二尖瓣狭窄并发房颤行球囊成形术前抗凝与不抗凝的比较

目的 :评价二尖瓣狭窄并发房颤患者行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术 （PBMV）前是否需要常规抗凝治疗。方法 :风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄并发房颤患者 2 5 1例 ,按就诊先后随机分为 A（n=12 6 ） ,B（n=12 5 ）两组。控制心力衰竭后行PBMV。A组术前不使用任何抗凝药物及抗血小板药物 ,B组术前常规给予肝素、肠溶阿斯匹林及华法令抗凝 ,观察PBMV术中及术后 3d有无与 PBMV相关的体循环栓塞并发症。结果 :两组患者 PBMV均获成功 ,术中及术后均无栓塞并发症发生 ,术后血流动力学指标、心功能、二尖瓣口面积、心脏杂音均有明显改善 （P<0 .0 1）。结论 :二尖瓣狭窄并发房颤患者如既往无体循环栓塞史 ,左心房无附壁血栓 ,行 PBMV前并不需苛求常规抗凝。     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术200例方法学探讨

本文报告200例经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术方法学总结.Ross方法穿刺房间隔成功率100%,198例只采用正位透视,仅2例需左侧位透视,100%病例穿刺左房有左房压力波形出现,本文对Inoue方法进行简化使球囊导管通过狭窄的二尖瓣口及扩张二尖瓣的操作时间缩短.严重并发症包括2例脑梗塞(死亡1例)、3例心包填塞、1例室颤和2例重度二尖瓣返流.8例房颤患者有左心耳血栓,在华法令抗凝治疗3～8个月后血栓消失而安全地施行了二尖瓣球囊成形术.     

带栓经皮球囊导管二尖瓣成形术

<正> 风湿性心脏二尖瓣狭窄(MS)患者,常合并心房纤颤(Af).此时左心房血栓发生率高达25%.血栓脱落可造成体循环栓塞,被视为经皮球囊导管二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)的禁忌症.我院从1988年至今行PBMV 503例,对17例MS合并Af,并证实左心房血栓存在的患者抗凝治疗后,带栓进行PBMV 12例,现报告如下:     

二尖瓣狭窄伴心房颤动球囊二尖瓣成形术前抗凝及术后复律的临床探讨

对26例二尖瓣狭窄（MS）合并心房颤动（Af）的患者在行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（PBMV）前给大剂量肝素短程抗凝，并对其中19例在术后即给予同步直流电复律，探讨短程抗凝后PBMV的可能性及PBMV术后即刻电复律的影响因素。其结果表明：本组26例二尖瓣口面积（MVA）由0．92±0．2cm2扩大至1．95±0．37cm2，左房平均压（LAP）由3．12±1．27kPa降至1．42±0．85kPa，而左房内径（LAD）由52．7±8．1mm缩至42．5±5．9mm，26例均无血栓栓塞并发症及出血并发症；其中19例术后即刻行同步电复律者15例复律成功，成功率为78．9％。认为：MS合并Af患者PBMV术前大剂量肝素短程抗凝可缩短术前准备时间并达到预防血栓栓塞之目的，同时在Af病程较短、无巨大左房、球囊充盈程度良好、LAP下降显著、较好地控制心室率等因素基础上，可在PBMV术后即刻给予同步直流电复律。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术严重并发症及防治

目的 总结分析经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（PBMV）严重并发症及防治。方法 采用Inoue技术。96％采用自制单球囊扩张管。对1200例风心病二尖瓣狭窄患者行PBMV术治疗。结果 实施手术1200例次,成功率98.82％。总严重并发症53例（4.4％）。总死亡率0.33％,死亡4例。其中,急性肺水肿.心脏骤停各1例,急性左心衰,心脏低排2例。急性重度二尖瓣关闭不全5例（0.42％）。急性心脏穿孔心包填塞8例（0.66％）。严重心律失常28例（2.3％）。急性左心衰竭4例（0.33％）。体循环栓塞8例（0.66％）。结论 经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术虽已技术成熟,仍有一定的风险。严格选择适应证的病人,规范操作,严加防范,是减少并发症的关键。     

二尖瓣球囊扩张术中心包填塞4例的处理

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV)是治疗风湿性二尖瓣狭窄的一项安全、有效的治疗方法,但PBMV过程中有可能出现各种并发症,尤以急性心包填塞最为凶险。本文将PBMV术中出现的4例急性心包填塞报告于下。1对象与方法4例风湿性心脏病患者均为女性,年龄为46～56岁。2例为单纯重度二尖瓣狭     

二尖瓣球囊扩张术的新进展

近年应用金属扩张器行经皮球囊二尖瓣扩张术（PBMV）,对二尖瓣形态 重度不良患者疗效显著;并发左房血栓者经适当抗凝后行PBMV术疗效满意;术后二尖瓣储备功能研究对近期及远期综合心功能评价及再次手术判断具有重要价值。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术在二尖瓣狭窄合并房颤中的应用

经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术（PBMV）治疗二尖瓣狭窄的效果已十分肯定。但对于二尖瓣狭窄合并房颤的患者,其治疗效果目前还不是十分明确。目前治疗二尖瓣狭窄合并房颤主要是通过对PBMV的改进以及与一些其他方法的联用。如溶栓治疗的改进、经皮左心耳封闭技术（PLAATO）等一些新技术的发展和治疗房颤技术的改革等。通过PBMV与这些技术相结合,很大地提高二尖瓣狭窄合并房颤的治疗效果。     

二尖瓣球囊扩张术的新进展

近年应用金属扩张器行经皮球囊二尖瓣扩张术(PBMV),对二尖瓣形态重度不良患者疗效显著;并发左房血栓者经适当抗凝后行PBMV术疗效满意;术后二尖瓣储备功能研究对近期及远期综合心功能评价及再次手术判断具有重要价值.     

二尖瓣球囊成形术在二尖瓣狭窄合并左房血栓形成中的应用

目的:评价经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴左房血栓形成的疗效、安全性。方法:56例伴有左房血栓形成患者术前经正规华法林抗凝治疗后,采用改良的房间隔定位法即井字定位法及运用跨二尖瓣技巧对二尖瓣狭窄伴左房血栓形成患者行逐步球囊扩张,以血流动力学评估手术前后即刻左房压、二尖瓣跨瓣压差及二尖瓣口面积,并进行手术后随访,观察有无体循环血栓栓塞等并发症。结果:与术前相比较,术后左心房平均压下降[(21.6±3.7)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)∶(35.1±4.2)mmHg]、二尖瓣跨瓣压差显著下降[(7.1±3.1)mmHg∶(16.8±4.5)mmHg)],二尖瓣口面积增大[(1.65±0.28)cm2∶(0.71±0.14)cm2],差异极有统计学意义(均P<0.01),心功能明显改善。超声心动图随访结果表明,经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术疗效稳定,无血栓栓塞并发症发生。结论:左房血栓形成仅为经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术的相对禁忌证,对于经充分华法林抗凝治疗的患者而言,经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术操作技术的改进能明显改善其症状,是安全有效的。     

Effect of atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation on calculated mitral valve area in mitral stenosis

Forty-nine patients with mitral stenosis (MS) were studied by Doppler echocardiography and 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography to assess the ability of Doppler ultrasound to accurately measure mitral valve orifice area and to assess whether atrial fibrillation (AF) or mitral regurgitation (MR) affected the calculation. Twenty-four patients underwent cardiac catheterization. Mitral valve area by Doppler was determined by the pressure half-time method. Mean mitral valve area of all 49 patients by Doppler and 2-D echocardiography correlated well (r = 0.90). There was good correlation between Doppler and 2-D echocardiography in patients with pure MS in sinus rhythm (r = 0.88), in patients with MR (r = 0.93) and in patients with AF (r = 0.96). In the 7 patients with pure MS in sinus rhythm, there was good correlation between Doppler, 2-D echocardiography and cardiac catheterization (r = 0.95). In patients with either MR or AF, cardiac catheterization appeared to underestimate mitral valve orifice compared with both Doppler and 2-D echocardiography (p less than 0.05). Doppler echocardiography can estimate valve area in patients with MS regardless of the presence of MR or AF.     

Complex arrhythmias in mitral regurgitation with and without mitral valve prolapse: Contrast to arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse without mitral regurgitation

Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias were characterized by ambulatory electrocardiography in 31 patients with nonischemic mitral regurgitation (MR), 17 of whom had echocardlographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and 14 of whom had other causes of MR. Frequent and complex arrhythmias were common and equally prevalent in each MR subgroup, whether or not MVP was present. Multiform ventricular ectopy was found in 77%% (24 of 31), ventricular couplets in 61 % (19 of 31), and ventricular salvos or ventricular tachycardia in 35% (11 of 31) of patients with MR. Arrhythmias in patients with MR were significantly more prevalent than in 63 patients with MVP who had no evidence of MR. Among patients with MVP, excess arrhythmias associated with MR were most striking with respect to frequent ventricular premature complexes (41 % with MR vs 3 % without MR), multiform ventricular ectopic activity (88% vs 43%), ventricular couplets (65% vs 6%), and ventricular salvos or ventricular tachycardia (35 vs 5 %) (p <0.005 for each comparison). These data demonstrate that complex arrhythmias are common in patients with nonischemic MR irrespective of etiology, and that these arrhythmias are more strongly associated with hemodynamically important MR than with MVP alone.     

Inoue-balloon mitral valvuloplasty in double-orifice mitral stenosis

We report 7 symptomatic patients with stenotic double-orifice mitral valve of incomplete bridge type. In each patient, the fibrous bridge tissue between the valve leaflets was successfully split using an Inoue balloon valvuloplasty technique with stepwise dilations applied only to the posteromedial orifice.     

Floppy mitral valve, mitral valve prolapse, and mitral valvular regurgitation

Opinion statement  

Neurohormones in mitral stenosis before and after percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The hormonal response to percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy (PBMV) has been described in patients in sinus rhythm (SR) and with atrial fibrillation (AF). The study aim was to evaluate the effect of hemodynamic parameters and PBMV on atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) secretion and plasma renin activity (PRA) in mitral stenosis in SR and AF. METHODS: Thirty-one patients (26 females, five males; mean age 50.5+/-14 years) with pure rheumatic mitral stenosis underwent PBMV. Fourteen patients had AF, and 17 were in SR. PRA and ANF were measured 24 h before, and at 30 and 60 min, 24 h and one month after PBMV, after resting in a supine position for > or =2 h. Digitalis and diuretics were withdrawn 48 h before sampling; neither had patients received ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers during the previous month. RESULTS: PBMV was successful in all cases, without complication. Mitral valve area was increased and wedge pressure decreased in both groups after PBMV. In AF patients, neither PRA nor ANF were significantly affected before and after PBMV; in SR patients, ANF was decreased and PRA increased significantly, notably 24 h after PBMV. The cardiac index was increased in both groups, but was distinctly lower in AF patients both before and after PBMV. CONCLUSION: Despite similar hemodynamic results, reversal of the hormonal pattern after PBMV occurred only in SR patients, most likely because in AF patients a low cardiac index elicits a hormonal response similar to heart failure. This abnormal hormonal pattern may limit functional recovery after PBMV; hence, PBMV is best attempted while patients are still in SR.