Clinical evidence supporting the marketing authorization of biosimilars in Europe

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology - To review the marketing authorization of biosimilars and provide a critical analysis of the pivotal trials supporting their approval by the European...     

Requirements for marketing authorization of antiretroviral drugs

我国自主研发的抗HIV药物已经进入II期临床试验阶段，目前迫切需要制订对该类药物批准上市的技术要求。现就美国和欧盟对抗HIV药物批准的技术要求进行简单介绍，希望对国内相应药物的研发及批准有所启示。     

Safety of biotechnological products

The safety of biotechnological products used for medicinal products is addressed by EU council directives. The general principles and the regulatory framework for the handling of new drug applications within this areas are described both with respect to benefit/risk evaluation, quality assessment, preclinical safety and efficacy testing.     

Controlled delivery of biotechnological products

Peptides, proteins, and nucleotides or DNA fragments are the new generation of drugs. They are becoming attractive owing to the fast development of biotechnology. The admnistration of such molecules, however, may be a problem as sensitivity to temperature, instability at some physiological pH values, short plasma half-life, and high molecular dimension, which hinders the diffusive transport, make, at the moment, parenteral route the only possible way of administration of such molecules. Controlled drug delivery that comprises the development of new administration routes could be the answer to the problems for administration of biotechnological molecules. The rational of drug delivery is to change the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of drugs by controlling their absorption and distribution. Rate and time of drug release at absorption site could be programmed using a so called delivery system. Different technologies, such as chemical (pro-drugs), biological, polymers, lipids (liposomes, LDL), have been proposed to obtain controlled drug release. Also the use of new administration routes is part of controlled drug delivery. In fact, it could increase the drug absorption and reduce the effects of the active ingredient in those districts not interested in the therapy. Drug delivery systems allowing for an effective release in vivo of new biotechnological molecules, such as recombinant antiidiotypic antibodies with antibiotic activity, devoted to the treatment of pulmonary (tuberculosis and pneumocystosis) and mucosal (candidiasis) diseases are discussed under that perspective.     

Smart nanotubes for biomedical and biotechnological applications

Nanoparticles are being developed for a host of biomedical and biotechnological applications including drug delivery, enzyme immobilization and DNA transfection. Spherical nanoparticles are typically used for such applications, but this only reflects the fact that spheres are easier to make than other shapes. Micro- and nanotubes--structures that resemble tiny drinking straws--are alternatives and may offer advantages over spherical nanoparticles for some applications. This article discusses four different approaches to making micro- and nanotubes and reviews the current status of efforts to develop biomedical and biotechnological applications of these tubular structures.     

医药产品紧急使用授权

医药产品紧急使用授权(Emergency Use Authorization,EUA)指由美国食品药品管理局(FDA)在实际的或潜在的紧急状态下对未获批准的医药产品的使用及已获批准产品的未获批准用途的授权。本文结合实际操作层面,对EUA的法律基础、EUA在FDA使命范围内的作用、EUA的审评、发布和终止程序、应对2009年H1N1流感取得的成功经验以及EUA实施过程中遇到的挑战进行分析。同时与日本应对2009年H1N1大流行时对ArepanrixTMA/H1N1流感疫苗和Novartis H1N1流感疫苗的紧急授权进行比较分析。     

EMA对草药产品申请上市许可或注册的非临床资料的要求

EMA于2017年8月发布了"公认和传统草药产品申请上市许可或注册的非临床文件的指导原则（草案）"。该指导原则指出传统和公认的草药物质或制剂,在获得人体充分而详实经验的情况下,单次给药和重复给药毒性、毒代动力学研究、免疫毒性以及局部耐受性试验是不必要的;而其生殖毒性、遗传毒性和致癌性,如果发表的文献不能用或不足,附加非临床试验是必要的。详细介绍该指导原则主要内容,以期对拟在欧盟上市的中草药产品有所帮助,也对我国草药监管有所启发。     

血液制品市场现状

近两年来,国内血液制品市场供应日趋紧张,尤其是人血白蛋白、人凝血因子Ⅷ等在各地医院均面临程度不同的短缺,影响了临床的正常医疗需求。血液制品是特殊的治疗性和抢救性药品,其短缺引起价格的剧烈波动。国家发改委、国家食品药品监督管理局等相关部门积极采取相关措施,力争血液制品市场供应的缓和,价格的稳定。但由于血液制品生产周期较长、相关管理法规严格,短时间内难以实现供应的逆转。此文就目前血液制品(重点以人血白蛋白为例)现状、供应紧张的主要原因、我国血液制品采取安全监管历程以及本公司在南京血液制品供应中的专业特色等做简要的介绍。     

药品上市许可持有人与流通企业的质量职责

通过分析上市持有人与流通企业在不同的商业模式、资质确认、药品溯源、药品信息披露、损害赔偿、行政处罚等方面不同的质量职责,提出了药品上市许可人制度已经改变了现有供应链分工模式,需进一步在法律法规中对这些质量职责进行明确,确保上市持有人制度对供给侧改革的积极效应.     

我国医疗器械注册人制度试点实施的风险分析及策略探讨

目的为我国医疗器械注册人制度全面落地实施提供参考建议。方法通过对江苏省医疗器械注册人制度试点实施研究工作进行调研,分析该制度试行过程中可能存在的风险,并就应对策略进行探讨。结果该制度实施后可能存在多种风险,主要来源有注册人质量责任承担能力不足、注册人全生命周期风险管理能力欠缺、知识产权保护与委托生产难以平衡、受托生产企业落实生产责任不到位、跨区域委托生产监管难度增加等。结论建议应设立对注册人的资格准入条件,提高注册人的全生命周期风险管理能力,强化医疗器械知识产权保护意识,加强对受托生产企业的监督管理,建立跨区域协同合作的监管机制。     

上市许可持有人制度下药品生产企业不良反应监测模式探讨

目的探讨上市许可持有人制度下生产企业如何开展药品不良反应监测工作,促进企业落实药品安全主体责任。方法对我国关于生产企业药品不良反应监测的相关法律法规进行梳理,结合 2015—2018年对本省企业进行药品不良反应监测实地检查情况,对我国生产企业监测现状及存在的主要问题进行分析。结果目前我国药品生产企业不良反应监测存在监测体系不健全、报告收集途径不通畅、数据利用度不高等问题。结论生产企业应通过健全内部监测体系、协助医疗机构建立 CHPS系统、建立专门的药物警戒数据库、借助“外脑”会商等措施,畅通报告收集渠道,提高自身分析评价能力,主动加强风险识别和控制,为公众用药安全提供保障。     

Carbon nanotubes: materials for medicinal chemistry and biotechnological applications

Carbon nanotubes are considered as molecular wires exhibiting novel properties for diverse applications including medicinal and biotechnological purposes. Surface chemistry on carbon nanotubes results on their solubilization in organic solvents and/or aqueous/physiological media. Herein, we will present how interfacing such novel carbon-based nanomaterials with biological systems may lead to new applications in diagnostics, vaccine and drug delivery. Recent developments in this rapidly growing field will be presented thus suggesting exciting opportunities for the utilization of carbon nanotubes as useful tools for biotechnological applications. Emphasis will be placed in the integration of biomaterials with carbon nanotubes, which enables the use of such hybrid systems as biosensor devices, immunosensors and DNA-sensors.     

市售羟基喜树碱制剂的含量考查

目的:考查几种市售羟基喜树碱制剂的含量.方法:用高效液相紫外检测法对来源于9个厂家14个批次的羟基喜树碱制剂进行含量比较.结果:羟基喜树碱和内标保留时间分别为4.8min和6.5min,标准曲线在0.5～10μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好.各厂家制剂含量在73%～98%之间.结论:该法适用范围广;相同剂型不同厂家的产品含量有差异.     

抗肿瘤新药临床试验和上市的非临床安全性评价要点

非临床安全性评价可贯穿在新药进入临床试验和上市申请的全部过程.新修订的人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会(ICH)指导原则M3(2)对新药进行临床试验和上市申请的非临床安全性评价提出了总体考虑.M3技术指导原则明确指出:对于危及生命或严重疾病(如进展性的癌症)且缺少有效的治疗手段时,抗肿瘤新药的毒理学和临床试验评价,应遵循具体问题具体分析的原则,以促进和完善药物研究和开发.为此本文围绕新M3技术指导原则,探讨我国抗肿瘤新药非临床安全性研发中的技术研究和评价考虑要点.     

海南省药品上市许可持有人药物警戒体系现状分析及讨论

目的:分析海南省药品上市许可持有人药物警戒体系建设现状,为提高药物警戒工作效率提供参考.方法:采用回顾分析法及文献分析法,结合监测网络数据、文献研究、海南省上市许可持有人首次提交的2019年药物警戒年度报告等结果以及当前法律法规要求,对我省药物警戒体系建设现状进行分析.结果:76个上市许可持有人中,有3个尚未设置药物警...     

药品上市许可制度下委托生产双方责任约定研究

目的为药品上市许可制度下委托生产双方的责任约定提供建议。方法通过查阅国内外法规及文献,分析上市许可制度下,美欧对药品委托生产的要求及委托双方责任约定的要素。结果美国食品药品管理局(U.S.Food and Drug Administration,FDA)建议委托双方签订质量协议,欧盟药品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)要求双方签订委托合同,委托双方应在协议或合同中明确委托活动、双方责任、争议解决条款、协议内容变更程序及双方的沟通程序,其中最重要的两点是双方责任划分和协议内容变更程序。结论实施上市许可制度后,委托生产的委托方范围及受托范围均扩大,委托生产更易出现。委托协议中应特别明确产品的放行权、建立委托双方的沟通计划、明确协议内容的变更及验证程序和产品运输及储存条件。且监管部门有必要制定委托生产协议相关指南,指导委托双方约定责任义务,最终保证生产出的药品符合GMP和上市许可。     

Determinants for successful marketing authorisation of orphan medicinal products in the EU

In 2010, the European Regulation for Orphan Medicinal Products (OMPs) was in force for ten years. In this study we assessed possible determinants of applications for OMPs in the EU since 2000 that are associated with a successful marketing authorisation. Our analysis shows that clinical trial characteristics such as demonstrating convincing evidence of a beneficial effect on the primary endpoint, the selection of a clinically relevant endpoint, providing RCT data as pivotal study evidence and the submission of sound dose finding data are critical success factors. In addition, high medical need seems to counterweigh uncertainties about the scientific evidence in the benefit-risk assessment of OMPs.