中国汶川地震现场救援军人创伤后应激障碍及相关因素的调查

目的 调查抗震救灾一线救援军人任务完成6个月创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的患病率及相关因素.方法 采用目前美国PTSD流行病学调查和诊断工具,按整群分层抽样原则对1125名汶川抗震救灾现场救援军人PTSD的患病率及相关因素进行调查.PTSD诊断采用Davidson创伤量表(DTS)症状发生频率和严重程度总分≥40分标准确定,并使用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准复查,使用SPSS13.0软件对调查资料和DTS诊断结果进行单因素和Logistic回归分析.结果 实际调查1056人;DTS诊断PTSD 69例,患病率6.53%;DSM-Ⅳ复查符合诊断63例,患病率5.97%;独生子女、服役满意度低、吸烟、创伤暴露阶段未进行心理干预及有饮酒习惯者PTSD患病率显著高于相对应的人群(P＜0.05);地震经历暴露程度高(P＜0.01,OR=6.258)、创伤暴露阶段未进行心理干预(P=0.019,OR=3.106)是抗震救灾现场救援军人PTSD的显著危险因素,而独生子女是PTSD潜在的危险因素(P=0.057,OR=2.235).结论 PTSD是抗震救灾现场军人常见的心理障碍,加强创伤暴露者的心理防护和危机干预十分必要.     

中国汶川地震现场救援军人创伤后应激障碍及相关因素的调查

Objective To determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its impact factors 6 months after Wenchuan earthquake in a group of military first responders.Method A total of 1125 military first responders serving in the earthquake were screened and enrolled in the study.The social-demographic characteristics, Davidson Trauma Scale ( DTS), earthquake exposure screening scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI- Ⅱ ) were assessed to every first responder 6 months after the earthquake.The PTSD diagnosis was based on both DTS ≥ 40 and DSM-Ⅳ criteria.Results The final analysis was carried out on 1056 first responders.The prevalence of PTSD was 6.53% (69 cases) according to DTS criteria and 5.97% (63 cases) according to DSM-Ⅳ criteria.The univariate analysis revealed that being a single child, dissatisfied with current service, having a history of smoking or drinking, no psycho counseling during traumatic exposure and intensity of traumatic exposure were significantly associated with an increased risk of PTSD.Results from logistic regression indicated that the intensity of traumatic exposure, no psycho counseling during traumatic exposure were significant predictors of PTSD.Being a single child (OR =2.24, 95% CI 0.98 -5.12,P =0.057) was a trend predictor of PTSD.Conclusion The study results support that PTSD is a common mental disorder in military first responders earthquake, it is necessary to strengthen psychological protection and crisis intervention.     

中国军人心理创伤后应激障碍的流行学调查

为了解我军平时心理创伤后应激障碍（ＰＴＳＤ）的患病率及其相关因素，从而为制订防治对策提供依据，作者采用系统－各抽样对我这国的２１１９８人进行了流行学调查，其中男２０７１０人，女４８８人；陆军１４２５２人，海军１３７９人，空军２０３７人，赏３５３０人。结果：ＰＴＳＤ总患病率为４．８６‰，其中陆、海、空军和赏的     

地震现场救援军人吸烟与创伤后应激障碍的相关性

目的:了解吸烟与创伤暴露、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)之间的关系.方法:共1 125名地震现场救援军人在四川汶川地震6个月后纳入调查.调查工具包括一般人口学资料、Davidson创伤量表(DTS)及烟草依赖情况调查表.结果:实查1 056人,共检出PTSD患者69例,PTSD患病率6.53%.调查发现:①PTSD组吸烟率...     

地震救援军人创伤后应激障碍及相关因素的研究

目的:调查汶川地震救援军人在震后7个月时创伤后应激障碍的检出率及相关因素。方法:在参与地震救援的部队中随机抽取600人,采用创伤后应激障碍症状自评量表(PTSD-SS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、90项症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)进行调查。采用SPSS13.0统计软件对497份有效问卷的数据进行统计分析。结果:地震救援工作7个月后,创伤后应激障碍中、重度症状的时点检出率为2%。回归分析显示,救援中接触伤亡多(B=0.242,P=0.010)、遭遇威胁生命的情境多(B=0.280,P=0.006)、EPQ-N分高(B=0.106,P=0.000)是发生创伤后应激障碍的危险因素,而社会支持利用度(B=-0.095,P=0.035)是保护因素。结论:EPQ-N高分特征的军人是心理干预工作的重点,有效社会支持利用可减少PTSD发生。     

保定市创伤后应激障碍流行病学调查

目的：了解保定市18岁及以上人群创伤后应激障碍患病率。方法：采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取10073名≥18岁的人群为调查对象，用扩展的一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组，以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）对调查对象进行DSM-Ⅳ修订版轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床用治疗提纲（SCID-I／P），对各类精神障碍进行诊断。结果：9021人完成调查。创伤后应激障碍时点患病率为3．7‰，终生患病率5．7‰。创伤后应激障碍时点患病者33例中6例（18．8％）患者与情感障碍共病。结论：创伤后应激障碍已成为严重影响社会、经济发展的因素之一，应列入防治和研究的重点疾病。     

唐山大地震所致孤儿心理创伤后应激障碍的调查

目的 调查唐山大地震所致孤儿的心理创伤后应激障碍的发生情况。方法 应用中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第２版修订本中的急性应激反应（ＡＳＲ）和心理创伤后应激障碍（ＰＩＳＤ）诊断标准,于１９９８年３月对５７例地震所致孤儿进行诊断,按有无ＰＩＳＤ分为患者和正常组,采用焦虑自评量表（ＳＡＳ）、症状自评量表（ＳＣＬ－９０）、明尼苏达多相个性测查表（ＭＭＰＩ）等进行测评和比较。结果 ５７例中有２７例（４７％）     

汶川地震后广元地区创伤后应激障碍调查

目的了解汶川地震9年后广元地区高二学生创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)阳性检出情况,为进一步分析震后PTSD持续存在的影响因素、对存在PTSD的学生进行心理干预提供参考。方法采用整群抽样方法,选取广元地区地震重灾区和一般灾区的1 492名高二学生为研究对象。采用创伤后应激障碍自评量表(PTSD-SS)和社会支持量表(PSSS)调查PTSD发生率和社会支持情况。结果广元地区高二学生PTSD阳性检出率为3.69%,男生和女生PTSD阳性检出率比较差异有统计学意义(2.24%vs. 5.82%,χ~2=12.47,P0.01),重灾区和一般灾区PTSD阳性检出率比较差异有统计学意义(4.89%vs. 2.84%,χ~2=4.27,P0.05);男生和女生PTSD-SS评分比较差异有统计学意义[(12.71±9.01)分vs.(14.02±8.52)分,t=-6.43,P0.01];PTSD阳性者和非阳性者PSSS评分比较差异有统计学意义[(57.52±7.53)分vs.(61.11±8.19)分,t=-5.36,P0.01]。结论汶川地震后9年,广元地区部分高二学生仍存在PTSD症状,创伤暴露程度、性别和社会支持可能与现患PTSD相关。     

创伤暴露后吸烟行为变化与创伤后应激障碍的相关性研究

目的 了解创伤暴露后吸烟情况的变化与创伤暴露、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)之间的关系.方法 在汶川地震6个月后,采用目前美国PTSD流行病学调查和诊断工具,按整群分层抽样原则对1125名参加汶川抗震救灾现场救援军人在抗震救灾前后吸烟情况的变化及PTSD的患病情况进行调查.PTSD诊断分别采用Davidson创伤量表(DTS)和DSM-Ⅳ标准确定.结果 实查1 056人,共检出PTSD患者69例,患病率为6.53%.本调查发现:(1)创伤暴露未对吸烟产生不利影响.创伤暴露后总的吸烟人数仅增加5例,吸烟量由创伤暴露前的(9.43±6.13)支/天减少到创伤暴露后的(8.04±6.05)支/天(t=6.595,P=0.000).(2)PTSD对吸烟有显著影响.PTSD与非PTSD相比会增加创伤暴露后初始吸烟的危险性(31.3%vs12.9%,X2=4.394,P=0.036).虽然PTSD组创伤暴露前、后总的吸烟量无明显改变(t=1.802,P=0.077),但创伤暴露后自诉吸烟量增多者PTSD组显著高于非FTSD组(X2=17.127,P=0.000).(3)多元Iogistic回归分析表明,服役满意度低(OR=2.574,P:0.000)、创伤暴露后患PTSD(OR=2.529,P=0.001)、创伤暴露前为烟草依赖者(OR=1.334,P=0.002)、军龄长(OR=1.334,P=0.002)是地震现场救援军人创伤暴露后吸烟行为增加的显著危险因素.结论 创伤暴露对吸烟无明显影响,而患PTSD会增加吸烟的危险.     

军人创伤后应激障碍患者的关联性负变异常变化及临床随访

目的了解军人创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)患者关联性负变(CNV)的特征和治疗缓解后CNV的变化.方法应用美国Nicolet Bravo型脑诱发电位仪及光、声两种成对刺激方法,对66例发病期PTSD患者(患者组)和56名健康军人(对照组)进行CNV测定以及症状自评量表(SCL-90)和事件影响量表(IES)评定,并对患者组中的60例进行了临床随访.结果患者组发病期M1潜伏期延迟(P＜0.01),M2波幅增高(P＜0.01),命令信号后负变化(PINV)出现率增高(P＜0.01);SCL-90及IES总分及其部分因子分升高(P＜0.01);CNV变异指标与SCL-90及IES总分及其部分因子分显著相关(P＜0.01或0.05).患者组康复期M1潜伏期、M2波幅和PINV出现率,以及SCL-90与IES总分及其部分因子分均恢复至正常值内(与发病期比较P＜0.01,与对照组比较P＞0.05),且治疗前后CNV变异指标差值与精神症状减分率显著相关(P＜0.01或0.05).结论 PTSD患者的CNV变化可能是状态标志.     

地震后被转移伤员创伤后应激障碍及心理状况分析

Objective To investigate the incidence of post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and mental status in the transferred wounded after Wenchuan earthquake. Methods At the 40th day after earthquake, 354 wounded were evaluated by the PTSD Symptoms Self Rating Scale, and Symptom Checklist 90 ( SCL-90 ). The diagnosis of PTSD was made according to DSM-Ⅳ criteria. Results After 40 days, 82( 23.2% )suffered PTSD in these wounded, including 55 females( 55/200,27.5% ) and 27 males( 27/154,17. 5% ), the rate in women was significantly higher than that in men. In those non-PTSD wounded, 199patients 199/249,79.9% ) had re-experienced symptoms, 164 patients( 164/249,65.9% ) had numbness/escaping symptoms, 208 patients( 208/249,83.5% ) had excessive arousing symptoms. The SCL-90 total score( 209.00 ±68.78 ), obsession( 2. 38 ± 0. 61 ), human relation sensitivity( 2. 18 ± 0. 87 ), depression ( 2. 50 ±0. 86 ), anxiety( 2.42 ± 0. 90 ) and hostility factor( 2.47 ± 0. 87 ) score of the PTSD were higher than those of the non-PTSD[( 153.08 ± 5.63 ),( 1.71 ± 0. 64 ),( 1. 50 ± 0. 60 ),( 1.71 ± 0. 69 ),( 1.70 ±0. 76 ),( 1.66 ±0. 73 );P ＜0. 05 -0. 01] . The SCL-90 total score and somatization, obsession, depression,anxiety, hostility, phobia, crankiness, psychosis and the other factor score of the wounded were higher than those of the national norm group( P ＜ 0. 05 - 0. 01 ). Conclusion Considerable number of the transferred wounded existed PTSD symptoms in experienced earthquake disaster, they need to be intervened for a long period.     

地震后被转移伤员创伤后应激障碍及心理状况分析

目的 调查地震后被转移伤员创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的发生及其心理健康状况.方法 采用PTSD症状自评和诊断工具及症状自评量表(SCL-90),在地震后40 d对354例被转移伤员的PTSD的发生和心理健康状况进行评估.结果 (1)地震后40 d,有82例(23.2%)伤员发生PTSD,女性55例(55/200,27.5%),男性27例(27/154,17.5%),女性发生率高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在不符合PTSD诊断的伤员中,199例(199/249,79.9%)存在再体验症状,164例(164/249,65.9%)存在麻木或回避症状,208例(208/249,83.5%)存在过度唤起症状.(2)PTSD患者的SCL-90总分(209.00±68.78)分、强迫症状因子(2.38±0.61)分、人际关系敏感因子(2.18±0.87)分、抑郁因子(2.50±0.86)分、焦虑因子(2.42±0.90)分、敌对因子(2.47±0.87)分,高于非PTSD患者[(153.08±5.63)分、(1.71±0.64)分、(1.50±0.60)分、(1.71±0.69)分、(1.70±0.76)分、(1.66±0.73)分;P＜0.05,P＜0.01].(3)地震后被转移伤员的SCL-90总分、躯体化、强迫症状、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性和其他因子得分高于全国常模组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 地震后部分被转移伤员出现PTSD,相当多的伤员遭受了不同程度的心理影响,应予以长期关注.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the incidence of post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and mental status in the transferred wounded after Wenchuan earthquake. Methods At the 40th day after earthquake, 354 wounded were evaluated by the PTSD Symptoms Self Rating Scale, and Symptom Checklist 90 ( SCL-90 ). The diagnosis of PTSD was made according to DSM-Ⅳ criteria. Results After 40 days, 82( 23.2% )suffered PTSD in these wounded, including 55 females( 55/200,27.5% ) and 27 males( 27/154,17. 5% ), the rate in women was significantly higher than that in men. In those non-PTSD wounded, 199patients 199/249,79.9% ) had re-experienced symptoms, 164 patients( 164/249,65.9% ) had numbness/escaping symptoms, 208 patients( 208/249,83.5% ) had excessive arousing symptoms. The SCL-90 total score( 209.00 ±68.78 ), obsession( 2. 38 ± 0. 61 ), human relation sensitivity( 2. 18 ± 0. 87 ), depression ( 2. 50 ±0. 86 ), anxiety( 2.42 ± 0. 90 ) and hostility factor( 2.47 ± 0. 87 ) score of the PTSD were higher than those of the non-PTSD[( 153.08 ± 5.63 ),( 1.71 ± 0. 64 ),( 1. 50 ± 0. 60 ),( 1.71 ± 0. 69 ),( 1.70 ±0. 76 ),( 1.66 ±0. 73 );P ＜0. 05 -0. 01] . The SCL-90 total score and somatization, obsession, depression,anxiety, hostility, phobia, crankiness, psychosis and the other factor score of the wounded were higher than those of the national norm group( P ＜ 0. 05 - 0. 01 ). Conclusion Considerable number of the transferred wounded existed PTSD symptoms in experienced earthquake disaster, they need to be intervened for a long period.     

唐山大地震心理创伤后应激障碍的抽样调查研究

目的 调查唐山大地震心理创伤后应激障碍（ＰＩＳＤ）的患病率,方法 应用自行编制的ＰＩＳＤ调查表和标准化评定工具,对地震时在唐山市区居住且亲身经在地震者１８１３人进行抽样调查。结果 １８１３人中诊断为急性应激反应（ＡＳＲ）３３５例（１８．４８％）延迟性应激障碍（ＤＳＤ）４０２例（２２．１７％）其中现患ＤＳＤ１７例,现患率为０．９４％,结论 大地震后ＡＳＲ和ＤＳＤ的患病率高,个体远期心身健康水平较低。     

The prevalence and impact of post traumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome in nurses

Objective: To determine whether post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and burnout syndrome (BOS) are common in nurses, and whether the co‐existence of PTSD and BOS is associated with altered perceptions of work and nonwork‐related activities. Methods: University hospital nurses were administered four validated psychological questionnaires. Results: The response rate was 41% (332/810). Twenty two percent (73/332) had symptoms of PTSD, 18% (61/332) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, and 86% (277/323) met criteria for BOS. Ninety eight percent (59/60) of those fulfilling diagnostic criteria for PTSD were positive for BOS. When grouped into three categories: positive for PTSD and BOS (n=59), positive for BOS and negative for PTSD (n=217), and negative for both BOS and PTSD (n=46), there were significant differences in the years of employment as a nurse (P<.0001), perceptions of collaborative nursing care (P=.006), confidence in physicians (P=.01), and perception that their work impacted patient outcomes (P=.01). Nurses with BOS and PTSD were significantly more likely to have difficulty in their life outside of the work environment when compared to those with BOS alone. Conclusions: We identified that PTSD and BOS are common in nurses and those with PTSD will almost uniformly have symptoms of BOS. Co‐existence of PTSD and BOS has a dramatic effect on work and nonwork related activities and perceptions. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake 1 year after: prevalence and risk factors

Exposure to earthquakes has been associated with psychological distress in particular, the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aims of this study are to estimate the prevalence of PTSD, explore the associated risk factors among survivors 1 year after the Wenchuan earthquake in China, and compare the findings in our study to other disasters. Cross-sectional sample survey was conducted to collect data in severely affected counties. We use the PTSD Check List-Civilian Version, which consists of 17 items corresponding to each symptom in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition PTSD criteria B, C, and D. The prevalence estimates of probable PTSD in our sample ranged from 21.5% (based on Check List-Civilian Version score of 50 or higher) to 40.1% (based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria). The prevalence of PTSD was high, compared with rates of PTSD in previous studies. Low social support, feeling fear during the earthquake, female, young people, Han nationality, low monthly income, and low educational level were risk factors significantly related to the development of PTSD. Postdisaster mental health recovery interventions including early identification, ongoing monitoring, and sustained psychosocial support are required for the high-risk population with PTSD. Existing rural and urban health care services should be convenient for people, and special measures need to be designed, such as home visits and mobile clinics.     

Posttraumatic stress disorder 1 month after 2008 earthquake in China: Wenchuan earthquake survey

The objective of the study was to understand the rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to explore the effects of sociodemographic characteristics and the disaster losses on the development of PTSD 1 month after the 2008 earthquake in China. A random sample of 430 survivors were investigated for PTSD with a self-report questionnaire including the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Self-rating Scale and Survivor Information Questionnaire between June 15 and June 20, 2008. Chi-square analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis, were used to evaluate PTSD morbidity and risk factors of survivors. A total of 257 (62.8%) subjects met the criteria for PTSD 1 month after the earthquake. Married status (odds ratio (OR)  = 2.22, 95%confidence interval (CI): 1.06-4.65), female gender (OR = 2.36, 95%CI: 1.51-3.70), having deaths or injury of family members (OR = 1.67, 95%CI: 1.07-2.57), low education level (OR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.07-1.80), and losses of possessions (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.05-3.16) all had a significant effect on survivors' PTSD. PTSD was as prevalent in disaster victims in China as in those elsewhere. In the early stage of disasters, those victims who were female, not well educated, and suffered considerable losses in their possessions or family members should be closely attended to during the early psychological intervention.     

The treatment of post traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents

Children and adolescents can develop traumatic stress reactions following exposure to particularly threatening events. These reactions approximate to adult-like Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, although there appear to be important differences in presentation at younger ages. This paper summarizes what is currently known of the risk and protective factors associated with the development of PTSD. Suggestions are made for comprehensive assessment of the presenting problems. Early intervention may prevent later difficulties, but for large numbers of children group and individual treatment will be necessary. At present, cognitive-behavioural techniques appear to be the methods of choice.