神经内窥镜技术的临床应用

目的探讨微侵袭内窥镜神经外科的手术技术方法.方法应用单纯内窥镜手术(EN),内窥镜辅助的显微神经外科(EAM),内窥镜控制的显微神经外科(ECM),并结合立体定向、激光等技术,治疗各种神经外科疾病84例.其中各类颅内囊肿33例,脑囊虫6例,脑积水16例,颅内肿瘤15例,颅内血肿8例,立体定向和姑息性手术6例.结果对颅内囊肿应用EN治疗21例,ECM10例,EAM2例,其中30例术前症状改善;颅内肿瘤用EN切除1例(1.5cm直径),ECM全切5例,EAM全切9例,其中13例症状缓解,1例无变化;6例脑囊虫均用EN摘除,效果良好,无并发症;其余30例(脑积水、活检、血肿、肿瘤姑息手术)均行EN手术,26例改善症状.84例中有4例出现并发症,包括蛛网膜下腔出血、脑室内出血和一过性心肺功能异常.结论 (1)神经内窥镜对颅内囊性病变、脑室内病灶、脑积水、脑囊虫和颅内深在的小病灶有独到的价值.(2)神经内窥镜对显微外科手术有辅助作用,可以提高手术质量.(3)神经内窥镜手术操作简便、损伤小、术后反应轻,可减少治疗费用,缩短住院时间.     

Neuronavigational neuroendoscopic surgery

Background Considering the separate benefits of neuronavigation and neuroendoscopy, neuroendoscopic surgery with the aid of neuronavigation systems will play an increasingly important role in the future. Bearing this in mind, the present research project was conducted to facilitate neuronavigational neuroendoscopic surgery along the pathway to the prepontine cistern using cadaver heads.Materials and methods A computer-aided, frameless image-guided stereotactic navigation system and a new type of handy rigid-rod neuroendoscope were used. The ideal entry point and the safest trajectory to the prepontine cistern through the foramen of Monro were defined in two formalin-fixed cadaver heads and clinical brain MRI data. Then, maneuvering of the neuroendoscope with the aid of the neuronavigation system was performed.Results Straight trajectories from the entry point to the prepontine cistern could be designed. For the registration accuracy of the tip of the neuroendoscope, the virtual image registered a mean error distance of 5.42 mm away from the reference point along the axis of vertical line. However, free-hand maneuvering enabled the neuroendoscope to be finely manipulated without damaging brain tissues. Neuroendoscopic anatomical views of the interpeduncular and prepontine cistern were also acquired.Conclusion Interactive use of free-hand maneuvering of the handy rigid-rod neuroendoscope together with frameless neuronavigation systems plot the way to true neuronavigational neuroendoscopic surgery in a safe and reliable manner. This pairing of the most recent technological neurosurgical options with better understanding of neuroendoscopic anatomy enables the neurosurgeon to acquire broader treatment options for central nervous system diseases.     

联合术前精准定位的神经内镜手术治疗自发性基底核区出血的临床疗效分析

目的探讨术前精准定位在神经内镜手术治疗自发性基底核区出血中的作用。方法回顾性分析2015年5月至2019年5月福建省立医院南院神经外科手术治疗的50例自发性基底核区出血患者的临床资料。其中25例术前采用自主研发的血肿定位贴精准定位后行神经内镜手术治疗(简称神经内镜组);25例采用传统开颅显微镜手术治疗(简称开颅组)。分析比较两组患者的手术情况(包括手术时长、术中出血量及血肿清除率)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、术后并发症的发生率、住院时间以及术后6个月的格拉斯哥预后评级(GOS)的评估情况。结果两组患者的性别、年龄、术前出血量、发病至手术时间及术前NIHSS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。神经内镜组与开颅组比较,手术时长分别为(1.8±0.2)h、(2.4±0.3)h;术中出血量分别为(60.1±5.0)ml、(90.1±7.1)ml;血肿清除率分别为(95.4±4.8)%、(80.4±8.7)%,两组的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。术后1周两组患者的NIHSS评分均低于术前(均P<0.001);术后1周神经内镜组与开颅组患者的NIHSS评分分别为(12.0±2.4)分、(14.2±2.1)分,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);神经内镜组与开颅组患者的住院时间分别为(12.0±1.2)d、(14.1±1.0)d,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。两组患者的术后并发症发生率、术后6个月的GOS比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论对于自发性基底核区出血,与开颅显微镜手术比较,经术前精准定位后行神经内镜手术可缩短手术时间,减少术中出血量,提高血肿清除率。     

神经内镜手术的疗效

随着神经内镜器械的不断完善,手术方法的不断改进和创新以及手术经验的逐渐积累,神经内镜在神经微创外科等领域的应用越来越成熟,应用范围也越来越广.神经内镜手术在欧美等发达国家开展得较早,研究得也比较多,我国起步则较晚,但发展较快,有部分市级医院也开始了这项技术,并取得许多有价值的成果.为让更多医疗工作者了解神经内镜手术的治疗效果,帮助更多患者获得神经内镜手术良好的疗效,现将神经内镜手术治疗的一些优势综述如下.     

Incidence of complications in neuroendoscopic surgery

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the complication rate in intracranial endoscopic neurosurgery. RESULTS: The complications in our series of endoscopic intracranial procedures for the treatment of hydrocephalus, colloid and arachnoid cysts, as well as intraventricular tumors, were analyzed. CONCLUSION: Although the complication rate in endoscopic neurosurgery is low, severe, rarely even life-threatening, complications may occur. The complication rate decreases markedly with surgical experience, indicating a steep learning curve.     

神经内镜治疗颅内病变手术适应证探讨

目的 探讨神经内镜在治疗颅内病变中的作用及手术适应证的选择. 方法 对386例神经内镜手术治疗颅内病变患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,并对神经内镜手术方法 的选择、术后疗效及优缺点进行分析. 结果 本组所有患者术后随访6～12月,临床治愈340例,症状好转40例,症状改善不明显5例,死亡1例.影像学复查颅内占位性病变285例中,全切除259例,次全切除26例,病变复发7例;脑积水101例中,脑室恢复至正常水平82例,脑室明显回缩18例,脑室回缩不明显1例. 结论 示采用神经内镜治疗颅内病变,如果能严格掌握手术适应证,则疗效满意.     

应用神经内镜单鼻孔入路垂体腺瘤切除术的临床研究

随着鼻内窥镜外科技术的成熟和延伸,在鼻内窥镜下经蝶窦垂体肿瘤切除术已相继开展。华北煤炭医学院附属开滦医院2006年4月至2007年9月在鼻内镜辅助下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤28例,临床取得满意效果。     

神经内镜手术治疗高血压性脑出血的疗效分析

目的 探讨神经内镜手术治疗高血压性脑出血的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年1月收治的100例高血压性脑出血的临床资料,50例采用开颅血肿清除术（对照组）,50例采用神经内镜手术（观察组）。结果 与对照组相比,观察组手术时间明显缩短（P<0.05）,术中出血量明显减少（P<0.05）,血肿清除率明显提高（P<0.05）,术后血清TNF-α、IL-6、PCT明显降低（P<0.05）。观察组术后3个月预后良好率（74.00%,37/50）明显高于对照组（40.00%,20/50;P<0.05）。结论 与开颅血肿清除相比,神经内镜手术治疗高血压性脑出血的疗效更好。     

后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的神经内镜治疗探讨

目的 探讨神经内镜下后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的治疗效果.方法 本组共40例病例经CT和MRI均证实为后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿,随机分成显微镜切除组和内镜治疗组,术前均行MRI相位对比电影法.术后根据患者临床症状、影像学表现及相关并发症等判定疗效,同时进行1-2年随访.结果 本组病例行显微镜下囊肿切除术15例,内镜下囊肿切除25例.术后临床症状均有所改善.术后复查头部MRI显示28例患者后颅窝囊肿较术前有明显缩小(94%),MRI相位对比电影显示第四脑室脑脊液流动恢复正常.随访1年,内镜组12例囊肿缩小,14例临床症状明显好转,总有效率为87%.显微镜组8例缩小,3例复发,10例临床症状好转,总有效率为53%.结论 神经内镜治疗后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿与传统的开颅显微镜手术比较,其操作简便,创伤小,手术安全,患者恢复快,手术并发症少,值得进一步推广.     

Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery for the treatment of skull base lesions

Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (TONES) is a relatively new technique that not only allows access to the contents of the orbit but also the intracranial compartment, including the anterior cranial fossa, middle fossa and lateral cavernous sinus. In this study, we aimed to retrospectively review the largest experience to our knowledge with regards to surgical outcomes of skull base pathologies treated with a TONES procedure. Forty patients (aged 3–89 years) underwent 45 TONES procedures between the years of 2006–2013. Pathologies were cerebrospinal fluid leak repair (n = 16), traumatic fracture (n = 8), tumor (n = 11), meningoencephalocele (n = 5), hematoma (n = 1), and infection (n = 4). Three patients had a persistent complication at 3 months, including a case each of enophthalmos (unnoticed by patient), epiphora (delayed presentation at 2 months requiring dacryocystorhinostomy), and ptosis (improved at 1 year). Surgical success was achieved in all patients. Of special import, there were no cases of visual decline, diplopia, or stroke. There was no mortality. To our knowledge this is the first study and largest experience of TONES (level 4 evidence) to detail outcomes with respect to skull base pathologies. Our results indicate that TONES procedures can be performed with minimal morbidity. Further studies are needed to assess equivalency with craniotomy based approaches though this initial report is encouraging.     

神经内镜手术后发热反应的临床观察及其意义

目的总结和分析神经内镜术后发热反应的特点。方法回顾性分析88例符合纳入标准的行神经内镜手术治疗病人的临床资料。将病人按手术方式分为5组：外侧裂蛛网膜囊肿造瘘组（SAC）、脑室内蛛网膜囊肿切除组（VAC）、透明膈造瘘组（SPF）、第三脑室底造瘘组（ETV）、脉络丛烧灼术组（CPC），分别总结各组病人的术后发热反应特点。结果术后发热反应以CPC组最重。术后达到最高体温的时间所有病人均不超过术后第3天。ETv组术后最高体温可出现在手术后当El的数小时内．而非ETv组病人无此现象。结论电凝烧灼、坏死组织残留、下丘脑刺激、脑脊液循环能力等多种因素．使神经内镜手术后可出现不同程度的发热反应。     

经眉弓锁孔入路神经内镜手术清除外伤性单侧额叶血肿的效果

目的 探讨经眉弓锁孔入路神经内镜手术清除外伤性单侧额叶血肿的效果。方法 回顾性分析2019年2月至2020年8月经眉弓锁孔入路神经内镜手术治疗的21例外伤性单侧额叶血肿的临床资料。术中应用神经内镜潜水技术清除血肿,应用PROLENE线皮内连续缝合切开。结果 所有手术操作均顺利完成,无手术死亡病例。手术操作时间0.5~1 h,平均45 min。术后1 d,复查头颅CT显示血肿清除率>90%有19例,70%~90%有2例。术后无术区继发再出血,无继发严重脑水肿。术后5~10 d出院,平均7.6 d。眉弓切口缝合线拆除后,无线结反应、无切口愈合不佳及切口明显瘢痕形成。结论 对于外伤性单侧额叶血肿,锁孔技术、神经内镜潜水技术联合PROLENE线皮内连续缝合技术,可以提高手术疗效,减少并发症,缩短住院时间,提高病人满意度,能达到最大的血肿清除效果和最佳的术后美容效果。     

骨髓干细胞治疗心肌梗死临床应用现状与前景*★

学术背景：尽管目前可以应用血运重建和药物治疗来阻止心功能的恶化和心律失常的发生，但效果有限，仍无法使已梗死的心肌细胞再生。如何使坏死心肌或无功能心肌再生，再现其舒缩功能，一直是亟待解决的难题。 目的：深入认识骨髓干细胞在心肌梗死治疗中的研究进展。 检索策略：由该论文的研究人员应用计算机检索Pubmed数据库 2000-05/2006-07的相关文献，检索词“the marrow stem cell，cell transplant，myocardial infarction”，并限定文章语言种类为English。同时计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库1997-10/2006-12的相关文献，检索词“骨髓干细胞，细胞移植，心肌梗死”，并限定文章语言种类为中文。共检索到67篇文献，对资料进行初审，纳入标准：①文章所述内容应与骨髓干细胞治疗心肌梗死密切相关。②同一领域选择近期发表或在权威杂志上发表的文章。排除标准：①重复性研究。②Meta分析。 文献评价：文献的来源主要是通过对骨髓干细胞在心肌梗死治疗中的研究进展作以汇总分析。所选用的30篇文献中，10篇为综述，其余均为临床或基础实验研究。 资料综合：①骨髓干细胞组成复杂，包括骨髓单个核细胞、造血干细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞、内皮祖细胞、多潜能成体祖细胞以及其他功能不明的干细胞。②骨髓干细胞植入动物心脏后可以分化为心肌细胞，能与受体心肌细胞进行有效的电-机械耦合，此外可促进缺血区血管新生，易于自体采集，避免伦理学纠纷和免疫排斥反应。骨髓干细胞属于成体干细胞，其是否具有横向分化能力尚需进一步研究。大量临床研究表明，自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗后急性心肌梗死、心力衰竭均能取得成功。③骨髓干细胞释放的基质金属蛋白酶、干细胞因子及基质细胞趋化因子，在促进干细胞动员、归巢与心肌修复过程中发挥重要作用。组织损伤和高水平的多能干细胞是骨髓干细胞在心肌微环境中分化成熟的两个决定因素。④目前骨髓干细胞移植所面临的问题包括移植时选用的细胞类型、横向分化的调控机制不明、移植时机及移植方式、移植的安全性等。 结论：通过建立完整的动物模型技术平台，探索各项技术在临床应用的可能性，骨髓干细胞治疗心肌梗死有可能成为不同于内科传统的药物治疗、心血管介入治疗和外科手术治疗的又一个全新方法。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦垂体腺瘤切除术并发症的防治

目的 探讨神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦切除垂体腺瘤的并发症的防治.方法 对在神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦切除垂体腺瘤253例临床资料分析.结果 肿瘤全切除216例(85.38%),次全切除26例(10.28%),部分切除11例(4.34%),无手术死亡病例.术后并发暂时性尿崩45例,术后垂体功能低下9例,脑脊液鼻漏2例,鼻腔黏膜出血2例,嗅觉丧失2例,无发生颈内动脉、视神经损伤,无蛛网膜下腔出血、颅内和局部感染,无鼻中隔穿孔.结论 神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦垂体腺瘤切除术手术创伤小,术前做好评估,术中精细操作,术后并发症可减至最小,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the complicatiaons's prophylaxis of removing pituitary adenomas of neuroendoscopy in tranasphenoidal surgery. Method To analayze 253 cases Clinically date of pituitary adenoma were treated by endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Results The tumor removal was total in 216 ( 85.38% ) cases, subtotal in 26 ( 10. 28% ), and partial in 11 ( 4. 34% ). Temporary diabetes insipidus in 45 cases, pituitary function subnomorlity in 9 cases, cerebrospinal fluid leaks in 2 cases, nostril stenoses in 2 cases, anodmia in 2 cases, there were no internal carotid artery and optic nerve lesion, no subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracranial infection, no nasoseptal tresis. Conclusions Featured by minimal invasion and less postoperative complications, neurendoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery is a safe and effective method for the treatment of pituitary adenoma.     

Current status of neuroendoscopic surgery in Japan and discussion on the training system

Objectives The objectives of this study was to investigate the current status of neuroendoscopic surgery in Japan and to discuss the issue disclosed by the survey. Methods We delivered questionnaires about neuroendoscopic surgeries to 1,237 of Japan Neurosurgical Society certified training institutions. Results Of these institutions, 592 (47.9%) returned completed questionnaires, and 316 (53.4%) among them experienced neuroendoscopic surgeries in the past. Two hundred seventy-six institutions had at least one procedure in the year 2003, but 208 (75.5%) had only one to ten procedures per year. Total number of procedures was 2,796, and trans-sphenoidal surgery was performed most frequently (705). Aneurysmal neck clipping (637) was second, and the third place was third ventriculostomy (ETV, 357). ETV was performed at 126 institutions, and 112 (88.9%) of them had only five cases or under per year. Discussion Neuroendoscopic surgeries are performed at many institutions, but little experience per institution was reported. We refer to the on-going project of the Japanese Society for Neuroendoscopy on establishing training system of neuroendoscopic surgeries. Presented at the Third World Conference of the International Study Group on Neuroendoscopy (ISGNE), Marburg, Germany, 15–18 June 2005.     

干细胞在再生医学领域的临床应用现状及其前景

干细胞在一定条件下，可以定向分化成机体内的功能细胞，形成任何类型的组织和器官，文章叙述了干细胞与再生医学的概念与分类，探讨了干细胞在糖尿病、心肌细胞损伤性疾病、神经损伤性疾病治疗方面的应用，分析并总结了干细胞与再生医学所面临的问题。分析处理资料显示，干细胞已经广泛应用于心血管系统疾病、神经系统疾病、骨骼肌肉相关疾病，糖尿病等多种疾病的临床试验中，并且取得初步疗效，展示了广泛的临床应用前景。