黏液样肾上腺皮质肿瘤的临床病理特征

目的:探讨黏液样肾上腺皮质肿瘤的临床病理特点及其诊断和鉴别诊断要点。方法:行常规HE和超微结构观察．组织化学AB/PAS和免疫组化EnVision染色,检测2例黏液样肾上腺皮质肿瘤。结果:肿瘤呈实质性,切面有黏液感。肿瘤细胞在黏液背景中排列成相互吻合的网状或假腺腔样结构,腺腔内和细胞间为嗜酸性黏液。肿瘤细胞不同程度表达抑制素-α(inhibin-α)、黑素细胞相关蛋白A(melan-A)、波形蛋白(vimentin)、突触素(synapsin)和钙视网膜蛋白(calretinin)。超微结构示肿瘤细胞间有无定形黏液样物质,胞质内含丰富的内质网。结论:黏液样肾上腺肿瘤是罕见的肿瘤,组织化学、免疫组化和超微结构检测有助于肾上腺皮质黏液性肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

黏液性肾上腺皮质腺瘤的临床病理分析

目的探讨黏液性肾上腺皮质腺瘤的临床病理特征。方法对1例黏液性肾上腺皮质腺瘤进行临床病理学及免疫组化分析,并进行文献复习。结果患者女,年龄40岁,上腹部、右腰部疼痛不适,增强CT示右侧肾上腺区软组织肿块。肿瘤有一层薄的纤维性包膜,突出的特征为间质内见较多的黏液,黏液内漂浮增生的多边形细胞呈条索状、假腺样、小巢样排列,多边形瘤细胞胞浆中等量,嗜酸性或嗜双色性,核圆,偶见小核仁,间质内纤维增生分隔瘤组织呈小结节状;其间夹杂有经典的肾上腺皮质腺瘤。免疫组化显示:黏液区内瘤细胞及经典的肾上腺皮质腺瘤瘤细胞阳性表达Ckpan、Syn、Inhibin-α、MelanA,不表达CK7、CK20、Villin、SMA、P63、Calponin、S100、CgA。结论黏液性肾上腺皮质腺瘤是一种少见的肿瘤,有独特的形态学表现,间质内黏液及黏液区内瘤细胞的特殊形态学表现,以及免疫组化是正确诊断和鉴别诊断的关键。     

胃丛状血管黏液样肌纤维母细胞瘤2例临床病理观察

目的探讨胃丛状血管黏液样肌纤维母细胞肿瘤(PAMT)的临床病理学特征及诊断、鉴别诊断要点。方法对2例胃丛状血管黏液样肌纤维母细胞肿瘤进行临床病理、免疫组化和电镜研究。结果临床表现为无症状或上腹部不适、疼痛。胃镜示肿物向胃腔内突出。镜下肿瘤在胃壁之间呈结节状、丛状生长,与胃壁平滑肌交错排列,肿瘤富于小的薄壁血管,细胞间富含黏液样或纤维黏液样基质;瘤细胞核呈梭形或卵圆形,核仁不明显,胞质轻度嗜酸性,细胞异型性不明显。免疫组化示肿瘤细胞SMA、MSA和h-caldesmon(+),个别细胞PR(+),CD117、CD34和S-100(-)。电镜示肿瘤有肌纤维母细胞分化。结论胃丛状血管黏液样肌纤维母细胞肿瘤是罕见的肿瘤,具有独特的形态特征,其诊断和鉴别诊断主要依靠病理组织学和免疫组化。     

Warthin瘤上皮成分恶变为黏液表皮样癌2例临床病理观察

目的研究Warthin瘤上皮成分恶变为黏液表皮样癌的临床病理特征、鉴别诊断及分子生物学特点。方法采用组织化学、免疫组化方法,对2例Warthin瘤上皮成分恶变为黏液表皮样癌的病例进行分析,并结合国内外文献讨论。结果 2例患者均表现为腮腺无痛性肿块,镜下可见典型Warthin瘤区及向黏液表皮样癌过渡的移行区。1例为低级别黏液表皮样癌,另1例为中级别黏液表皮样癌。PAS染色胞质内及间质内浸润黏液呈紫红色。Warthin瘤内层柱状细胞CK7和CK19(+),外层细胞CK34βE12和p63(+),黏液化生细胞及黏液表皮样癌的黏液细胞CEA(+)。结论诊断Warthin瘤上皮成分恶变为黏液表皮样癌,除典型Warthin瘤、黏液表皮样癌结构外,必须出现两肿瘤的移行过渡区域。     

第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤1例报道并文献复习

目的　第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤是一种新的发生在蝶鞍区或第三脑室周围的肿瘤 ,通过对其临床、病理学特征、免疫表型及鉴别诊断的阐述 ,提高对第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤的认识。方法　对 1例脊索样胶质瘤进行组织形态学、组织化学及免疫组化、超微结构研究 ,并进行文献复习。结果　第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤细胞产生大量黏液 ,构成脊索样结构 ,肿瘤边界清楚 ,很少向周围脑组织浸润。所有肿瘤细胞表达GFAP和vimentin ,部分细胞表达S 10 0和EMA ,但不表达CK ,Ki 6 7指数 <5 %。组织化学染色PAS阳性 ,肿瘤内网织纤维呈巢状分布。结论　第三脑室脊索样胶质瘤是一种罕见的有特殊形态结构及免疫表型的肿瘤 ,组织学发生尚不明确 ,光镜及电镜检查无特异性 ,病理诊断须依靠免疫组化。     

浅表性血管黏液瘤的临床病理特征

目的探讨浅表性血管黏液瘤的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断要点。方法报道1例浅表性血管黏液瘤的临床和病理改变,结合文献对该肿瘤的临床表现、病理形态学特征及诊断和鉴别诊断要点进行讨论。结果浅表性血管黏液瘤大体呈结节状、丘疹样及息肉样,镜下肿瘤为结节分叶状,丰富的黏液性间质内有形态温和的短梭形和星芒状细胞及较多的纤细薄壁毛细血管,伴有多少不等的中性粒细胞。免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞vimentin( )。电镜示瘤细胞为纤维母细胞。结论浅表性血管黏液瘤是罕见的良性软组织肿瘤。     

低度恶性纤维黏液样肉瘤2例报告及文献复习

目的 探讨低度恶性纤维黏液样肉瘤（LGFS）的临床病理特点、诊断和预后。方法 对2例LGFS进行光镜、电镜、组化和免疫组化观察并结合文献进行分析。结果 肿瘤由纤维性区和黏液样区混合构成,二者呈交错相间排列;纤维性区瘤细胞呈旋涡状排列;黏液样区瘤细胞散在;细胞核轻度异型;PAS染色黏液样区和肿瘤细胞浆内均为阴性,免疫组化标记vimentin、NSE阳性。电镜观察瘤细胞呈平细胞与肌纤维母细胞的特点。结论 LGFS是一种来源于纤维母细胞独立存在进展缓慢的低度恶性软组织肉瘤,易误诊为良性。病理诊断依赖于组织学、免疫组化和电镜观察,电镜在该瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要价值。     

外阴细胞性血管纤维瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的 阐明细胞性血管纤维溜的病理形态特征及鉴别诊断要点。方法 报道1例外阴细胞性血管纤维瘤并进行组织形态学、免疫组织化学研究,结合文献对本病的临床表现、病理形态特点及鉴别诊断进行探讨。结果 肿瘤呈不规则小叶状;瘤细胞单一呈短梭形,大小一致,核卵圆至梭形,不见核分裂象;肿瘤含大量的小至中等大小的血管,以无分支的毛细血管为著,多数血管壁增厚、玻璃样变,黏液样基质丰富。免疫组化：肿瘤细胞Vimentin阳性,而CD34、S－100蛋白、desmin、α-Sr-actin、CK、EMA、Ki67、CD44及HMB45均阴性。结论 细胞性血管纤维瘤是一种极少见的特殊的外阴部良性软组织肿瘤,肿瘤可能存在间质细胞增生活性不同的组织学亚型。     

儿童皮肤神经鞘黏液瘤5例临床病理分析

目的 探讨皮肤神经鞘黏液瘤的临床病理学特征及鉴别诊断要点.方法 对5例皮肤神经鞘黏液瘤进行病理形态和免疫组化特点观察,并进行文献复习和讨论.结果 5例皮肤神经鞘黏液瘤患儿,发病年龄2个月～13岁,平均年龄4.4岁.肉眼观察肿瘤无包膜,切面灰褐、灰黑色,质中等,部分呈黏液状.镜下瘤细胞呈明显分叶状排列,小叶间有纤维性间隔,小叶内有大量黏液,瘤细胞呈星状或梭形,罕见细胞异型及核分裂象.免疫组化:PGP9.5、NSE、CD34和vimentin均(+),calponin、HMB45和Melan-A部分(+),而S-100(-).组织化学:阿尔辛蓝(pH1.0)染色显示肿瘤间质内含有硫酸黏液,阿尔辛蓝(pH2.5)染色显示肿瘤间质内含有酸性黏多糖；Masson三色染色显示肿瘤内含Ⅳ型胶原基底膜样物质.术后随访提示预后较好,无复发和转移征象.结论 以病理学形态特征结合免疫组化、特殊染色有助于明确皮肤神经鞘黏液瘤的诊断.     

腹股沟富于细胞性血管纤维瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的：阐明富于细胞性血管纤维瘤的临床病理形态特征及鉴别诊断。方法：报道1例腹股沟富于细胞性血管纤维瘤并进行组织形态学、免疫组织化学研究。结合文献分析本病的临床表现、病理形态特点及鉴别诊断。结果：富于细胞性血管纤维瘤呈不规则小叶状，瘤细胞呈短梭形、大小一致、核卵圆至梭形、核分裂象不易见。肿瘤含大量的小至中等大小的血管，以无分支的毛细血管为主，血管壁增厚，玻璃样变，黏液样基质丰富。免疫组化：肿瘤细胞Vimentin阳性，而CD34、S-100、desmin、CK、EMA、Ki-67、CD44及HMB45均阴性。结论：富于细胞性血管纤维瘤是一种极少见的特殊的外阴部良性软组织肿瘤，肿瘤可能存在问质细胞增生活性不同的组织学亚型。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.