Morphological study of a horseshoe kidney with special reference to the vascular system

This is a morphological study on an autopsy case of horseshoe kidney found in a 79-year-old-female cadaver. This kidney consisted of two distinct renal masses that were connected at their lower poles by a parenchymal isthmus that was located in the front of the abdominal aorta at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. The kidney was supplied by four arteries arising from the abdominal aorta. The distribution of intrarenal arteries showed that the nature of segmental arteries in the present case was basically the same as in the normal kidney, except that the isthmus had its own blood supply from the artery directly arising from the aorta approximately 28 mm below the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. Venous drainage from the kidney, including the isthmus, was taken by three veins that opened independently into the inferior vena cava. No congenital malformations were found in other organs. We discuss the anatomical and embryological significance of this anomaly and its associated vascular system.     

心腔内导管超声在腹膜后脏器显像中应用研究

目的通过动物实验评价心腔内导管超声探头对部分腹膜后脏器结构的显像效果，以及其用于腹膜后脏器显像的可行性。方法静脉鞘管引导心腔内导管超声探头进入下腔静脉，通过对8只实验犬部分腹膜后脏器的近距离超声成像，记录成像过程动物生理参数，观察其二维图像及彩色血流显像效果，并与常规经腹超声检查效果比较。结果实验前与腔内显像过程中犬的心率、动脉压、呼吸频率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；心腔内导管超声可清晰显示肾脏、肾上腺、大血管旁淋巴结等腹膜后脏器的二维细微结构及彩色血流分布，成像质量明显优于经腹切面的显示效果。结论采用心腔内导管超声观察腹膜后部分脏器的结构是安全可行的，成像质量明显优于经腹切面的显示效果，对肾上腺及其血供的显像尤为清晰。心腔内导管超声在腹膜后脏器显像方面有重要应用价值，为腹膜后脏器的超声检查提供了一种新方法。     

Situs inversus with levocardia,infrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava,and azygos continuation: a case report

Situs inversus incompletus is a rare congenital condition in which the major abdominal organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions. It is often associated with multiple congenital anomalies. We present the case of a 38-year-old woman with dyspnea and a clinical history of chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation. Echocardiography showed a right atrial mass, and analysis of multidetector computed tomography angiography revealed the interruption of the inferior vena cava with an increase of the azygos vein and azygos continuation. These congenital malformations are often associated with deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary thromboembolism and explained the occurrence of dyspnea. Cardiac magnetic resonance with contrast medium confirmed the presence of the right atrial mass, the characteristics of which were attributed to interatrial thrombus, which was further confirmed by the success of thrombolytic therapy and the remission of symptoms. In conclusion, we described a case of situs inversus with levocardia in association with infrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava, and azygos continuation with cardiac thrombus and chronic renal failure.     

下腔静脉滤器回收后血管形态改变的CT静脉造影研究

目的 探讨下腔静脉滤器回收后肾下段下腔静脉CT静脉造影(CTV)血管壁形态的改变,并分析相关影响因素。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2015年1月-2018年2月在北京积水潭医院血管外科下腔静脉滤器回收后规范抗凝治疗70例患者的下腔静脉CTV图像为滤器组,男34例、女36例,年龄17~79(48.11±13.86)岁;在北京积水潭医院下腔静脉CTV数据库中随机抽取40例非血栓性疾病患者为对照组,男23例、女17例,年龄18~70(46.70±12.16)岁。在下腔静脉CTV图像上测量并比较两组下腔静脉最小直径和肾静脉开口下方1 cm平面参考直径的差异;观察滤器组肾下段下腔静脉壁有无增厚,应用logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果 两组患者的性别、年龄差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。滤器组和对照组下腔静脉参考直径分别为(16.0±2.6)、(20.2±2.4) mm,最小直径分别为(13.0±3.6)、(19.3±2.3)mm,差异均有统计学意义(t=8.267、10.032,P值均＜0.01)。滤器组35.7%(25/70)的患者血管壁局限性或环状增厚,下腔静脉最小直径为(10.3±3.6)mm; 64.3%(45/70)患者没有血管壁增厚,下腔静脉最小直径为(14.5±2.5)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=5.330, P＜0.01)。血管壁增厚患者与无增厚患者的下腔静脉血栓形成、下腔静脉参考直径差异均有统计学意义(χ²=6.459, t=3.794, P值均＜0.05);logistic多因素分析显示,下腔静脉血栓形成和下腔静脉参考直径是下腔静脉壁增厚的独立影响因素(OR=5.410、1.500,P值均＜0.01)。结论 滤器回收后下腔静脉会出现不同程度的狭窄和血管壁增厚,下腔静脉血栓形成和较小的下腔静脉参考直径明显增加下腔静脉壁增厚的风险。     

经左颈静脉插管肝内门-体静脉分流术的应用解剖

为给临床经左颈静脉插管行肝内门 -体静脉支架分流术提供解剖学依据 ,在 4 8例成人尸体上解剖并观测了双侧颈内静脉、头臂静脉、上腔静脉、右心房、下腔静脉上段的长度、外径、以及各有关静脉间的角度。结果为左颈内静脉长度 :10 6.9± 18.3 m m,外径 :13 .6± 3 .4 mm ;左头臂静脉长度 :66.3± 10 .8mm ,外径 :15 .9± 4 .1mm;上腔静脉长度 :4 8.5± 9.8mm,外径 :2 1.4± 8.4 mm;右心房长度 :68.7± 17.4 m m,上口外径 :2 0 .2± 4 .7mm,下口外径 :2 3 .9± 6.0 m m;下腔静脉上段长度 :2 1.5± 6.5 m m;左颈内静脉延长线与左头臂静脉间的角度 :4 5 .5°± 10 .3°,左头臂静脉延长线与上腔静脉间的角度 :5 8.3°± 12 .7°;5 8.3°± 12 .7°;左颈内静穿刺点至肝静脉口的总长 :2 4 3 .2± 2 3 .6m m。结论 :在经左颈内静脉行肝内门 -体静脉分流术时只要掌握了插管静脉的角度和深度仍具备和右侧穿刺途径一样多的优点     

Inferior vena cava duplication with reference to venous asymmetries

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava are relatively frequent, usually with scarce clinical impact. There are few cases reported of inferior vena cava duplication. The supernumerary left-placed vena cava originates in the pelvis from a common iliac vein and receives ipsilateral lumbar and renal veins. Here we examine a new case of inferior vena cava duplication, diagnosed by CT scan. This case is then discussed in view of the physiological asymmetries of the venous system. Embryological implications are discussed and compared to recent findings of genes that control the asymmetry of visceral organs.     

体外腹主动脉末端阻断辅助标准心肺复苏的影像解剖研究

目的　为体外腹主动脉末端阻断辅助标准心肺复苏（CPR）提供影像解剖学基础。 方法　75名患者的CT影像解剖图中,以脐为标志点,主要观测：①脐中点水平面对应椎体的位置;②腹主动脉末端与脐中点的关系;③腹主动脉下段、下腔静脉下段与腰椎的相对位置关系。 结果　腹主动脉末端、腰椎与脐标志点基本重叠于人体正中线位置：①脐中点位于腰4椎体下缘以上40.31mm,以下32.82 mm范围内;②腹主动脉末端在脐上、下35 mm范围内;③腹主动脉末端所在的横切面上腹主动脉位于脊柱椎体前略偏左侧,下腔静脉在此平面位于椎体前偏右侧。 结论　可以脐为重要的标志点定位腹主动脉末端以进行体外腹主动脉远端阻断,辅助标准CPR改善血流动力学机制,保证心脑等重要器官血供,从而增高冠状动脉灌注压和CPR成功率。     

ATYPICAL POLYSPLENIA ONLY WITH ABSENCE OF THE HEPATIC SEGMENT OF INFERIORVENA CAVA IN A MIDDLE-AGED

An autopsy case of polysplenia with absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava in a 53-year-old female is reported. The venous blood from the lower parts of the body was drained through the azygos vein and the superior vena cava into the right atrium. Other than acquired pathological change, the heart was found to be normal. Except for the partial absence of the inferior vena cava, isomerism of asymmetric organs, and heterotaxia of abdominal organs, characteristic of typical polysplenia, were not present. This case of atypical polysplenia suggests the presence of a transitional form in the complex.     

Safe ECMO femoral decannulation by placement of inferior vena cava filter via internal jugular vein

Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a lifesaving treatment in patients with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest caused by massive pulmonary embolism. In these patients, positioning an inferior vena cava filter is often advisable, especially if deep venous thrombosis is not resolved at the time of the ECMO suspension. Moreover, in ECMO patients, a high incidence of deep venous thrombosis at the site of venous cannulation has been reported, and massive pulmonary embolism following ECMO decannulation has been described. Nonetheless, an inferior vena cava filter cannot be positioned as long as an ECMO cannula is inside the inferior vena cava. Thus, we developed a strategy to allow placement of an inferior vena cava filter through the internal jugular concurrently with the removal of the femoral venous ECMO cannula. In two women supported by veno-arterial ECMO for cardiac arrest secondary to pulmonary embolism, this novel approach allowed for safe ECMO decannulation.     

下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞

背景：下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞是有效的,也为手术取栓提供了安全保障。 目的：探讨下腔静脉滤器临床应用的研究进展。 方法：由第一作者检索1985/2010 FMJS数据库及万方数据库有关下腔静脉滤器材料学的发展,置入的适应证、禁忌证,置入技术,并发症及置入后抗凝问题方面的文献。 结果与结论：下腔静脉滤器材料学发展迅速,其置入技术显著提高,但对其临床应用指针还没有统一的认识。对于置入后抗凝问题认识也存在差异,而滤网位置偏移、游走、成角及腔静脉穿孔和对周围脏器的损伤报道随着下腔静脉滤器应用的增多而相应增多。下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞的临床疗效是值得肯定的,但应该高度重视置入后的并发症及其严重性,相信随着下腔静脉滤器材料学的进一步发展及生物相容性的提高,其临床应用前景会越来越广阔。关键词：下腔静脉滤器;深静脉血栓;肺栓塞;置入;综述文献 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.16.033     

Point-of-care ultrasound assessment of the inferior vena cava distensibility index in mechanically ventilated children in the operating room

Background and aimPoint-of-care ultrasound imaging of the inferior vena cava distensibility index is a potential indicator for determining fluid overload and dehydration in the mechanically ventilated patients. Data on inferior vena cava distensibility index and inferior vena cava distensibility variability are limited in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients. That is why our aim in this study was to measure inferior vena cava distensibility index and to obtain mean values in pediatric patients, ventilated in the operating room before the ambulatory surgical procedure started.Materials and methodsThis crosssectional study was performed between February 2019 and February 2020. Ultrasonographic measurements were performed in a total of 125 children.ResultsIn a period of 13 months, the measurements were performed in a total of 125 children, of which 120 (62.5% male) met the criteria and were included in the study. Overall inferior vena cava distensibility index (%): mean   SD: 6.8   4.0, median (min–max): 5.7 (1.4–19.6), IQR: 3.8–8.7. Overall inferior vena cava distensibility variability (%): mean   SD: 6.5   3.7, median (min–max): 5.5 (1.4–17.8), IQR: 3.7–8.4.ConclusionOur study is the largest series of children in the literature in which inferior vena cava distensibility index measurements were investigated.     

Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava

A 61-year-old woman with symptoms of inferior vena caval obstruction was investigated with computed tomography and ultrasound imaging and found to have a tumor of the inferior vena cava. Transvenous biopsy revealed a leiomyosarcoma, which at surgical exploration was considered to be unresectable. Autopsy showed that the tumor extended form its origin in the inferior vena cava just above the left renal vein to the right atrium. Hepatic metastases were documented. This rare tumor has seldom been diagnosed prior to exploratory surgery or necropsy and should be included in the differential diagnosis of inferior vena caval obstruction. The case illustrates the relative ease and efficacy of transvenous biopsy in establishing this diagnosis antemortem.     

Anatomy of the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins: application to liver transplantation

An anastomosis between the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins of the receiver and the cranial portion of the inferior vena cava of the donor is one of the techniques for restoration of hepato-caval continuity in orthotopic liver transplantation. This technique avoids dissection of the retrohepatic vena cava and total caval clamping. The aim of this study was to define the feasibility of this technique by a morphologic and biometric study of the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins on the basis of 64 injection-corrosion hepatic specimens and 21 fresh subjects. A common trunk for the middle and left hepatic veins was present in 54 of 64 cases (84%) with a length of 3 to 17 mm. The diameter of the new ostium constructed by section 0.5 cm proximal to the junction of the middle and left hepatic veins was 23.9 ± 2.3 mm, which approximated to that of the vena cava where it traversed the diaphragm (24.4 ± 2.0 mm). These findings confirmed that restoration of hepato-caval continuity by anastomosis between the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins of the receiver and the cranial portion of the vena cava of the graft is possible without incongruence. This study makes no assumptions about the hemodynamic effects associated with the smallest diameter of the true ostium of the common trunk at its opening into the inferior vena cava. In this study, the morphology of the common trunk was comparable to that observed by Nakamura. Further, we propose an anatomo-clinical classification allowing evaluation of the facility of vascular control of the common trunk in terms of the number and location of the collateral veins.     

A review of venous collaterals in inferior vena cava obstruction

The purpose of this study was to review venous collateralization resulting from inferior vena cava obstruction. The elements responsible for the extent and distribution of venous collaterals in inferior vena cava obstruction and whether or not the obstructive lesion involves tributaries of the inferior vena cava. Common etiologies of inferior vena cava obstruction include extensions of iliofemoral vein thrombi, thrombosis from intraluminal tumors or following trauma, and external compression. The anatomy of the venous collateral systems may be divided into deep and superficial networks, each of which is composed of systems of primary or secondary clinical significance, as defined by the degree of restoration of adequate venous return and the extent of visceral venous decompression. The most common obstructions of the inferior vena cava involve the lower third of the vessel. The azygos-hemiazygos and vertebral venous plexus systems play the most significant roles, while the superficial systems are less prominently involved. In upper level inferior vena cava obstruction, reestablishment of venous circulation is less developed, which usually leads to a poorer clinical outcome. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Anomalous veins of the retroperitoneum: clinical considerations

A case of complex anomalies (variations) of the veins of the retroperitoneum in a 57 year old male cadaver is presented. The anomaly involved a double inferior vena cava, with the left suprarenal v. draining into the left vena cava and the right testicular v. drained into the right renal v.. There was also no left common iliac v., with the left external iliac v. draining into the left vena cava and the left internal iliac v. into the right common iliac v.. Although duplication of the inferior vena cava has previously been reported the present case is interesting because of the complexity of the associated anomalies.     

Anomalous veins of the retroperitoneum: clinical considerations

Abstract: A case of complex anomalies (variations) of the veins of the retroperitoneum in a 57 year old male cadaver is presented. The anomaly involved a double inferior vena cava, with the left suprarenal v. draining into the left vena cava and the right testicular v. drained into the right renal v., There was also no left common iliac v., with the left external iliac v. draining into the left vena cava and the left internal iliac v. into the right common iliac v.. Although duplication of the inferior vena cava has previously been reported the present case is interesting because of the complexity of the associated anomalies.     

Chronic post-thrombotic obstruction of the inferior vena cava: both renal veins being the cause of painless gross hematuria from pelviureteral mucosal varices in normal functioning kidney

A 31-year-old man presented with painless gross hematuria. His serum-creatinine level was within the normal range. Abdominopelvic CT showed an infrahepatic calcified fibrous cord, which was suggestive of inferior vena cava (IVC) remnant. Extensive venous collateralization around both kidneys and venous drainage of the extremities via the inferior epigastric and internal thoracic veins were shown. We report a case of chronic post-thrombotic obstruction of the IVC, involving both renal veins, which was believed to be the cause of painless gross hematuria from mucosal varices of the pelviureteral system in normal functioning kidney.     

A case of persistent left superior vena cava with a horseshoe kidney]

A case of persistent left superior vena cava with a horseshoe kidney was found in a Japanese male cadaver (72 years old) during a dissection for students in 1989. The main findings were as follows. The right superior vena cava (21.2 mm average diameter) was normal and opened into the right atrium. The left superior vena cava (8.4 mm average diameter) was smaller than the right one and ran in the coronary sinus to reach the right atrium. There was a small transverse anastomosis (8.9 mm average diameter), which corresponded to the normal left brachiocephalic vein, between the right and left superior vena cava. The azygos vein system showed a symmetrical condition and the right and left azygos veins opened into the superior vena cava on each side. This was the 57th case of persistent left superior vena cava reported in the anatomical literature in Japan. It corresponded to Type 3 of the classification by Fujimoto et al. (1971), and might be the first report of Type 3 in Japan. The horseshoe kidney was a typical one, in which the right and left kidneys were fused by an isthmus (bridge) consisting of renal tissues at their lower poles. The positions of both kidneys were lower than those of normal ones, the bilateral renal hili opened ventrally, the ureters ran on the anterior surface of the isthmus, the longitudinal axes of both kidneys crossed each other under the isthmus, and there were some additional renal arteries and veins. Neither the persistent left superior vena cava nor the horseshoe kidney alone are very rare anomalies, but a case such as the present, in which both anomalies coexist in the same body, is very rare.     

The pathogenesis of hyaline globules in liver cells after partial hepatectomy in rats

To clarify the pathogenesis of hyaline globules in liver cells after partial hepatectomy, the present study was undertaken in rats. When partial hepatectomy was performed by the surgical procedure of Higgins and Anderson, the inferior vena cava pressure was raised, and many hyaline globules, which are very similar to those caused by condensation of the contents of vacuoles in liver cells after temporary pressure elevation of the inferior vena cava, were induced in liver cells. On the other hand, when the median lobe and the left lateral lobe were removed carefully one at a time to avoid operative narrowing of the inferior vena cava, the inferior vena cava pressure was not elevated, and only very few hyaline globules were formed. This suggests that hyaline globules in liver cells following partial hepatectomy in rats may be caused by elevation of inferior vena cava pressure due to narrowing of the inferior vena cava by surgical procedure.     

Multiple variations of the renal and testicular vessels: possible embryological basis and clinical importance

During routine dissection of the abdominal cavity of a 55-year-old African male cadaver, multiple anomalies including renal and testicular vessels were encountered. The right kidney was supplied by three right hilar renal arteries arising from the abdominal aorta at different vertebral levels whereas only one left renal artery supplied the left kidney. On the right three renal veins drained the kidney into the inferior vena cava. In contrast, the left kidney was drained by a single renal vein which received a large primary posterior tributary. The primary posterior tributary had three tributaries from the posterior lumbar region. The right testis had two sources of arterial supply; one from the subcostal artery and another from the abdominal aorta. The left testis was supplied normally by a single testicular artery. The right testis was drained by four testicular veins as follows: one drained into the subcostal vein, the other two drained separately for a longer course and joined shortly before draining into the right main renal vein, the fourth one drained into the anterior aspect of the inferior vena cava at the level of the second lumbar vertebra. On the left, the testicle was drained by two testicular veins which travelled separately from the deep inguinal ring and joined shortly before they drain into the left renal vein. This variation may represent an immature form of complicated development of kidneys and testes. Additionally, emphasis must be put on preoperative vascular examination to avoid surgical complications from variant vessels in this region.