山东省滨州市地方性氟中毒防治现状调查分析

目的了解滨州市饮水型地方性氟中毒病区的病情变化趋势。方法采用流行病学调查方法,对惠民、博兴、邹平地方性氟中毒病区水氟及儿童氟斑牙患病率进行了调查。结果未改水病区、改水工程正常病区及改水工程报废病区饮用水含氟量分别为1.00±0.76 mg/L、1.34±1.05 mg/L、2.24±1.21mg/L;改水工程报废病区饮用水含氟量明显高于改水正常病区(t=2.06,P<0.05);改水工程报废病区饮用水含氟量明显高于未改水病区(t=3.00,P<0.01);未改水病区饮用水含氟量与改水工程正常病区有差异,但无统计学意义(t=1.01,P>0.05);改水降氟工程报废的病区儿童氟斑牙患病率为62.87%,缺损率13.12%,改水降氟工程正常运转病区氟斑牙患病率为59.45%,缺损率14.92%,而未改水病区氟斑牙患病率小于30.00%。三类病区儿童氟斑牙患病率经统计学处理显示高度显著性差异(χ2=210.06,P<0.01),改水降氟工程正常运转病区儿童氟斑牙患病率高于未改水病区(χ2=140.61,P<0.01),改水降氟工程报废的病区儿童氟斑牙患病率高于未改水病区(χ2=467.37,P<0.01),改水降氟工程报废的病区儿童氟斑牙患病率高于改水降氟工程正常运转病区,但无统计学意义(χ2=0.99,P>0.25);改水工程报废病区儿童氟斑牙患病情况存在显著差异(χ2=21.04,P<0.01),随着年龄的增长其儿童氟斑牙患病率也有增高的趋势,但无明显相关性(r=0.37,P>0.25)。结论山东省滨州市地方性氟中毒病情仍然较重,防病措施必须加强。     

内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 确定贝尔湖附近牧区是否是病区，搞清病情现状及摄氟来源。方法 现况流行病学调查，按Dean氏法调查8-12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况；检查30岁以上成年人氟骨症患病情况；用氟离子选择电报法测定儿童尿氟、饮水氟、奶茶氟及砖茶氟含量，入户调查饮奶茶量，计算人均日饮奶茶摄氟量。结果 宝东和贝尔2个调查点儿童氟斑牙患病率分别为58．65％和66．00％：成人X线氟骨症检出率分别为39．33％和31．46％，以轻度和中度为主；饮水含氟量均值分别为4．37mg／L和4．12mg／L;奶茶氟含量均值分别为5．80mg／L和5．88mg／L；人均日饮奶茶摄氟量分别为8．70mg和9．50mg。结论 贝尔湖附近牧区是以饮水型为主的饮水饮茶混合型病区；饮水含氟量和奶茶含氟量及儿童尿含氟量均较高，达到重病区水平，但儿童氟斑牙和成人氟骨症相对较轻，其原因有待进一步研究。     

2004年阿勒泰地区饮用水氟含量与儿童氟斑牙流行现况调查

目的掌握阿勒泰地区饮用水氟含量及儿童氟斑牙的流行状况。方法参照《全国地方性氟中毒监测方案》的具体要求进行调查。结果在抽检的94份水样中,水氟中位数为0.51 mg/L,水氟含量超过国家标准的有14份,占14.9%;在调查的1 480名6～12岁儿童中,查出氟斑牙患者411人（27.8%）。儿童氟斑牙患病率以青河县和富蕴县最高,分别为36.9%和36.2%;水氟含量（中位数）与儿童氟斑牙患病率未见明显的相关性。结论阿勒泰地区存在局域性高氟区,儿童氟斑牙的成因与饮水和饮茶双重蓄积作用有关。     

防氟改水防治氟斑牙的效果观察

承德市双桥区大石庙镇闫营子村的居民历史上饮用地下汤泉水，含氟量高达４．０mg／L，本村出生的儿童都程度不同的患有氟斑牙。１９８２年在村外１．５km处选一低氟井水，通过水泵抽到村边高坡蓄水池中输送到各户，饮水含氟量控制在０．４～０．４５mg／L。１９９２年底对饮低氟水１０年后的８～１２岁在校学生２１２人进行检查，结果氟斑牙患病率由改水前的５９．６％降为２２％，２００１年底再次对年龄相同的学生１８９名进行氟斑牙检查，氟斑牙患病率为１７％。氟斑牙是检验改水效果最敏感且客观的指标，本组改水后的资料证明，饮用低…     

西藏谢通门、八宿2县饮水型氟中毒监测报告

目的了解西藏谢通门、八宿2县饮水型氟中毒流行现状,为制定防治策略提供科学依据。方法2007年7月,采集监测点所有的饮用水进行氟含量检测,随机抽取8一12岁儿童800名检查氟斑牙（用Dean氏法）患病情况。结果检测水样48份,结果显示全部符合国家氟含量标准;8个村8～12岁的800名儿童氟斑牙检出率94．5％。结论监测点饮用水水氟含量未超标,但儿童氟斑牙检出率较高。     

吉林省乾安县地方性氟中毒病区井水氟含量和病情调查

目的了解吉林省乾安县地方性氟中毒病区井水氟含量以及人群氟中毒患病情况。方法选择乾安县地方性氟中毒病区前男村和非病区小帅村为调查点，测定井水氟含量、儿童尿氟含量，并进行儿童氟斑牙患病率以及人群残废型氟骨症情况调查。结果前男村井水氟含量明显高于小帅村（P〈0．01），井水氟含量范围为2．27～11．14mr,／L，均超过《生活饮用水卫生规范》（2001），且井水氟含量随着井深的增加而降低（r=-0．498，P〈0，01）；前男村8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率为76．5％，其氟斑牙患病率和尿氟含量均明显高于小帅村（P〈0．01）；前男村仍存在成人残废型氟骨症患者。结论乾安县地方性氟中毒病区前男村井水氟含量超标严重，井水氟含量与井深呈明显的负相关，病区人群仍存在严重的氟中毒流行。     

改水降氟10年后儿童氟斑牙及尿氟状况调查

目的评价防氟改水对预防儿童氟斑牙效果。方法对已改水10年的地方性氟中毒村进行了氟斑牙检查及水氟、尿氟检测。结果吴坡村儿童氟斑牙患病率为37．57％，氟斑牙指数0．68，水氟、尿氟均超过国家卫生标准；巴邑村儿童氟斑牙患病率为11．61％，氟斑牙指数0．22。结论防氟改水是预防饮水型氟中毒的根本性措施。     

2002年陕西省地方性氟中毒改水降氟监测报告

为了解陕西省地氟病病情，2002年对姜坡村和巴邑村两个监测点进行了氟斑牙检查及水氟、尿氟检测，吴坡村儿童氟斑牙患病率为37.57％，氟斑牙指数0．68，水氟、尿氟均超过国家卫生标准；巴邑村儿童氟斑牙患病率为11．61％，氟斑牙指数0．22，结果说明改饮低氟水是预防饮水型氟中毒的根本性措施。     

陕西省燃煤型氟中毒流行现状调查

１９９４年１２月～１９９５年１月和１９９６年１１月对流行于陕西大巴山区和秦岭部分区的燃煤型氟中毒病区进行了人群病情和环境氟含量调查,结果显示：儿童氟斑牙患病率为４５．５０％,成人氟骨症忠现率为１４．３１％;外环境除饮用水外,空气、玉米、辣椒均受到煤氟严重污染,煤氟含量最高达４６８８ｍｇ／ｋｇ,是普通煤炭的２４倍多;以其他燃料代替石煤及综合治理后,已有２县（市）儿童氟斑牙患经降至非病区水平,经测定不     

农安县地方性氟中毒病情调查结果

目的了解农安县地方性氟中毒的病情现状和防治工作进展，为更深入开展地方性氟中毒的防治提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法，在全县的轻、中、重病区和非病区分别抽取调查点。结果8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率为57．23％，氟斑牙指数1．41，尿氟含量中位数1．27mg／L。病区防氟井改水率为25，46％，报废率49．46％。结论儿童氟斑牙患病率有回升趋势。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.