Formulation optimization of meloxicam sodium gel using response surface methodology

The influences of a combination of different mechanisms of penetration enhancers on the penetration absorption properties of meloxicam sodium formulations through rat skin were investigated using response surface methodology. A uniform design was applied to prepare model formulations systematically that were composed of four independent variables: the content of ethanol (x(1)), propylene glycol (x(2)), menthol (x(3)), and azone (x(4)). The penetration rate (flux) of meloxicam sodium gel through rat skin was chosen as the response which had to be higher than 400microg/hcm(2) the required flux of meloxicam gel to maintain a therapeutic concentration. The result showed optimal formulation could be obtained from this response surface methodology. Menthol had the greatest potential influence on the penetration absorption of meloxicam sodium, followed by azone, ethanol and PG, respectively. By in vivo study, meloxicam could be determined 1h after topical administration and reached steady-state concentration at about 12h. The bioavailability (%) of the optimal meloxicam sodium gel was about 50.1%.     

Formulation development of smart gel periodontal drug delivery system for local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents with application of experimental design

Smart gel periodontal drug delivery systems (SGPDDS) containing gellan gum (0.1–0.8% w/v), lutrol F127 (14, 16, and 18% w/v), and ornidazole (1% w/v) were designed for the treatment of periodontal diseases. Each formulation was characterized in terms of in vitro gelling capacity, viscosity, rheology, content uniformity, in vitro drug release, and syringeability. In vitro gelation time and the nature of the gel formed in simulated saliva for prepared formulations showed polymeric concentration dependency. Drug release data from all formulations was fitted to different kinetic models and the Korsemeyer-Peppas model was the best fit model. Drug release was significantly decreased as the concentration of each polymer component was increased. Increasing the concentration of each polymeric component significantly increased viscosity, syringeability, and time for 50%, 70%, and 90% drug release. In conclusion, the formulations described offer a wide range of physical and drug release characteristics. The formulation containing 0.8% w/v of gellan gum and 16% w/v of lutrol F127 exhibited superior physical characteristics.     

星点设计-效应面法优化盐酸二甲双胍缓释片处方

目的 应用星点设计-效应面法优化盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的处方.方法 以HPMC K100M的用量和Carbopol 71GNF的用量为考察因素,以1,3,6和10 h的累积释放度为考察指标,采用多元线性回归和多元非线性回归拟合选择合适的模型,根据最佳模型绘制效应面图和等高线图,选择最佳处方并进行验证.采用相似因子对自研片和...     

氨溴特罗颗粒剂中氨溴索的生物等效性评价

目的建立LC-MS／MS法测定氨溴索血药浓度,研究口服氨溴特罗颗粒剂与氨溴特罗口服液中氨溴索在人体内的生物等效性。方法采用双周期随机交叉试验设计,研究了18名健康男性受试者单剂量口服氨溴特罗颗粒（受试制剂）与氨溴特罗口服液（参比制剂）的药动学。采用LC-MS／MS法测定血浆中氨溴索的浓度。评价两制剂中氨溴索在人体内的生物等效性。结果单次给予受试制剂或参比制剂（含盐酸氨溴索60nag）后氨溴索的主要药物动力学参数分别为：G。为（183．86±108．22）、（216．68±198．50）μg·L^-1;tmax为（2．1±0．8）、（2．2±1．0）h;AUC0-96为（2274．13±1159．02）、（2016．97±928．48）μg·L^-1;AUC0-∞为（2307．42±1203．33）、（2056．64±961．25）μg·h·L^-1;t1/2为（14．4±4．6）、（17．2±6．9）h。与参比制剂相比,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（111．3±18．0）％。结论受试制剂与参比制剂中氨溴索的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,非参数检验未发现两制剂的tmax有显著性差异。双单侧t检验结果表明两制剂为生物等效制剂。     

Design and statistical optimization of glipizide loaded lipospheres using response surface methodology

A 32 factorial design was employed to produce glipizide lipospheres by the emulsification phase separation technique using paraffin wax and stearic acid as retardants. The effect of critical formulation variables, namely levels of paraffin wax (X1) and proportion of stearic acid in the wax (X2) on geometric mean diameter (dg), percent encapsulation efficiency (% EE), release at the end of 12 h (rel12) and time taken for 50% of drug release (t50), were evaluated using the F-test. Mathematical models containing only the significant terms were generated for each response parameter using the multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Both formulation variables studied exerted a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the response parameters. Numerical optimization using the desirability approach was employed to develop an optimized formulation by setting constraints on the dependent and independent variables. The experimental values of dg, % EE, rel12 and t50 values for the optimized formulation were found to be 57.54 +/- 1.38 mum, 86.28 +/- 1.32%, 77.23 +/- 2.78% and 5.60 +/- 0.32 h, respectively, which were in close agreement with those predicted by the mathematical models. The drug release from lipospheres followed first-order kinetics and was characterized by the Higuchi diffusion model. The optimized liposphere formulation developed was found to produce sustained anti-diabetic activity following oral administration in rats.     

Formulation optimization of transdermal meloxicam potassium-loaded mesomorphic phases containing ethanol,oleic acid and mixture surfactant using the statistical experimental design methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop and optimize the mesomorphic phase formulation for a meloxicam transdermal dosage form. A mixture design was applied to prepare formulations which consisted of three independent variables including oleic acid (X₁), distilled water (X₂) and ethanol (X₃). The flux and lag time (LT) were selected as dependent variables. The result showed that using mesomorphic phases as vehicles can significantly increase flux and shorten LT of drug. The analysis of variance showed that the permeation parameters of meloxicam from formulations were significantly influenced by the independent variables and their interactions. The X₃ (ethanol) had the greatest potential influence on the flux and LT, followed by X₁ and X₂. A new formulation was prepared according to the independent levels provided by RSM. The observed responses were in close agreement with the predicted values, demonstrating that RSM could be successfully used to optimize mesomorphic phase formulations.     

Formulation optimization of transdermal meloxicam potassium-loaded mesomorphic phases containing ethanol, oleic acid and mixture surfactant using the statistical experimental design methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop and optimize the mesomorphic phase formulation for a meloxicam transdermal dosage form. A mixture design was applied to prepare formulations which consisted of three independent variables including oleic acid (X(1)), distilled water (X(2)) and ethanol (X(3)). The flux and lag time (LT) were selected as dependent variables. The result showed that using mesomorphic phases as vehicles can significantly increase flux and shorten LT of drug. The analysis of variance showed that the permeation parameters of meloxicam from formulations were significantly influenced by the independent variables and their interactions. The X(3) (ethanol) had the greatest potential influence on the flux and LT, followed by X(1) and X(2). A new formulation was prepared according to the independent levels provided by RSM. The observed responses were in close agreement with the predicted values, demonstrating that RSM could be successfully used to optimize mesomorphic phase formulations.     

Box-Behnken设计-效应面法优化盐酸阿夫唑嗪胃漂浮控释骨架片的处方

目的应用Box-Behnken设计-效应面法优化盐酸阿夫唑嗪胃漂浮控释骨架片的处方。方法采用干法压制包衣技术制备盐酸阿夫唑嗪胃漂浮控释骨架片;以骨架片包衣层中药物含量、包衣层中HPMC K100M和碳酸氢钠的用量为考察因素,以体外漂浮性能、2 h药物累积释放度和零级释放动力学模型决定系数R~2为评价指标;采用三因素三水平的Box-Behnken设计效应面法筛选胃漂浮控释片的最优处方,并进行验证。结果最优处方为包衣层中药物含量为40%、包衣层中HPMC K100M和碳酸氢钠的用量分别为53%和12%。按最优处方制备的胃漂浮控释片起漂时间小于5 min,续漂时间大于24 h,2 h药物累积释放度为8.34%,零级释放动力学模型决定系数R~2为0.994 4,预测值与实测值相对误差小于5%。结论 Box-Behnken设计-效应面优化法可用于胃漂浮控释片的处方优化,所建立的数学拟合模型预测性良好。     

星点设计结合效应面法优化声学脂质微泡的制备

声学微泡是近年发展起来的药物靶向递送系统，利用超声波作用促进药物或基因定位释放到细胞或组织中。本文利用星点设计(CCD)结合效应面法(RSM)优化声学脂质微泡制备条件。蛋黄磷脂、Tween 80和聚乙二醇1500是影响2～8 μm微泡浓度的主要因素。本文应用星点设计综合考察这些因素，利用效应面优化法得到最佳处方。实验评价指标为2～8 μm粒径的微泡浓度。采用多元二次方程对实验结果进行拟合，从而产生三维效应曲面图，最佳处方条件可从三维效应曲面的顶点得到。优化实验得到的最佳处方进行加速试验，考察稳定性。通过体内造影效果实验，研究本品的声学效应，并与国外上市产品SonoVue进行对照。结果表明，3个考察因素对2～8 μm微泡浓度均有影响， 最佳处方配比为： 蛋黄磷脂8.35 mg， Tween 8021.68 mg和聚乙二醇1500201 mg。所制备的2～8 μm微泡浓度平均值达到8.60×10⁹·mL^-1。加速试验结果显示脂质微泡物理稳定性良好。本品最佳处方体内造影强度(相对强度)和持续时间分别为4.47±0.15和(302±7)s，与国外上市产品SonoVue［4.28±0.13和(309±8)s］无明显差异。星点设计结合效应面法筛选出的声学脂质微泡浓度高，物理稳定性和声学造影效果好。     

Box-Behnken效应面法优化尼群地平凝胶骨架缓释片处方

目的对尼群地平凝胶骨架缓释片的处方进行筛选和研究。方法以凝胶骨架基质HPMC K4M和HPMC100LV的用量为考察因素,药物在1、2、4、6、10h的累积释放度Y1h、Y2h、Y4h、Y6h、Y10h为考察指标,利用2因素3水平中Box-Behnken效应面法优化处方。结果联合使用HPMC K14M及HPMC 100LV作为尼群地平缓释片的基本骨架材料,乳糖作为填充剂,硬脂富马酸钠为润滑剂,85%乙醇溶液适量作为黏合剂制成尼群地平缓释骨架片在各时间点释放度符合标准。结论通过Box-Behnken效应面法优化法建立的模型可以用于尼群地平凝胶骨架缓释片处方的优化,所制得的缓释片释放度符合规定。     

盐酸普拉克索片剂的处方设计及质量评价

目的:通过对盐酸普拉克索片处方工艺研究的介绍,以期为国内企业研发该品种时提供有益的参考。方法:以淀粉、甘露醇为填充剂,以聚维酮K30为黏合剂,以微粉硅胶为助流剂,以硬脂酸镁为润滑剂,采用L₉(3⁴)正交设计优化各辅料的用量,以溶出度、含量均匀度为指标,进行本品的处方优化。结果:淀粉与甘露醇的用量为1:1,润湿剂为50%的乙醇溶液,黏合剂为10%的聚维酮K30,助流剂为1%的微粉硅胶,润滑剂为1%的硬脂酸镁,制备的片剂含量均匀度最佳,溶出度最接近原研处方。结论:制备的盐酸普拉克索片剂外观光洁,含量均匀度好,药物溶出行为达到了预期的目的。     

盐酸氨溴索注射液在儿科呼吸系统疾病治疗中的应用

目的：分析儿科呼吸系统疾病治疗中应用盐酸氨溴索注射液的临床疗效。方法将74例儿科呼吸系统疾病患儿随机分为A组和B组各37例。 A组予盐酸氨溴索治疗, B组根据患儿情况予布地奈德雾化吸入,观察2组临床疗效和不良反应发生情况。结果 A组总有效率为97．3％高于B组的78．4％,不良反应发生率为2．7％低于B组的13．5％,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论与常规药物布地奈德治疗相比,采用盐酸氨溴索注射液进行治疗儿科呼吸系统疾病不仅治愈率、总有效率高,且不良反应少,值得进一步推广应用。     

The application of response surface methodology to sterilization process development and validation of a water cascade autoclave

The application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to the performance validation of a water cascade sterilizer is described. The methodology was successfully used to 1) identify the cold and hot zones within maximum load configurations through three dimensional thermal mapping, 2) demonstrate the consistency of consecutive sterilization cycles in companion sterilizers, and 3) set target sterilizing values (F0) to achieve a high statistical assurance that any location will be above a minimum F0 (sterility assurance) and below a maximum F0 (for stability considerations).     

Formulation development and optimization of sustained release matrix tablet of Itopride HCl by response surface methodology and its evaluation of release kinetics

The objective of this present investigation was to develop and formulate sustained release (SR) matrix tablets of Itopride HCl, by using different polymer combinations and fillers, to optimize by Central Composite Design response surface methodology for different drug release variables and to evaluate drug release pattern of the optimized product. Sustained release matrix tablets of various combinations were prepared with cellulose-based polymers: hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl pyrolidine (pvp) and lactose as fillers. Study of pre-compression and post-compression parameters facilitated the screening of a formulation with best characteristics that underwent here optimization study by response surface methodology (Central Composite Design). The optimized tablet was further subjected to scanning electron microscopy to reveal its release pattern. The in vitro study revealed that combining of HPMC K100M (24.65 MG) with pvp(20 mg)and use of LACTOSE as filler sustained the action more than 12 h. The developed sustained release matrix tablet of improved efficacy can perform therapeutically better than a conventional tablet.     

Optimization of pH-independent release of nicardipine hydrochloride extended-release matrix tablets using response surface methodology

The purpose of this study was to optimize the pH-dependent release of nicardipine hydrochloride extended release formulations by using simultaneously combination two hydrophilic polymers: hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium alginate as retardant and avicel as additive. The constrained mixture experimental design was used to prepare systematic model formulations which were composed of three formulation variables: the content of HPMC (X1), avicel (X2), and sodium alginate (X3). The response surface methodology (RSM) and multiple response optimization utilizing the polynomial equation were used to search for the optimal formulation with specific release rate at different time intervals and to quantify the effect of each formulation variables. The drug release percent at 3, 6 and 12 h were the target responses and were restricted to 10-30% (Y3h), 40-65% (Y6h) and not less than 80% (Y12h), respectively. The results showed that the effect of combination of HPMC and sodium alginate was the most influence factor on the drug release from extended-release matrix tablets. The observed results of Y3h, Y6h and Y12h coincided well with the predictions in the RSM optimization technique, indicating it was quite useful for optimizing pharmaceutical formulation. The mechanism of drug release from extended-release matrix tablets was dependent on the added amount of alginate. The release kinetic of drug from HPMC matrix tablets with alginate was followed the zero-order release pattern.     

星点设计-效应面法优化盐酸氨溴索漂浮渗透泵给药系统及犬体内药动学

本文设计了具有漂浮特性的盐酸氨溴索渗透泵胶囊。采用中国药典(2010版)附录XD释放度测定法第三法装置同时评价制剂的体外释放和漂浮性能。以葡萄糖用量、致孔剂用量和包衣增重为自变量,自制处方释放曲线与目标释放曲线相比而得的相似因子(f2)为应变量,采用星点设计-效应面法优化系统。优化处方:葡萄糖100.99 mg,致孔剂用量11.70%,包衣增重4.21%。f2为89.14,高于市售胶囊(69.02)和自制片(72.15)。优化后零级释药明显(r=0.994 4),释药完全(>90%)。Beagle犬体内实验证明,自制胶囊Cmax、tmax低于市售胶囊、自制片,体内外相关性好(r=0.985 1),且生物利用度高(110.77%),说明自制胶囊有明显的控释特征。     

Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive matrix tablets of taro gum: optimization using response surface methodology

The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate oral controlled release mucoadhesive matrix tablets of taro gum incorporating domperidone as model drug. Tablets were prepared by direct compression and were evaluated for bioadhesive strength and in vitro dissolution parameters. A central composite design for 2 factors, at 3 levels each, was employed to evaluate the effect of criti cal formulation variables, namely the amount of taro gum (X1) and PVP K 30 (X2), on mucoadhesive strength, tensile strength, release exponent (n) and t50 (time for 50% drug release). The mucoadhesive detachment force (evaluated using texture analyzer) was found to be 18.266, 54.684 and 65.904 N for A4, A5 and A6 batches of the formulated tablets. The polynomial equation indicates that taro gum has dominating effect on mucoadhesive strength and both X1 and X2 have almost equal and comparable effect on tensile strength. The drug release follows first order kinetics (release of drug depends on remaining concentration of drug) and shows best linearity (r2 = 0.983) with higuchi model. The release exponent (n) lies between 0.339 and 0.543 indicating drug release from the matrix tablets may be fickian or non fickian (anamolous) depending upon the concentration of natural polymer. T50 was 58, 140 and 220 minutes for A7, A8 and A9 batches showing overriding potential of taro gum but still the effect of PVP K 30 is noteworthy. PVP K 30 has indirect effect on all the factors by increasing tensile strength and making the tablet firm and intact.     

Formulation and characterization of tramadol-loaded IPN microgels of alginate and gelatin: Optimization using response surface methodology

Tramadol-loaded interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) alginate-gelatin (AG) microgels (MG) were prepared by the chemical cross-linking technique with glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent and were optimized using response surfaces. A central composite design for 2 factors, at 3 levels each, was employed to evaluate the effect of critical formulation variables, namely the amount of gelatin (X1) and glutaraldehyde (X2), on geometric mean diameter, encapsulation efficiency, diffusion coefficient (D), amount of mucin adsorbed per unit mass (Qe) and 50 % drug release time (t50). Microgels with average particle size in the range of 44.31-102.41 μm were obtained. Drug encapsulation up to 86.5 % was achieved. MGs were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy to assess formation of the IPN structure and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to understand the nature of drug dispersion after encapsulation into IPN microgels. Both equilibrium and dynamic swelling studies were performed in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Diffusion coefficients and exponents for water transport were determined using an empirical equation. The mucoadhesive properties of MGs were evaluated in aqueous solution by measuring the mucin adsorbed on MGs. Adsorption isotherms were constructed and fitted with Freundlich and Langmuir equations. In vitro release studies indicated the dependence of drug release on the extent of cross-linking and the amount of gelatin used in preparing IPNs. The release rates were fitted to a power law equation and Higuchi's model to compute the various drug transport parameters, n value ranged from 0.4055 to 0.5754, suggesting that release may vary from Fickian to quasi-Fickian depending upon variation in the formulation composition.     

均匀设计优化盐酸青藤碱肠溶控释片片芯处方

目的：考察处方因素对体外释药行为的影响，筛选最佳片芯处方制备盐酸青藤碱膜控型肠溶控释片。方法：采用均、匀设计优化片芯中乙基纤维素和微晶纤维素的用量，湿法制粒压片，滚转包衣锅法制备盐酸青藤碱膜控型肠溶控释片，进行体外释放度测定。结果：最佳片芯处方为：乙基纤维素52．1g，微晶纤维素39．5g。按处方制备3批样品，在pH6．8磷酸盐缓冲液中释放符合零级方程，零级释药相关系数（r=0．9975），10h内累积释药90％以上。结论：制备的盐酸青藤碱肠溶片基本符合设计要求。