史较短采用皱襞部分切除,29例采用皱襞完全切除.结果:术后32例获随访,随访4～35个月,平均20.5个月,其中优25例(78.1%),良5例(15.6%),可2例(6.3%),优良率93.7%.结论:关节镜下诊断治疗髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征创伤小、恢复快、疗效确实.     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的关节镜治疗

目的:探讨关节镜下微创治疗髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的临床效果.方法:2000年5月～2003年4月对37例髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征患者进行治疗,男25例,女12例,平均年龄32.8岁.8例病史较短采用皱襞部分切除,29例采用皱襞完全切除.结果:术后32例获随访,随访4～35个月,平均20.5个月,其中优25例(78.1%),良5例(15.6%),可2例(6.3%),优良率93.7%.结论:关节镜下诊断治疗髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征创伤小、恢复快、疗效确实.     

Arterial blood supply of the infrapatellar fat pad

The arterial blood supply to the infrapatellar fat pad (Hoffa's fat pad) was investgated in 12 knee joints of human cadavers. The infrapatellar fat pad is supplied by an anastomotic network which displays some striking topographic features. Its vascular blood supply protects it against necrosis, when either reconstructive operations are carried out or extensive surgical exposures of the knee are done. The blood supply to the center of the fat pad is limited. This is of practical importance for the choice of arthroscopic portals. In addition, arthroscopically verified sources of bleeding are described in 57 patients with hemarthrosis without clinically detectable instability. Rupture of the infrapatellar synovial fold can be a cause of posttraumatic hemarthrosis in rare cases. Arteries irregularly found within the fold contribute to the blood supply of the anterior aspect of the synovial membrane covering the cruciate ligaments.     

应用关节镜治疗膝关节盘状半月板的疗效分析

目的探讨关节镜下手术治疗膝关节盘状半月板损伤的疗效。方法对本院骨科在2006年1月～2009年6月收治23例膝关节外侧盘状半月板损伤在关节镜下手术进行回顾性分析。根据盘状半月板损伤情况分别施行半月板全切除术和次全切除术11例,部分切除7例和半月板成形术5例。手术前和手术后6个月均采用Lysholm评分对膝关节功能进行评分。结果本组病人术后未发生切口感染,关节内感染,明显的关节积血,血管神经损伤和下肢静脉血栓形成等并发症。术后活得随访21例,随访时间8～28个月,平均13.2个月。所有患者术后膝关节疼痛及肿胀症状消失或明显减轻,关节活动恢复正常。手术前Lysholm评分为52～92分,平均为69.2分,手术后6个月提高至79～92分,平均为86.6分。手术前后Lysholm评分具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论关节镜技术治疗膝关节外侧盘状半月板具有损伤创伤小、手术时间短、术后恢复快等优点,是作为临床治疗膝关节盘状半月板的首选术式。     

Treatment of meniscus defects with reference to our operative method

Summary Inspite of the advanced diagnostic possibilities in cases of meniscus injuries the time until the surgical treatment is still too long. In our patients the average period between the first discomfort until the operation came to 2 years. Satisfactory results in treating degenerating or traumatic meniscus injuries can only be achieved by early surgery. The various problems of diagnostic methods are discussed. Arthrography with double contrast is an excellent method to achieve 95% correct results.The reactive hypertrophy and inflammation of the Hoffa's fat pad in the course of the so called Hoffa's disease are explained. With 214 cases of subtotal meniscectomy we can demonstrate satisfactory functional results. They are attributed to the additional resection of the Hoffa's fat pad or likewise the partial synovectomy-combined with internal drainage.This operative method has been proven over the last 6 years in routine operation.

---

Zusammenfassung Trotz modernster diagnostischer Möglichkeiten ist die Zahl der Spätfälle beim Meniscusschaden bis zur operativen Versorgung übermäßig lang und unverändert geblieben.Wir selber mußten eine durchschnittliche Anamnese der Erstbeschwerden bis zur Operation von über 2 Jahren feststellen.Die Frühoperation ist sowohl beim degenerativen als auch beim traumatischen Meniscusschaden anzustreben, da nur so befriedigende Ergebnisse erzielt werden können.Auf die Schwierigkeit der Diagnostik in vielen Fällen wird hingewiesen. Hier leistet die Arthrografie im Doppelkontrastverfahren Vorzügliches, sie kann eine Treffsicherheit von 95% erreichen.

     

Patellar tendon length after knee arthroplasty with and without preservation of the infrapatellar fat pad

Our aim was to assess whether there was any significant difference in change in patellar tendon length after knee arthroplasty, when the infrapatellar fat pad was either preserved or excised. Three-year radiographic follow-up was studied on 73 primary knee arthroplasty patients. The infrapatellar fat pad was completely preserved in 38 cases and completely excised in 35. At 3 years there was a significant patellar tendon shortening of 4.2% (P = .0004) in the fat pad excision group and no significant change in the fat pad preservation group (P = .82). The difference between the 2 groups was significant (P = .004). Our results show that patella tendon length does not always shorten after knee arthroplasty and that preservation of the infrapatellar fat pad may be a factor in preventing such shortening.     

Hoffa's fat pad resection in total knee arthroplasty

The authors have studied the consequences of resection of Hoffa's fat pad during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Sixty eight patients undergoing primary TKA were randomised to have Hoffa's fat pad either resected or preserved. Biopsy specimens of Hoffa's fat pad were taken for pathological study in all patients. Radiological, functional and clinical evaluation was made after surgery, before discharge from hospital, after one month and after six months. Thirty six percent of the patients were found to present inflammatory infiltration of Hoffa's fat pad, and severe fibrosis was found in 33 %. A progressive decrease in postoperative anterior knee pain was found in 95% of the patients in both groups. Hoffa's fat pad resection did not appear to result in a change in patellar tendon length during the first six months after TKA. Preoperative fibrosis of Hoffa's fat pad may play a role in postoperative pain and range of motion.     

A giant extrasynovial osteochondroma in the infrapatellar fat pad: end stage Hoffa’s disease

The infrapatellar fat pad of Hoffa is commonly injured but rarely discussed in the orthopaedic literature. Hoffa’s disease is the extension of various traumatic events due to impingement and inflammation of the infrapatellar fat pad and known as a vague reason for anterior knee pain. Inflammation is foreground during acute phase of the disease while impingement due to fibrosis and scar tissue of infrapatellar fat pad plays a major role in the chronic phase. The osteochondroma of the infrapatellar fat pad secondary to the Hoffa’s disease can be more problematic. Although, the fibrocartilaginous transformation and osteochondral metaplasia of infrapatellar fat pad was pointed out frequently in the literature, the published papers seem far from clarifying the relation between chronic impingement and formation of osteochondroma. We present a case of a giant ossifying chondroma in the infrapatellar fat pad that resulted from chronic Hoffa’s disease. Complete open resection was performed successfully after arthroscopic examination. The infrapatellar fat pad contains the entire progenitor cells for the development of an osteochondroma and chronic impingement may have promoter affect on this issue, thus, an osteochondroma may occur at the end-stage Hoffa’s disease.     

关节镜下盘状半月板的治疗

目的　探讨关节镜下盘状半月板的治疗方法与疗效。　方法　 37例 (37膝 )盘状半月板 ,33例行关节镜下成形术 ,4例肌腱部自关节囊缘较广泛撕裂因无法成形而行全切术。 1例自R区纵向撕裂在成形后行缝合修补术。　结果　按Ikeuchi氏膝关节评价等级 :优 19例 (5 1.4% ) ,好 13例(35 1% ) ,良 5例 (13 5 % )。　结论　关节镜下盘状半月板成形术可获得优良疗效 ,主张尽可能施行关节镜下成形术治疗盘状半月板。     

Microvasculature of the cruciate ligaments and its response to injury. An experimental study in dogs

The normal vascular anatomy of the cruciate ligaments was investigated in eight dogs by microangiography, histology, and tissue-clearing (Spalteholz) techniques. The vessels were found to originate predominantly from the soft tissues (infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane) of the joint. The vascular response to partial surgical transection of the anteromedial mid-portion of the anterior cruciate ligament was evaluated in twelve dogs. This response, which was vigorous and extensive, appeared to arise from the soft tissues. Resection of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane at the time of injury tended to decrease this response. Spontaneous healing of the defect had not occurred in either group by eight weeks. Clinical Relevance: The predominant soft-tissue, as opposed to osseous, origin of the blood supply to the cruciate ligaments may be an important consideration in the repair of these structures. The preservation and utilization of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial envelope may optimize the vascular response and healing of the ligament.     

膝关节半月板损伤的关节镜微创治疗

目的 探讨膝关节半月板损伤在关节镜下治疗的方法以及疗效。方法 对165例膝关节半月板损伤患者应用膝关节镜诊治进行回顾性分析本组施行半月板部分切除成形术127例（其中包括部分切除及囊肿切除3例．盘状半月板部分切除成形术12例），大部分切除13例，全切除2例，表面修整10例，修补13例；同时行镜下前交叉韧带重建术47例，后交叉韧带重建7例，前、后交叉韧带同时重建2例，内侧皱襞切除术15例。结果137例患者后术后复查，追踪时间2～32个月，81例平均Lysholm-II评分为92分（前、后交叉韧带重建术56例不参与评分），较术前提高49分。结论 应用关节镜进行治疗半月板损伤可达到最大限度保留半月板，创伤小、恢复快、疗效佳，并可同时处理其他病变，诊断准确性高，避免漏诊。