胰腺结石的超声内镜检查和ERCP的对比研究

目的探讨胰腺结石的EUS和ERCP表现及其诊断价值.方法分析经手术或内镜下胰管取石确诊35例胰腺结石患者的EUS和ERCP检查结果.结果 35例中ERCP诊断27例(78.3%),8例诊断不明.伴有胰实质结石的4例患者ERCP均未能对胰实质结石做出诊断.而EUS诊断33例(94.3%),其中4例胰实质结石全部显示,2例胰管小结石未能诊断,EUS和ERCP联合检查全部35例均获得诊断.结论 ERCP联合EUS可提高胰腺结石诊断的准确率.     

超声内镜在慢性胰源性腹痛中的诊断价值

目的 评价内镜超声检查术（EUS）检查在慢性胰源性腹痛中的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院1991—2004年期间106例疑为慢性胰源性腹痛的患者（除外疑为肿瘤引起的胰腺实性或囊实性占位性病变者）的EUS检查结果及其相关临床资料。结果 （1）慢性胰腺炎（CP）占慢性胰源性腹痛病因的首位（57．5％），其次是其他胰腺相关疾病（18．9％），不明原因者占11．3％。（2）EUS诊断CP的敏感性和特异性分别为95．1％和64．4％，阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为78．4％和90．6％。（3）胰腺实质系统异常（90．2％）是CP的主要EUS表现，其中回声不均伴散在点状强回声或钙化（52．5％）是最常见的表现，而单纯回声不均与局灶回声增强诊断CP的特异性相对较低（P〉0．05）；胰管扩张（34．4％）则是EUS检查CP最常见的胰管系统表现。炎性假瘤型CP多表现为胰头低回声实性占位，与胰腺癌鉴别存在一定难度。（4）EUS与ERCP或BT—PABA诊断的总体符合率分别为：77．8％、70．4％，联合诊断正确率分别为100％、95．8％。结论 CP是慢性胰源性腹痛（除外疑为肿瘤引起的胰腺实性或囊实性占位性病变者）最主要的病因。EUS诊断CP的敏感性较高但特异性相对不足。EUS对胰管病变的敏感性稍逊于ERCP。     

超声内镜与B超诊断胰腺疾病的对比分析

目的 探讨超声内镜(EUS)和B超对胰腺疾病的诊断价值。方法 对1999年6月至2001年6月期间123例胰腺疾病患行EUS检查并与体表B超检查结果进行比较。结果 63例胰腺癌、45例胰腺炎和11例其它胰腺疾病患经EUS确诊。38例胰腺癌，28例胰腺炎和5例其它胰腺疾病经US确诊。EUS诊断胰腺疾病的敏感性与准确性均明显高于B超，EUS与B超诊断符合率分别为96．7％(119／123)与56．9％(70／123)(P＜0．01)。结论 EUS在胰腺疾病诊断中有较高的特异性和准确性，与B超联合应用有助于胰腺疾病的诊断。     

胰腺假性囊肿内镜超声图像的特征

目的：研究胰腺假性囊肿内镜超声图像的特征，探讨内镜超声在胰腺假性囊肿诊断中的价值。方法：对35例胰腺假性囊肿患者进行超声内镜检查。结果：在35例胰腺假性囊肿中，单发3l例，多发4例，共有囊肿41个；位于胰头13个，胰体3个，胰尾19个，胰体尾6个。囊壁光滑29例，毛糙6例；囊液透声良好19例，有絮状回声16例，囊内有分隔l例，囊壁有钙化l例，伴有胰管扩张7例；胰腺实质回声不均匀21例，胰实质钙化4例，胰腺萎缩2例，胰腺癌2例，胰腺未见异常6例。5例在胃肠道有压迹，其中1例压迫十二指肠降段致梗阻；胃底静脉曲张4例，2例引起消化道出血。结论：内镜超声可以清晰显示囊肿的大小、部位、形态以及与胰腺的关系，且能进行EUS引导下的穿刺检查，对假性囊肿的诊断和鉴别诊断均有重要意义。     

超声内镜对胆胰疾病诊断价值的探讨

目的 探讨超声内镜（EUS）对胆胰疾病的诊断价值。方法 采用超声胃镜（频率为7．5MHz和20Mnz），应用水囊法结合水充盈法，对54例临床疑为胆胰病变的患者进行EUS检查，并与腹部B超、CT及ERCP比较。结果 EUS、US、CT、ERCP对胆胰疾病诊断的阳性率分别为92．6％（50/54）、57．4％（31／54）、64．8％（35／54）及76．2％（32／42）。EUS对胰腺癌诊断的阳性率达100％。高于腹部B超、CT及ERCP；EUS对胆总管结石及慢性胰腺炎的准确率分别为100％和88．9％。结论 EUS对胆胰疾病的诊断率高于腹部B超，CT及ERCP影像检查，尤其对胆管扩张病因的定位及定性诊断均有较大的诊断价值。     

谐波造影增强超声内镜在诊断胰腺癌中的作用

目的探讨谐波造影增强超声内镜（CH—EUS）在诊断胰腺癌中的作用。方法选择胰腺占位病变患者为研究对象,以超声内镜引导下细针穿刺（EUS-FNA）或组织病理学及随访结果作为最终诊断,与CH．EUS诊断比较,评价CH—EUS诊断胰腺癌的准确度,并分析CH—EUS在不同胰腺肿瘤中的图像特点。结果共76例患者入选,平均年龄（53．1±14．2）岁,其中胰腺癌35例,局灶肿块型炎症21例,胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤10例,囊腺瘤6例,胰管内乳头状产黏蛋白肿瘤4例。肿瘤最大直径平均（3．4±1．4）cm,〈2cm者18例。CH—EUS诊断胰腺癌的灵敏度97．1％,特异度92．9％,阳性预测值91．7％,阴性预测值97．5％。行EUS．FNA64例,CH-EUS联合FNA对胰腺癌检查的灵敏度达到100％。结论CH—EUS可安全、简便、准确地显示胰腺病变的血供情况,对于胰腺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度均较高,是EUS—FNA的有力补充,值得临床推广应用。     

内镜超声检查对胆总管结石的诊断价值

目的 探讨内镜超声检查(EUS)对胆总管结石的诊断价值。方法 回顾性总结近3年来术前B超、CT等检查未能确定胆总管结石而行EUS并经内镜乳头切开术(EST)取石或手术治疗证实者资料，共45例。结果 45例中，EUS诊断胆总管结石43例，另2例诊断胆管轻度扩张，经EST取出高位胆管小结石；EUS诊断胆总管结石者中，2例分别经EST和手术(合并胆囊结石)，胆管内未见结石。其敏感度为95％，阳性预测值为95％。结石最大1、2cm，最小0．3cm，其中≤0．5cm者26例，45例中B超诊断4例可疑胆总管末端结石，2例怀疑壶腹周围占位性病变。CT诊断3例可疑胆总管结石，1例怀疑壶腹占位性病变。结论 EUS在诊断胆总管结石方面，不论胆管是否扩张，不论结石大小，都明显优于B超和CT，尤其是小结石，可与ERCP相媲美，而比ERCP更少侵袭性，更安全。     

内镜下诊治伴发胰管结石慢性胰腺炎的价值

目的探讨ERCP在胰管结石诊断和治疗中的临床价值及其安全性评估。方法分析2008年2月～2008年10月期间共20例接受ERCP诊断和治疗的伴发胰腺结石慢性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。结果20例病例中,16例（80％）胰管结石位于胰头处,3例（15％）位于胰头及胰体处,1例（5％）累及全程胰管。14例（70％）患者一次性取石完全,5例患者术后接受体外震波碎石（ESWL）,1例患者未能完成取石,建议其外科手术治疗．18例表现为腹痛的病例,在接受内镜下治疗结石后,腹痛症状均消失,在接受治疗后2～10d内出院,平均（5．3±2．43）d。术后2例（10％）出现一过性的血淀粉酶升高。结论对于伴有胰管结石的慢性胰腺炎病例而青,内镜下取石是安全有效的方法,同时应川支架及鼻胰管引流,不仅对胰管结石的治疗有效,而且充分的胰液引流对于缓解腹痛症状、减少术后的胰腺炎、高淀粉酶m症的发乍有着重要的作用。     

主胰管损伤的外科处理（附12例报告）

目的探讨主胰管损伤的外科处理。方法对近20年来收治的主胰管损伤共12例进行回顾分析。结果所有病例经过手术治疗后全部治愈，治愈率100％；有6例发生并发症(50．0％)，其中胰瘘4例(33．3％)，腹腔脓肿1例(8．3％)，胰腺假性囊肿1例(8．3％)。结论主胰管损伤是严重的胰腺损伤，术中应根据不同程度、不同类型的损伤采取合适的手术方式，力求简单有效；术后应保持引流通畅，积极防治并发症。     

超声内镜在可疑胆胰疾病ERCP术前的初步应用

目的 超声内镜(EUS)在可疑胆胰病变患者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术前的临床应用价值.方法 对15例急性胰腺炎、梗阻性黄疸、胆总管扩张或反复腹痛等病史的患者,经腹部B超、CT和/或MRCP检查可疑胆胰病变,术前行EUS检查诊断,并经ERCP确认.结果 15例患者确诊胆总管结石并行EST取石术9例,确诊壶腹部肿瘤2例,胆管内乳头状瘤2例,十二指肠乳头炎性狭窄1例,胰管结石1例.结论 EUS对可疑胆胰病变有很高的诊断价值,特别能提高胆总管结石确诊率,高于MRCP检查,并能指导ERCP,提高治疗效果,减少风险.     

内镜超声对胰腺癌的诊断

目的 探讨内镜超声（EUS）检查对胰腺癌的诊断价值。方法 对116例胰腺癌患者行EUS检查，其中16例经管内超声（IDUS）检查并与体表B超（B超），CT，磁共振成像（MRI），内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查结果进行比较。结果 EUS（IDUS)诊断胰腺癌的敏感性与准确性均明显高于B超，与CT，MRI及ERCP相当，EUS诊断准确率为98．2％（114／116），IDUS为100％（16／16）；CT为85．3％（99／116）；MRI为87．0％（54／62）；ERCP为80．6％（79／98）；B超为73．2％（85／116）。结论 EUS对胰腺癌有较大的诊断价值。     

内镜超声检查术对胰腺肿瘤早期诊断的价值

目的探讨内镜超声检查术（EUS）、管内超声检查术（IDUS）及超声内镜引导下细针穿刺术（EUS-FNA）对胰腺肿瘤早期诊断的价值。方法回顾性分析和比较188例胰腺小占位病灶的EUS、IDUS、EUS—FNA及其他影像学检查结果。结果（1）EUS诊断小胰腺癌的准确率是95．6％（44／46）,优于B超58．6％（27／46）、CT77．4％（24／31）、MRI76．2％（16／21）及内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）85．3％（29／34）。小胰腺癌EUS声像图主要表现为类圆形、边界清楚、边缘不规则的低回声肿块,内部回声多均匀。（2）25例胰腺小占位病灶行IDUS检查,其准确率是100．0％（25／25）,明显优于B超32．0％（8／25）、CT52．9％（9／17）及MRI57．9％（11／19）等检查。（3）18例胰腺小占位病灶行EUS—FNA,其准确率是66．7％（12／18）。（4）EUS诊断胰腺假性囊肿的准确率是100．0％（27／27）,明显优于13超52．0％（13／25）、CT66、7％（12／18）、MRI82．4％（14／17）及ERCP78．9％（15／19）;对胰腺囊性肿瘤分类鉴别诊断总的准确率是57．7％（15／26）,优于B超19．2％（5／26）、CT36．4％（8／22）、MRI37．5％（6／16）及ERCP50．0％（7／14）等检查。结论EUS、IDUS及EUS-FNA对胰腺肿瘤的早期诊断具有重要价值。     

Diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis by endoscopic ultrasound. Are we there yet?

The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis at an early stage is a clinical challenge. A major limitation is the inability of clinicians to obtain a tissue or histological sample to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Currently available imaging modalities have limited sensitivity or specificity for diagnosing early chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), introduced in the early 1980's, was first developed to image the pancreas. It overcame many of the limitations (abdominal gas and fat) of transabdominal ultrasonography when evaluating patients for possible pancreatic diseases. To date, EUS represents the most promising imaging modality for diagnosing chronic pancreatitis. Contrary to endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERCP), EUS has a very low risk of complications and can detect abnormalities suggestive of chronic pancreatitis in the pancreatic parenchyma and ductal system which are not visible on any other imaging modality. The minimal changes in echotexture are difficult to interpret because there is no reliable gold standard confirmatory test. There is now some evidence in the literature suggesting that these early changes detected by EUS correlate with the histological changes of chronic pancreatitis and may predict progression to more advanced disease. The EUS diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis relies on quantitative (more than qualitative) parenchymal and ductal criteria found during evaluation of the pancreas. It is generally accepted that, in the absence of any criteria, chronic pancreatitis is unlikely, whereas in the presence of 5 or more criteria (out of 9-11) chronic pancreatitis is likely although ERCP and pancreatic function tests may still be normal. The diagnostic significance of patients with fewer (1-4) criteria found on EUS is currently unclear, particularly when other diagnostic tests such as ERCP and function testing are normal. In these cases, there is a potential for "over-diagnosis" of chronic pancreatitis, since the EUS changes cannot be confirmed by other modalities. How can we better understand the implications of EUS detected changes when other tests are normal?     

Linear EUS for bile duct stones

BACKGROUND: Radial scanning endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has been shown, in experienced hands, to be a safe and accurate means of detecting bile duct stones. We compared linear array EUS with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), in our first 50 cases, to evaluate efficacy of this examination as well as the learning curve for this indication. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 50 patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. We compared results of EUS with those of ERCP as a reference. First a linear EUS examination was performed followed by ERCP, at a median interval of 31 days (range 3 to 162 days). RESULTS: The average age of patients was 56 years (range 26 to 76); 48% were women. Fifteen (30%) had undergone cholecystectomy, a mean of 8.5 years (range 1 to 22) before the EUS. EUS compared with ERCP had a 97% sensitivity, 77% specificity, and 90% accuracy. In 14% of patients EUS provided an additional or alternative diagnosis: chronic pancreatitis (n = 3), duodenitis (2), bile duct stricture (1), chronic gastritis (1). No complications were encountered due to EUS. CONCLUSIONS: We found in this early experience that linear array EUS is a reasonably safe and accurate means of detecting choledocholithiasis. Linear array EUS, despite the learning curve, seems to be about equivalent to radial EUS in accuracy. Appropriate use of this less invasive technique may possibly replace the use of diagnostic ERCP.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography versus cholangiography for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis

Background: Choledocholithiasis is a major source of morbidity among patients undergoing cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones. There is no consensus on the best approach to diagnosing bile duct stones. We compared the safety, accuracy, diagnostic yield, and cost of EUS- and ERCP-based approaches. Methods: Sixty-four consecutive pre- and post-cholecystectomy patients referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for suspected choledocholithiasis were prospectively evaluated in a blinded fashion. All were stratified into risk groups using predefined criteria. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and ERCP were sequentially performed by two endoscopists. Results: The success rates of EUS and ERCP were 98% and 94%, respectively. The accuracy of EUS for diagnosing choledocholithiasis was 94%. EUS provided an additional or alternative diagnosis to bile duct stones in 21% of patients. The complication rate of EUS was significantly lower than diagnostic ERCP. An EUS-based strategy costs less than diagnostic ERCP in patients with low, moderate, or intermediate risk. Conclusions: EUS is comparably accurate, but safer and less costly than ERCP for evaluating patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. It is useful in patients with an increased risk of having common bile duct stones based on clinical criteria and those with contraindications for or prior unsuccessful ERCP. EUS may enable selective performance of ERCP and improve the cost-effectiveness of diagnosing choledocholithiasis. (Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:439-48.)     

多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊断价值

目的评估多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析36例胆管狭窄性疾病患者的诊断情况。36例患者均进行了超声内镜检查术（EUS）、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、胆管内超声检查术（IDUS）,胆道靶向刷检行细胞学涂片、液基薄层细胞学检查,并结合临床资料及组织学病理检查,综合诊断。结果最终诊断胆管恶性病变21例,其中胆管细胞癌9例、十二指肠乳头癌4例、胰腺癌侵犯胆总管4例、肝癌侵犯胆总管4例;胆管良性病变15例,其中胆总管结石9例、肝吸虫感染所致胆管狭窄4例、单纯胆管炎性狭窄1例、外部压迫所致胆管狭窄1例。EUS、ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的准确率分别为77．8％、88．9％、91．7％、94．4％,ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS均明显高于EUS（P均〈0．05）;ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值与阴性预测值分别为95．2％、93．3％、95．2％、93．3％,均高于EUS、ERCP及IDUS单独检查。胆道刷检细胞学、液基薄层细胞学或组织病理学检查,19例诊断为恶性狭窄,17例诊断为良性狭窄,对鉴别胆管狭窄性质诊断的敏感度为90．5％、特异度为100．0％、准确率为94．4％。结论对于胆管狭窄性病变,ERCP＋IDUS可使诊断准确率得到明显提高;联合应用ERCP＋IDUS＋病变胆管的靶向刷检等多种内镜检查方法,诊断准确率更高。     

EUS for detection of occult cholelithiasis in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in detecting occult cholelithiasis and determining a probable etiology in patients classified as having idiopathic pancreatitis by conventional radiologic methods. METHODS: A prospective study was performed in 89 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis. Transcutaneous ultrasonography (US), CT, or both was performed on all patients within 24 hours of admission. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed in all patients with confirmed or suspected biliary pancreatitis. EUS was performed in patients classified as having idiopathic pancreatitis. RESULTS: Cholelithiasis was identified in 64 patients (72%) by conventional radiologic methods. Eighteen patients (20%) were classified as having idiopathic pancreatitis after evaluation by US (all 18 patients), repeated US (9 patients), CT (6 patients) and ERCP (13 patients). EUS performed in these 18 patients revealed small gallbladder stones (1 to 9 mm) in 14 patients; 3 were found to have concomitant choledocholithiasis. All stones were confirmed by subsequent ERCP and cholecystectomy. The remaining 4 patients in whom no etiology was identified had no clinical or radiologic evidence of cholelithiasis at a median follow-up of 22 months. CONCLUSION: Cholelithiasis is detected by EUS in a large number of patients classified as having idiopathic pancreatitis by conventional radiologic examinations. With identification of a biliary cause of acute pancreatitis, treatment can be initiated early, thereby reducing the risk of recurrent pancreatitis with its associated morbidity and mortality. EUS is a valuable diagnostic modality in the management of patients with acute pancreatitis.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis

The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is based on altered pancreatic morphology and function. A spectrum of disease exists, and milder forms of disease may be missed by CT but demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). The accuracy of ERCP and EUS for diagnosis of “minimal change” or “early” chronic pancreatitis is controversial, particularly when the results from these imaging procedures are discordant with each other or with tests of pancreatic function; in some cases ERCP and EUS should be considered indeterminate for diagnosis. This review discusses recent data concerning the accuracy of ERCP and EUS for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, the use of EUS fine-needle aspiration for differential diagnosis of pancreatic masses, and the use of EUS and EUS-guided TruCut biopsy for diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis.