Versatile grafting at the nasal tip

Placing cartilage graft at the nasal tip is the most frequent technique to achieve proper tip projection and a well-balanced nose. The graft functions to support the nasal tip though reconstruction of the tripod concept legs and add greater definition to the tip. Tip grafts can be broadly classified into two categories: those that are used as mechanical nasal tip support, and those that are used for contouring or enchantment of nasal tip projection. This classification offers guidance to select the type of tip graft needed of overcome the present anatomy deformity.     

鼻尖突出不足合并鼻指数过大的鼻型特点及联合治疗

目的 应用人体测量学以比例关系描述特定鼻型,探讨鼻尖突出不足合并鼻指数过大的鼻型特点及治疗方法,为鼻整形定量研究提供思路.方法 2010年3月至2011年10月,测量27例鼻尖低平、鼻翼肥大的青年女性鼻形态并计算指数值.患者均行隆鼻、鼻尖抬高并前延、鼻翼缩小三项鼻整形术.结果 随访3～12个月,效果满意.术后鼻指数、鼻宽深指数、鼻尖突出度均在正常范围内,其中部分患者比例值达到美学范围.结论 外鼻形态测量比例值能较客观、准确地描述某种鼻型.我国汉族青年女性,鼻指数大于82.05％,鼻尖突出度小于37.50％,可归类为鼻尖突出不足合并鼻指数过大鼻型,此类鼻型应用三项手术综合治疗,协调各亚单位比例,可塑造和谐美观的鼻型.     

A Simplified Use of Septal Extension Graft to Control Nasal Tip Location

Background For defining the shape and projection of the nasal tip, the bilateral and symmetric batten-type septal extension grafts proposed by Byrd and colleagues have drawbacks. The main problems are stiffness of the nasal tip and thickening of the septum in the nasal valve area. Methods Since 1998, unilateral single-batten grafts, and more frequently, bilateral asymmetric batten grafts as compared with Byrd’s bilateral symmetric application, have been used for 72 patients in our facility. Results At the 6-month postoperative follow-up assessment, tip projection was found to be satisfactory in 61 patients. Less than desired projection occurred in three cases and overprojection in two cases. Nasal lobule deviation was evident in one patient. The loss of the columellar break point was evident in five cases. Conclusion Unilateral or asymmetric bilateral batten grafts facilitate adjustment of the nasal tip intraoperatively. This technique results in a more pliable nasal tip in the horizontal plane. Construction of a three-layered cartilage in the nasal valve area is not needed, and the nasal airway is preserved. With this modification, a reliable and predictable nasal tip location is obtained with a minimum of graft usage.     

Augmentation of nasal tip projection using the inferior turbinate: review of technique and evaluation of long-term success

OBJECTIVES: To introduce the use of inferior turbinate bone as an alternative autograft for augmentation of nasal tip projection and to assess maintenance of nasal tip projection, bone remodeling, graft shaping, and ease of harvesting. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients in need of increased nasal tip projection underwent closed rhinoplasty during a prospective nonrandomized study in a university teaching hospital setting. An autologous demucosalized inferior turbinate bone graft was used as a columellar strut. Measurements of nasal tip projection were obtained using the Goode ratio. Photodocumentation and lateral soft tissue radiographs were obtained before surgery and between 30 and 38 months after surgery. RESULTS: In all patients, the results were as follows: (1) the inferior turbinate bone graft was easily harvested and molded into the appropriate-sized columellar strut; (2) the immediate postoperative nasal tip projection, as measured by the Goode ratio and visual assessment, was increased; and (3) the tip projections were maintained at the 30-month follow-up examination. Paired t tests revealed a statistically significant difference (P = .001 and P = .009) between preoperative and both immediate and long-term measurements. Comparison of immediate postoperative radiographs with those taken 2 years later demonstrated no remarkable change in appearance of the graft. CONCLUSIONS: The interior turbinate bone is a viable graft for augmenting nasal tip projection. Moreover, it maintains tip projection and needs little to no remodeling. The graft is easy to harvest, prepare, and place and can be used without requiring a second operative site.     

The contoured auricular projection graft for nasal tip projection

In all rhinoplasty surgery, the universal need exists to increase, decrease, or preserve existing tip projection. When proper tip projection is lacking, a variety of techniques are useful for improving projection. We describe a valuable technique for tip projection, particularly useful and indicated in the Asian rhinoplasty, African American rhinoplasty, and in certain revision rhinoplasties. In the past 15 years, the senior author (M.E.T.) has used the contoured auricular projection graft in selected patients for achieving satisfactory tip projection in patients with blunted tips. The aesthetic outcomes have been predictable, pleasing, and reliable for the long term. Precision pocket preparation for auricular conchal cartilage graft placement is key to symmetry and projection of the final outcome. The results yielded a rounded nasal tip that may be more natural-appearing in Asians, African Americans, and selected patients with revision rhinoplasty. The contoured auricular projection graft provides a highly useful graft for the nasal tip.     

Caudal Septal Advancement for Nasal Tip Projection and Support in Rhinoplasty

Background Management of nasal tip projection and support for positioning of the tip represent an important part of rhinoplasty operations that must be handled properly for a final satisfying result. Manipulation of the nasal tip is complex and variable. Plastic surgeons use many techniques to achieve this goal. Methods The authors propose that the caudal septal advancement technique be used to manipulate the positioning of the nasal tip, especially in cases of an underprojected tip and those requiring tip support. The authors prepare a rectangular septal cartilage, which after advancement carries the nasal tip to the desired position. Results This technique is easy to use, and the results are dependable. All the patients who underwent surgery with this technique were satisfied with the result. Conclusion The caudal septal advancement technique presents another good and reliable alternative for managing nasal tip projection and support. Presented at the 10th Congress of European Society of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery 2005, 30 August to 3 September 2005, Vienna, Austria     

Measurement of preoperative and postoperative nasal tip projection and rotation

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of columellar struts and cephalic trim on tip projection and tip rotation using digitized photographs. METHODS: Using photographs of 62 patients who underwent external rhinoplasty, we retrospectively analyzed nasal tip projection (the Goode method) and rotation (nasolabial angle) before and after surgery. A cartilaginous strut was used in 36 patients, whereas 26 patients did not receive a strut. Patients were categorized into 4 subgroups, depending on the placement of a strut (placement, strut+ vs nonplacement, strut-) and the removal of the cephalic margin (removal, cephalic+ vs nonremoval, cephalic-) of the lateral crus: strut-/cephalic-, n = 17; strut+/cephalic-, n = 23; strut-/cephalic+, n = 9; strut+/cephalic+, n = 12. RESULTS: Nasal tip projection, measured with the Goode method, increased from 0.58 to 0.60 (P = .02) in the strut+ group; in the strut- group, nasal tip projection did not change significantly. Nasolabial angle increased from 93.96 degrees to 100.92 degrees in the strut+/cephalic- group and from 88.30 degrees to 95.06 degrees in the strut+/cephalic+ group. Removal of the cephalic margin alone (strut-/cephalic+) hardly affected tip rotation (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: The external rhinoplasty approach did not lead to a decrease in nasal tip projection. A cartilaginous strut slightly increased nasal tip projection and also increased nasal tip rotation. This effect was accentuated by the removal of the cephalic margin of the lateral crus.     

Correction of the cleft-lip nasal deformity

Correction of the cleft-lip nasal deformity is a difficult task that requires a clear understanding of the associated complex anatomic abnormalities. These deformities tend to accentuate as nasal growth continues. Primary tip rhinoplasty in the unilateral deformity improves nasal tip symmetry and decreases the need for intermediate surgery. Intermediate rhinoplasty in the bilateral deformity is performed when nasal tip projection is markedly diminished. In both the unilateral and bilateral deformity, definitive rhinoplasty utilizing the open-structure rhinoplasty approach allows maximum exposure for placement of structural grafts to improve tip projection, definition, support, and function. In this article, the pathologic anatomy of the unilateral and bilateral cleft nasal deformity is described. The philosophy and timing of repair are discussed. Finally, the techniques used by the authors to address both the aesthetic and functional problems are outlined.     

Split calvarial bone graft for chemical burn-associated nasal augmentation

The nose is the central part of the face, and constitutes the most prominent projection in facial geometry. This report presents five cases that sustained a chemical burn injury with associated facial mutilation resulting from contact with strong acids. The chemical burn affected the nasal architecture after inflicting a burn injury to the face. Applying bone deriving from a split skull procedure for the nasal projection restoration and the augmentation of the dorsal nose is a feasible undertaking, and the overall result appears satisfactory. A retrospective survey of cases admitted to our clinic from January 1999 to December 2001, inclusively was undertaken and is described below. Split calvarial bone graft procedure for the nasal tip projection reconstruction was performed for five patients, all of whom had sustained chemical burns following assault by strong acid. The disfiguration of the nasal anatomical structure was due to healing from deep burn wounds. The tip became blunt and less protruberant following the arising of cicatricial tightness of the surrounding tissue. Strength and resistance to scar contraction are the first considerations for such implantation when attempting to correct the nasal tip projection. The five female patients sustained a severe chemical burn which involved a surface area ranging from 25 to 60% of total body surface area. The facial mutilation was noted simultaneously with the determination of the extent of the burning injury. A severe burn scar is the typical sequel following a deep chemical burn. Nasal tip projection was restored and a nasal dorsum augmentation procedure with a split calvarial bone graft under an "open" method was used. This particular surgical procedure was able to be used in order to improve the nasal tip projection and resist surrounding scar contracture. The three-dimensional surface structure of the face became more prominent subsequent to the administration of this procedure.     

Labiocolumellar Graft Combined with Tip Graft in the Management of Inadequate Tip Projection

The short distance of the nasal tip from the alar crease indicates inadequate projection. Tip grafts are commonly used for the management of this problem. In addition to tip grafts, labiocolumellar augmentation by cartilage grafts also provides further elevation of the tip complex for patients with poor tip definition, excessive alar base width, inadequate tip projection, or plunging nasal tip. In addition to standard rhinoplasty procedure and tip grafting for nasal tip augmentation, a linear cartilage graft was inserted centrally just behind the labiocolumellar angle for further tip elevation. The graft was placed in the subdermal plane just anterior to the orbicularis oris muscle to prevent graft displacement and clicking during muscle motion. This procedure was performed for 45 rhinoplasty patients, only three of whom underwent tip plasty procedures alone. During 1 year, 43 patients were followed up. Most of the patients (75%) were satisfied with the results of the procedure. Tip graft combined with labiocolumellar graft is an effective technique for obtaining satisfactory tip projection and correcting the acute labiocolumellar angle. Presented at The XVI. Congress of ISAPS, 26–29 May 2002, Istanbul, Turkey, and should be attributed to Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, and Haseki Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology Istanbul, Turkey.     

Control of tip rotation

Rotating the nasal tip is an integral and challenging aspect of rhinoplasty. This article describes ways of measuring tip rotation, coming to an agreement with the patient regarding desired tip rotation and psychological implications of tip rotation. Based on the tripod theory of the nasal tip, various techniques for changing tip rotation and projection are detailed and illustrated with clinical cases. The authors review the literature and present their personal preferences.     

Male revision rhinoplasty: pearls and surgical techniques

Male revision rhinoplasty surgery is the most difficult and challenging procedure that facial plastic surgeons perform because males usually have thick nasal skin, which is more difficult to re-support and project the nasal tip, and often have high or unrealistic expectations. The primary etiology for the need for male revision rhinoplasty is a primary rhinoplasty with aggressive lower lateral cartilage reduction that causes tip ptosis and loss of projection. The goal to an aesthetically pleasing revision rhinoplasty is to re-create adequate tip projection and an intact strong tripod complex. Following tip reconstruction, the height and width of the dorsum should be set. For male revision nasal surgery, a clear and thorough knowledge of nasal anatomy, function, and surgical techniques is paramount. Having an extensive preoperative discussion including expectations, outcomes, and a detailed list of potential complications with the patient can prevent physician-patient mis-communication. Prior to surgery, review the examination, previous operative summary, photographs, nasal analysis sheet, problem list, and plan and then proceed with the surgical treatment.     

Nasal tip refinement in primary rhinoplasty: The cephalic trim cap graft

Background: Commonly used techniques for achieving nasal tip projection and refinement are adequate for most primary rhinoplasty patients, but they may result in undesirable tip bifidity and visible lower lateral cartilage angularity, especially in patients with thin skin. Objective: We report the use of “like” local tissues, cephalic trim cartilage remnants of the lower lateral cartilages, as invisible tip grafts to soften any angular cartilage edges or tip bifidity. Methods: The cartilaginous framework was exposed by using the open rhinoplasty approach. Lower lateral cartilages were separated from upper lateral cartilages, the caudal septum at the anterior septal angle, and from each other. A cephalic trim was performed as necessary, with the cartilaginous segments preserved for use as a cap graft. Interdomal sutures and transdermal sutures were used either alone or in combination to set the desired tip projection. If tip bifidity was visible through thin nasal tip skin, a cephalic trim cap graft was placed. Results: The procedure can achieve a well-unified nasal tip with no evidence of bifidity, angularity, or cartilage graft visibility. Conclusion: Use of this technique to improve nasal tip projection can avoid undesirable tip bifidity and visible lower lateral cartilage angularity in patients with thin nasal skin. (Aesthetic Surg J 2002;22:39-45.)     

翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶假体置入隆鼻术

目的 探讨一种在应用硅胶假体进行隆鼻术时防止假体外露,同时有利于鼻尖与鼻翼成形,并有效增加鼻长的手术方法.方法 在16例临床隆鼻手术中,应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的方法,术中离断大翼软骨外侧脚,保留内侧脚完整,单端游离大翼软骨至鼻尖,充分松解大翼软骨对鼻尖的牵拉,以便在增高鼻背的同时增加鼻长,并满足个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.结果 16例受术者全部Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及假体外露等并发症发生.术后1个月回访,鼻尖高度及鼻长明显增加,鼻形自然,鼻翼立体感不仅未受影响,反而不同程度地得到优化,鼻尖与鼻翼轮廓清晰.结论 应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的隆鼻方法,可有效防止要求较高隆起鼻梁、鼻尖时造成的假体外露风险,同时有助于实现个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.由于软骨瓣取材方便、无需第2术区,软骨瓣血运有保障,不易发生变形和吸收,是提高隆鼻术美容效果的可行方法.     

翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶假体置入隆鼻术

目的 探讨一种在应用硅胶假体进行隆鼻术时防止假体外露,同时有利于鼻尖与鼻翼成形,并有效增加鼻长的手术方法.方法 在16例临床隆鼻手术中,应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的方法,术中离断大翼软骨外侧脚,保留内侧脚完整,单端游离大翼软骨至鼻尖,充分松解大翼软骨对鼻尖的牵拉,以便在增高鼻背的同时增加鼻长,并满足个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.结果 16例受术者全部Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及假体外露等并发症发生.术后1个月回访,鼻尖高度及鼻长明显增加,鼻形自然,鼻翼立体感不仅未受影响,反而不同程度地得到优化,鼻尖与鼻翼轮廓清晰.结论 应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的隆鼻方法,可有效防止要求较高隆起鼻梁、鼻尖时造成的假体外露风险,同时有助于实现个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.由于软骨瓣取材方便、无需第2术区,软骨瓣血运有保障,不易发生变形和吸收,是提高隆鼻术美容效果的可行方法.     

翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶假体置入隆鼻术

目的探讨一种在应用硅胶假体进行隆鼻术时防止假体外露,同时有利于鼻尖与鼻翼成形,并有效增加鼻长的手术方法。方法在16例临床隆鼻手术中,应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的方法,术中离断大翼软骨外侧脚,保留内侧脚完整,单端游离大翼软骨至鼻尖,充分松解大翼软骨对鼻尖的牵拉,以便在增高鼻背的同时增加鼻长,并满足个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形。结果16例受术者全部Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及假体外露等并发症发生。术后1个月回访,鼻尖高度及鼻长明显增加,鼻形自然,鼻翼立体感不仅未受影响,反而不同程度地得到优化,鼻尖与鼻翼轮廓清晰。结论应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的隆鼻方法,可有效防止要求较高隆起鼻梁、鼻尖时造成的假体外露风险,同时有助于实现个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形。由于软骨瓣取材方便、无需第2术区,软骨瓣血运有保障,不易发生变形和吸收,是提高隆鼻术美容效果的可行方法。     

翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶假体置入隆鼻术

目的 探讨一种在应用硅胶假体进行隆鼻术时防止假体外露,同时有利于鼻尖与鼻翼成形,并有效增加鼻长的手术方法.方法 在16例临床隆鼻手术中,应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的方法,术中离断大翼软骨外侧脚,保留内侧脚完整,单端游离大翼软骨至鼻尖,充分松解大翼软骨对鼻尖的牵拉,以便在增高鼻背的同时增加鼻长,并满足个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.结果 16例受术者全部Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及假体外露等并发症发生.术后1个月回访,鼻尖高度及鼻长明显增加,鼻形自然,鼻翼立体感不仅未受影响,反而不同程度地得到优化,鼻尖与鼻翼轮廓清晰.结论 应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的隆鼻方法,可有效防止要求较高隆起鼻梁、鼻尖时造成的假体外露风险,同时有助于实现个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.由于软骨瓣取材方便、无需第2术区,软骨瓣血运有保障,不易发生变形和吸收,是提高隆鼻术美容效果的可行方法.     

翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶假体置入隆鼻术

目的 探讨一种在应用硅胶假体进行隆鼻术时防止假体外露,同时有利于鼻尖与鼻翼成形,并有效增加鼻长的手术方法.方法 在16例临床隆鼻手术中,应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的方法,术中离断大翼软骨外侧脚,保留内侧脚完整,单端游离大翼软骨至鼻尖,充分松解大翼软骨对鼻尖的牵拉,以便在增高鼻背的同时增加鼻长,并满足个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.结果 16例受术者全部Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及假体外露等并发症发生.术后1个月回访,鼻尖高度及鼻长明显增加,鼻形自然,鼻翼立体感不仅未受影响,反而不同程度地得到优化,鼻尖与鼻翼轮廓清晰.结论 应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的隆鼻方法,可有效防止要求较高隆起鼻梁、鼻尖时造成的假体外露风险,同时有助于实现个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.由于软骨瓣取材方便、无需第2术区,软骨瓣血运有保障,不易发生变形和吸收,是提高隆鼻术美容效果的可行方法.     

翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶假体置入隆鼻术

目的 探讨一种在应用硅胶假体进行隆鼻术时防止假体外露,同时有利于鼻尖与鼻翼成形,并有效增加鼻长的手术方法.方法 在16例临床隆鼻手术中,应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的方法,术中离断大翼软骨外侧脚,保留内侧脚完整,单端游离大翼软骨至鼻尖,充分松解大翼软骨对鼻尖的牵拉,以便在增高鼻背的同时增加鼻长,并满足个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.结果 16例受术者全部Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及假体外露等并发症发生.术后1个月回访,鼻尖高度及鼻长明显增加,鼻形自然,鼻翼立体感不仅未受影响,反而不同程度地得到优化,鼻尖与鼻翼轮廓清晰.结论 应用翻转大翼软骨瓣辅助硅胶鼻假体置入的隆鼻方法,可有效防止要求较高隆起鼻梁、鼻尖时造成的假体外露风险,同时有助于实现个性化鼻尖与鼻翼成形.由于软骨瓣取材方便、无需第2术区,软骨瓣血运有保障,不易发生变形和吸收,是提高隆鼻术美容效果的可行方法.