冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗的安全性及免疫后血清学效果观察

为观察H2 株冻干甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )减毒活疫苗接种人体后的安全性和血清学效果 ,在浙江省宁波市北仑区一小学选择 9～ 10岁小学生 179人进行接种该疫苗的安全性观察 ,观察接种疫苗后 30min和 8、2 4、4 8、72h的局部及全身反应 ,以后隔日记录体温及其它有关临床反应。同时筛选易感者 ,抗 HAV(甲肝病毒 ) IgG抗体阴性 ,血清谷丙转氨酶 (SGPT)正常 ,无肝炎病史、症状和体征者 6 8人 ,接种H2 株冻干甲肝活疫苗 ,接种疫苗后 2个月采指血检测抗 HAV IgG抗体。在同一小学学生中 ,5年以内有明确的甲肝活疫苗接种史并检测抗体滴度较低者 [<1∶2 ,酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)法 ]2 8人 ,作冻干甲肝活疫苗加强免疫。抗体测定用酶免疫 (EIA)竞争抑制法 ,用世界卫生组织 (WHO)提供的标准品 (含 10 0mIU/ml)进行标定。在整个观察期间 ,所有观察者未见中、强反应及其它临床反应发生。H2 株冻干甲肝活疫苗有良好的安全性。接种疫苗后的抗体应答 ,免疫后 2个月抗体阳转率为 91 2 % ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)为 2 2 7 6mIU/ml。免疫前低滴度抗体水平的人群比免疫前阴性的人群接种后抗体水平提高的幅度大 (12 2 3 6mIU/ml比 2 2 7 6mIU/ml) ,差异有非常显著的统计学意义 (P <0 0 1) ,提示甲肝活疫苗有明显的免疫回忆反应产生。H2     

冻干和液体甲肝减毒活疫苗接种安全性与免疫效果观察

为了解冻干和液体甲肝减毒活疫苗的接种安全性和免疫效果,在衢州市选择24~36月龄和18~25岁人群,分2组接种冻干和液体甲肝减毒活疫苗1针,观察免疫后48h内局部和全身反应,检测免疫后6周血清甲肝抗体阳转率和抗体滴度。结果显示:儿童和成人接种2种甲肝减毒活疫苗后,均未见有明显接种反应,疫苗安全性良好。冻干疫苗接种组和液体疫苗接种组,接种前甲肝抗体阳性率分别为20.41%和25.93%,两组间无显著性差异;接种后6周,甲肝抗体阳性率分别为95%和72.55%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为160.85mIU/ml和48.56mIU/ml,接种后两组间抗体阳性率和GMT均有显著性差异,说明冻干疫苗较液体疫苗具有更好的免疫原性。     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗(H2株)不同加强程序的免疫效果

为了观察甲型肝炎(甲肝)减毒活疫苗(H2株,106.5TCID50/ml)不同加强程序的免疫效果,并探讨甲肝减毒活疫苗的优化免疫方案,于1993年在浙江省台州市椒江区选择264名经事先检测(ELISA法)抗-HAV-IgG抗体阴性的儿童,按4种不同加强程序,即在接种1针后的6个月、12个月、3年、6年接种第2针.每次接种后1个月采集血清标本,观察免疫后抗体阳转率及几何平均滴度(GMT).结果接种甲肝减毒活疫苗第 1针后1个月抗-HAV-IgG抗体阳转率为92.2%～100.0%,GMT为1∶3.17～1∶5.15(ELISA法);按4种不同加强程序接种第2针后,抗-HAV-IgG抗体阳转率都达100.0%,GMT都增长＞4倍;其中0、6个月与0、12个月加强程序GMT最高,达1∶34.43～1∶35.12(ELISA法)或3 069mIU/ml～3 133mIU/ml(Abbott EIA法).甲肝减毒活疫苗加强接种后抗体GMT有大幅度提高,其中0、6个月或0、12个月程序值得推荐.     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗不同免疫程序的长期免疫原性比较

为了探讨国产规范化甲型肝炎(甲肝)减毒活疫苗(LA-1株)不同免疫程序的长期免疫原性,在广西壮族自治区柳城县筛检出甲肝抗体IgG阴性的6～9岁儿童156名,分为3组,各组年龄和性别构成均衡.甲肝疫苗由长春生物制品研究所提供,滴度为106.75TCID50.A组接种1剂甲肝疫苗,B组按0、6个月程序,C组按0、12个月程序分别接种2剂甲肝疫苗.A组于免疫后6、12、24、36个月,B、C组于第2针免疫后1个月、首针免疫后12、24、36个月定人随访采血,用美国Abbott公司ImxmEIA试剂检测甲肝抗体IgG.结果显示A组免疫后6～24个月的抗体阳性率88.6%～91.4%,GMT105mIU/ml～106mIU/ml,第36个月时阳性率80.0%,GMT99.20mIU/ml.B、C组的抗体水平变化趋势大致相同.抗体GMT均在第2针免疫后1个月达到高峰,分别为1?204.63mIU/ml和3?463.21mIU/ml,从峰值到第24个月间,两组GMT分别迅速下降了59%和83%(为489.12mIU/ml和596.57mIU/ml);第36个月,分别缓慢降至459.68mIU/ml和506.23mIU/ml,较第24个月分别下降6%和15%.B、C组在2针免疫后,抗体水平始终显著高于A组,在第36个月,GMT分别是A组的4.6倍和5.1倍,阳性率(97%)亦高于同期A组(80%).甲肝减毒活疫苗0、6个月和0、12个月程序产生的高水平抗体免疫后呈先急后缓的下降趋势,但仍高于1针的抗体水平;免疫后3年抗体阳性率仍达97%和较高水平的GMT,预示着抗体有可能长期存在.     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗0、12个月免疫程序效果观察

为探讨甲型肝炎(甲肝)减毒活疫苗(H2减毒株)0、12个月免疫程序的效果,并观察甲肝疫苗免疫儿童12个月加强免疫前后抗-HAV阳转率和几何平均浓度(GMC),在正定县选无肝病史、未注射过甲肝疫苗和免疫球蛋白、血清抗-HAV阴性的1～7岁易感儿童,接种甲肝减毒活疫苗,免疫后12个月和加强免疫后1个月采血,用微颗粒酶免疫测定法检测.结果显示免疫后12个月阳转率为90.0%,GMC为141.2mIU/ml,加强免疫后1个月阳转率为100%,GMC上升到2747.1mIU/ml～3926.3mIU/ml,比加强免疫前平均升高23倍.表明H2株甲肝减毒活疫苗具有较好的免疫记忆反应.     

孩尔来福甲型肝炎灭活疫苗在儿童中应用的安全性和免疫原性观察

为探讨孩尔来福 (Healive)甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )灭活疫苗在儿童中应用的安全性和免疫原性 ,选择 2～ 15岁抗甲肝病毒抗体 (抗 HAV)阴性健康易感儿童 91名作为接种对象 ,采用 0、6个月程序接种Healive甲肝灭活疫苗 2 5 0U/剂 ,观察免疫后的局部和全身不良反应 ,并于全程免疫后 1个月检测抗 HAV阳转率和抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT)。结果显示 :91名观察对象在接种第 1针和第 2针后均未见严重不良反应 ,仅在 8～ 72h出现轻微的一过性局部和全身轻度发热反应。全程免疫后 1个月抗 HAV阳转率为 10 0 % ,抗体GMT为 14 4 0 7mIU/ml。表明Healive甲肝灭活疫苗在儿童中应用具有良好的安全性和免疫原性 ,采用 0、6个月免疫程序可获得高滴度抗体。     

孩尔来福甲型肝炎灭活疫苗0,12个月免疫程序研究

目的　对孩尔来福 (HealiveR○)甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )灭活疫苗的安全性、免疫原性及适宜儿童的剂量进行研究。方法　在某山区两个农村筛选 4～ 10岁甲肝病毒抗体 (抗 HAV)阴性的 85名易感儿童。以自然村随机分为两组 ,按 0 ,12个月免疫程序分别接种北京科兴生物制品有限公司生产的每剂 2 50U 0 .5ml和 50 0U 1ml甲肝灭活疫苗 ,观察免疫后局部反应和全身反应 ,检测初次免疫 (初免 )后 2 1天、12个月及全程免疫后 1个月抗 HAV阳转率和抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT )。结果　两组均未见严重局部反应和全身反应 ;2 50U 0 .5ml组和 50 0U 1ml组初免后 2 1天 ,抗 HAV阳转率分别为94.4%和 10 0 .0 % ,GMT分别为 195mIU ml和 3 70mIU ml ;初免后 12个月抗 HAV全部阳转 ,GMT分别达 3 61mIU ml和 456mIU ml(P >0 .0 5) ;全程免疫后 1个月 ,GMT分别达 14 893mIU ml和2 1696mIU ml。结论　孩尔来福甲肝灭活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性好 ;每剂 2 50U 0 .5ml适宜儿童 ;0 ,12个月免疫程序更适宜中国儿童     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗加强免疫效果观察

为了观察我国研制的甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗 (甲肝活疫苗 )H2 株 (滴度为 10 6 5TCID50 /ml)与LA - 1株 (滴度为10 6 5TCID50 /ml)免疫原性及加强免疫后的抗体浓度 ,对两所幼儿园 3～ 6岁的儿童先进行初筛 ,将甲肝易感儿童列为观察对象 ,同时分为H2 株 (45人 )和LA - 1株 (43人 )两组 ,接种首针疫苗后 1个月采血 ,分离血清低温保存 ,间隔 12个月加强接种第 2针甲肝活疫苗 ,接种后 2～ 3个月采血 ,用统一试剂检测甲肝病毒抗体 (抗 -HAV)。结果显示 :首针接种后抗 -HAV总阳转率为 80 7% (71/ 88) ,H2 株和LA - 1株抗 -HAV阳转率分别为 82 2 %和79 1% ,几何平均浓度 (GMC)分别为 6 8 0mIU/ml和 83 8mIU/ml,抗体浓度≥ 2 0 0mIU/ml的分别占 17 8% (8/4 5 )和 2 3 3% (10 / 4 3)。间隔 12个月加强免疫后 ,抗 -HAV阳性率分别为 95 6 %和 97 7% ;抗体GMC分别为371 3mIU/ml和 312 1mIU/ml,抗体浓度≥ 2 0 0mIU/ml分别为 80 0 %和 79 1%。采用 0、12个月两针法接种国产甲肝活疫苗 (H2 株和LA - 1株 )效果良好     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗(H2株)一针接种后免疫保护效果的15年观察

目的 评估甲型肝炎(甲肝)减毒活疫苗(H2株)一针接种后的15年血清学和流行病学保护效果.方法 在浙江省台州市椒江区选择220名免前抗甲肝抗体阴性儿童(年龄1～3岁)作为血清免疫学追踪观察对象,分别于接种H2株疫苗后的2个月、12个月、6年、10年和15年观察抗甲肝抗体阳性率和几何平均滴度(GMT).分析该观察区1～15岁儿童组疫苗接种率和甲肝发病率之间的关系及整个人群15年流行病学效果观察.血清学检测方法采用ELISA法(用WHO标准品校正)和ABBOTT(美国)AxSYM mEIA法.结果 在血清学追踪观察人群中疫苗接种后2个月和接种后15年,抗体阳转率分别为98.6%和81.3%,抗体阳转率下降缓慢;15年后抗-HAV-IgG的GMT为128 mIU/ml,显著高于WHO专家建议的20 mIU/ml保护水平.随着疫苗接种率的逐年提高,1～15岁年龄组儿童的甲肝发病率明显下降,二者之间有非常明显的相关性(Kendall-Rank 相关性检验,τ=-0.931,P＜0.01).疫苗接种者连续15年累计观察236 413人年,未发生一例甲肝;而未接种者累计观察27 206人年,发生甲肝4例,疫苗保护率为100%;儿童大规模免疫接种为整个人群建立了良好免疫屏障,甲肝发病率下降幅度达96.7%.结论 甲肝减毒活疫苗(H2株)一针接种后的血清学和流行病学保护效果持久,可达15年.     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗不同免疫程序效果对比研究

为了探索国产甲型肝炎(甲肝)减毒活疫苗不同剂量、不同免疫程序的免疫效果,并与甲肝灭活疫苗进行比较,在河北省正定县某乡3个村筛选3～13岁的甲肝易感儿童211名,按年龄分层随机分为甲肝减毒活疫苗A组(0、6、12个月)、B组(0、6个月)和甲肝灭活疫苗C组(0、6个月).这3个组按不同免疫程序减毒活疫苗或灭活疫苗免疫后1、6、7、12、13、24个月采血,检测抗甲肝病毒抗体(抗-HAV).结果显示A、B、C3个组在首剂疫苗免疫后1个月时抗-HAV阳转率均较低(33.87%～42.22%);第2剂疫苗免疫后1个月抗体水平均有大幅度提高,抗-HAV阳转率为97.67%～100.00%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为1?107.16mIU/ml～2?477.52mIU/ml,升高20倍以上;首剂免疫后12个月抗-HAV阳性率均为100.00%,但GMT下降了64.9%～57.0%.仅A组首剂免疫后12个月时注射了第3剂减毒活疫苗,1个月后抗体GMT呈5.7倍增长.首剂免疫后24个月时,3个组抗-HAV阳性率为92.98%～98.11%,GMT为213.87～642.69mIU/ml.低滴度减毒活疫苗基础免疫后再免疫能诱导很好的免疫回忆反应.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.