乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次注射吸毒和共用器具注射吸毒的调查研究

目的：了解新疆乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群从首次注射吸毒到首次共用器具注射吸毒的发生情况及影响因素。方法：于2005年4-6月以社区为基础招募吸毒者，调查其社会人口学特征、首次吸毒、首次注射吸毒和首次共用器具注射吸毒情况。结果：在调查的静脉吸毒者401人中，68．6％（275／401）的吸毒者曾经共用器具注射吸毒。从首次吸毒到首次注射吸毒的发生率为23．58／100人年（95％CI=21。27-25．89），多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示：女性（HR=1.65，95％CI=1．21-2，24）和首次吸毒年份为1994年及以后（HR=3．56，95％CI=2．84～4．47）与首次注射吸毒发生的关系有统计学意义；从首次注射吸毒到首次共用器具注射毒品的发生率为24．99／100人年（95％CI=22．04-27，94），多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示：维族（HR=I，41，95％CI=1.08～1．85）、初中及以下文化程度（HR=1，41，95％CI=1.09-1．82）和首次注射吸毒年份为1998年及以后（HR=1．56，95％CI=1．20-2．04）与首次共用器具注射吸毒发生的关系有统计学意义。结论：近期开始滥用毒品的吸毒者易于从口吸转变为注射吸毒进而共用器具注射吸毒。注射吸毒是HIV感染和传播的主要途径。     

四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染情况研究

目的：了解四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法l于2005年10月至11月在西昌市对静脉吸毒人群进行问卷调查，调查内容包括社会人口学、毒品使用、共用注射器具静脉吸毒以及性行为情况等，同时采集血样进行HCV抗体检测。结果：在招募的325名静脉吸毒者中，HCV感染率为61．8％（201／325）。多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示，无业（OR，1．90；95％CI，1．11．3．24）、近3个月共用针头或注射器（OR，2．40；95％CI，1．164．99）以及近6个月以性交为条件接受性伴提供的钱物、毒品或住处（OR，8．96；95％CI，1．15-69．58）与静脉吸毒人群HCV感染的关系有统计学意义。结论：四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群中HCV感染率仍在升高，应该在该地区进一步加大干预工作的力度以控制HCV的传播。     

遂宁市船山区吸毒人群艾滋病相关行为特征及血清学分析

目的：了解遂宁市船山区吸毒人群HIV感染率和艾滋病相关行为特征,为制定遂宁市船山区艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据。方法：2006～2008年在船山区吸毒人群进行行为监测和HIV血清学监测。结果：HIV抗体阳性率0．5％,均有注射吸毒史,吸毒人员存在与别人共用注射器,吸毒者安全套使用率不高,吸毒人员接受过针具交换、美沙酮治疗、艾滋病咨询等相关干预服务的比例较低。结论：吸毒人群存在HIV感染流行加快的潜在因素,应加强健康教育和实施行为干预。     

2012年昆区吸毒人群艾滋病、梅毒及丙肝感染状况及影响因素分析

目的了解昆区吸毒人群艾滋病、梅毒及丙肝感染状况及影响因素,为本区制定艾滋病防治策略和干预措施及效果评价提供依据。方法对403名哨点监测吸毒人员进行面对面问卷调查,同时采血进行HIV、梅毒及丙肝检测。结果调查的403名人中,艾滋病知识知晓率62．68％,HIV感染率为0．50％,梅毒感染率为1．99％;丙肝感染率为26．05％。人群中注射吸毒占57．82％,共用注射器吸毒者占22．75％,有多性伴行为占15．63％,安全套使用率为34．58％。结论本区被调查的吸毒人群中,艾滋病、梅毒感染率较低,丙肝感染率较高。吸毒人群中艾滋病有广泛流行的潜在危险。这要求必须加强吸毒人员艾滋病预防知识的宣传教育和实施行为进行干预,做好艾滋病哨点监测工作。     

404名静脉吸毒者HIV感染状况及行为调查分析

目的：了解梧州市2008年吸毒人群HIV感染状况以及危险因素行为特征,为预防控制工作提供依据。方法：2008年4-6月对梧州市市辖区社区中的静脉吸毒人员进行行为学调查,并采血样进行HIV、梅毒抗体检测。结果：共调查了404名静脉吸毒者,吸毒以20—39岁男性为主,吸毒方式以静脉注射吸毒为主,占96．53％（390／404）;吸毒人群HIV抗体阳性率为39．11％（158／404）,梅毒抗体阳性率为1．24％（5／404）。结论：梧州市静脉吸毒人群中不仅存在因静脉注射吸毒经血传播HIV的危险,还存在因性接触传播的危险因素。应及时开展宣传教育以及行为干预工作。     

美沙酮维持治疗门诊受治人群HCV感染及影响因素分析

目的：了解西安市美沙酮维持治疗门诊受治人群丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染现状及其特点,为制订相应的干预措施提供科学依据。方法：对西安市美沙酮维持治疗门诊（MMT）2007年5月1日至2008年5月31日入组的404名海洛因依赖者进行问卷调查,并采静脉血检测抗-HCV抗体。结果：404名吸毒者中,抗-HCV阳性率为60．6％。静脉注射史中,曾静脉注射吸毒者280人,抗-HCV阳性率为75．4％,高于非静脉吸毒者的27．4％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。有14人曾共用注射器具,占3．5％（14／404）。共用注射器具的感染率为78．6％。未共用注射器具者的HCV感染率为60．0％。多性伴者HCV感染率明显高于单一性伴或无性伴者．P〈0．01．有统计学意义。结论：西安市海溶因依籁人群HCV感染率高．相关危险行为普谝存在。     

43例海洛因依赖者HIV感染情况分析

目的：了解海洛因滥用者HIV感染情况并分析其相关因素。方法：对我院2005年、2006年两年收治的4481例海洛因依赖者进行HIV血清抗体检测,初筛阳性者填写HIV／AIDS感染个案调查登记及流行病学调查表并上报上级防疫部门进行复查确诊。结果：4481例海洛因滥用者中HIV抗体阳性者43例占0.96％,其中2005年10例占0.42％（10／2367）,2006年33例占1.56％（33／2114）,两年比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）,所有感染者均为静脉注射吸毒者,其中42例有共用注射器情况。43例HIV感染者均有性乱行为。结论：静脉注射特别是共用注射器是造成HIV在吸毒群体中迅速传播的危险因素,性乱行为加速了HIV从吸毒人群到普通人群的蔓延。因此,加强对吸毒人群特别是注射毒品者进行教育和行为干预,改变吸毒者的认知及行为方式,拒绝共用注射器,拒绝性乱行为,能有效地避免HIV／AIDS的传播。     

美沙酮维持治疗门诊吸毒人群HCV感染调查分析

目的：调查美沙酮治疗门诊吸毒人群中HCV的感染率并为制定相应的预防措施提供科学依据。方法：宝鸡市美沙酮维持治疗（MMT）门诊61名受治者采静脉血检测抗-HCV抗体,调查在治者的HIV感染率。结果：受治者总抗-HCV阳性率为42．62％,HCV感染率女性高于男性,吸毒人群中HIV感染率高于一般人群。结论：MMT门诊吸毒人群HCV感染率高,相关危险行为普遍存在,应对吸毒人群加强教育,使其改变吸毒方式或参加美沙酮维持治疗,同时加强对相关人员的防护措施。     

宁波海洛因依赖者丙型肝炎病毒感染分析

目的：了解宁波地区海洛因依赖者丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法：于2007年6月-9月对宁波地区114例海洛因依赖者进行问卷调查，调查内容包括社会人口学、毒品使用、共用注射器静脉吸毒以及安全套使用情况等，同时采集血样进行HCV抗体检测。结果：在114例海洛因依赖者中，HCV感染率为71．1％。HCV感染与年龄、吸毒时间、吸毒方式及共用注射器有关。年龄在28岁以下的感染率为78．1％，吸毒时间在5年以上的感染率为81．8％，静脉注射吸毒的感染率为77．8％，共用注射器吸毒的感染率为87．7％。结论：近年来，宁波地区海洛因依赖者HCV感染率显著上升，应该在该地区进一步加大干预工作的力度以控制HCV的传播。     

贵阳市吸毒人群传播艾滋病的危险行为干预研究

目的：探索贵阳市社区普通人群和吸毒人群传播艾滋病危险行为的有效干预方法，以此提高他们预防艾滋病的知识水平及对毒品和艾滋病的警觉性，提倡百分之百使用安全套，降低吸毒人群共用注射针剂的高危行为。方法：利用调查表对三个社区及两个戒毒所的吸毒人群1192人进行艾滋病知识，态度，行为等基线资料调查，采用发放宣传资料，讲课，放录像，防治咨询，发放安全套和一次性注射器等方法进行教育干扰。结果：通过健康教育干预后，预防STD／AIDS知识比基线调查的回答正确率显著提高；艾滋病是传染病由82．67％上升到92．91％，对艾滋病的三种传播途径的了解由61．83％提高到75．45％，认为一般日常生活接触不会传播艾滋病的由70．50％上升到98．43％，共用注射器静脉吸毒可传播艾滋病由74％上升到89．53％，高危行为时使用安全套可预防性病艾滋病由43．25％上升到65．16％，经χ^2检验差异均具有非常显著意义（P＜0．01),结论：在社区吸毒人群中采用大力宣传，“同伴教育”健康咨询等预防策略及减少伤害等干预措施是吸毒人群中遇到STD／AIDS蔓延的重要干预手段，应在全省各社区广泛开展。     

四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及其行为特征调查

目的:了解四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及行为特征情况,为采取有针对性的戒毒干预措施预防艾滋病病毒的传播提供数据.方法:以社区为基础招募了379名静脉吸毒人员,调查其人口学特征,艾滋病病毒感染情况,药物滥用的种类、吸毒方式和频率,口吸和静脉吸毒时间,共用注射器具情况等.结果:静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率为11.3%(43/379).379名被调查者全部为海洛因滥用者,其中247人(65.2%)单独使用过海洛因,297人(78.4%)混合注射过海洛因与安定,滥用过的其他药物有安定(8.2%)和鸦片(1.3%).300人(79.2%)每天静脉注射吸毒一次及以上;曾经共用注射器具静脉吸毒的为247人(65.2%),87人(35.2%)首次静脉注射吸毒即与他人共用注射器具;初次口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均年龄分别为22.37岁和25.35岁,口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均时间分别为6.41年和3.42年.结论:加强青少年、吸毒人员关于毒品危害和拒绝毒品的健康教育活动,以及开展美沙酮或丁丙诺啡口服治疗海洛因依赖者,降低静脉注射吸毒行为,控制艾滋病病毒的传播.     

HIV infection and high-risk behaviors in opioid dependent patients: the Indian context

Various risk behaviors promote the spread of HIV in drug addicts. Reflecting the substantial regional and geographic differences in the impact of HIV, its prevalence rates vary from country to country. In view of increasing reports of injection drug-uses (IDUs) from different parts of India, the study was aimed to examine and investigate the difference in prevalence rates of seropositivity between IDUs and non-IDUs in patients of drug dependence and to compare the pattern of risk behaviors due to sexual and drug use practice in IDUs and non-IDUs. A high HIV seroprevalence of 8.3% between IDUs and 1.8% in non-IDUs was found. The study findings suggest a trend towards drug-related risks being higher than sex-related risks in IDUs.     

瑞丽市中国与缅甸静脉吸毒人员高危行为及干预现状比较研究

目的:比较中国与缅甸静脉吸毒人员(IDUs)高危行为及干预现状,为后续跨境综合干预活动提供依据。方法:2009-2010年瑞丽市为调查点,戒毒所缅甸注射吸毒人员整群抽样,结合社区中缅IDUs滚血球抽样。问卷调查收集艾滋病相关知识、共用针具、接受干预服务、高危性行为等方面的情况。SPSS 18.0软件包数据分析,秩和检验和χ2检验。结果:缅甸及中国IDUs中HIV感染率分别为35.6%及41.6%。缅甸籍IDUs新检测为阳性的比例27.6%,远高于中国籍的比例3.5%。中国IDUs最近1年接受过干预服务得分高于缅甸籍吸毒人员。缅甸、中国IDUs上个月注射时都使用新针具的比例为40.6%和46.2%,上个月使用别人用过的针具比例为33.3%和33.8%。上一次付费的性交易中没有使用安全套的比例,缅甸为91.0%,中国为57.8%,而最近一次发生性行为时没有使用安全套的比例缅甸(87.2%)高于中国(59.6%)。结论:边境区域中缅IDUs高危行为明显,应采用多种方法加大对中国缅甸籍IDUs减少伤害综合服务力度。     

注射毒品者梅毒感染状况及其危险因素研究

目的评估注射毒品者梅毒感染水平及其影响因素,为在该人群中预防和控制性病提供基础资料。方法对2001年5月-2002年6月在北京市社区和强制戒毒所招募的232例注射毒品者进行匿名问卷调查,调查内容有人口学特征、毒品使用行为、性行为、艾滋病知识和相关行为。调查结束后采取静脉血5ml,试验室检测梅毒螺旋体感染情况。结果本次调查的注射毒品者中梅毒感染率为5.17%,女性是注射毒品者感染梅毒的影响因素。结论注射毒品人群中梅毒的感染率远高于普通人,且女性是梅毒感染的危险因素,建议对此人群的干预措施应结合高危性行为,尤其对女性。     

HIV prevalence and correlates of receptive needle sharing among injection drug users in the Mexican-U.s. border city of Tijuana

Injection drug use is a growing but understudied problem in Tijuana, a city situated on the northwestern Mexico-U.S border. The authors studied factors associated with receptive needle sharing in an effort to inform prevention activities. In 2003, street-recruited injection drug users (IDUs) in Tijuana underwent interviews on injection risk behaviors and rapid HIV antibody tests. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of receptive needle sharing at the last injection episode. Of 402 IDUs, 87.6% were male; the median age was 34. HIV prevalence was 4.01% (95% CI: 2.29-6.51). One third reported receptive needle sharing at last injection. Factors independently associated with receptive needle sharing were years living in Tijuana (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AdjOR]= 0.97 per year, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99), being bisexual/homosexual (AdjOR=2.12; 95% CI: 1.30 - 3.44), unemployed (AdjOR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.52-4.10), never having an HIV test (AOR: 4.02; 95% CI: 2.44-6.60), having friends who placed importance on avoiding HIV (AdjOR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.19-0.68) and last injecting in a shooting gallery (AdjOR=1.98; 95% CI: 1.21-3.24). These results underscore the need to increase access to voluntary HIV testing and counseling to IDUs and migrants in Tijuana, as well as expand access to sterile syringes in an effort to avert widespread HIV transmission.     

Collateral damage in the war on drugs: HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users

Objective: To determine whether two key War on Drugs policies, the criminalization of syringes and the disqualification of drug users from the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, are associated with injection-related human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs). Methods: IDUs were interviewed regarding HIV risk behaviors, drug use, and criminal activities in six San Francisco Bay Area communities in 1996 and followed through 1997 (n=1257). Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine the association between concern about arrest while carrying drug paraphernalia and injection-related risk behaviors. Regarding SSI, respondents were interviewed before (1996) and after (1997) drug and alcohol addicts were disqualified from SSI (n=88). Bivariate analysis was conducted comparing IDUs who lost SSI benefits with those who retained benefits. Results: Among our study sample, 32% of IDUs reported being concerned about possible arrest while carrying drug paraphernalia. In multivariate analysis, concerned IDUs were over one-and-a-half times more likely to share syringes than IDUs not concerned (adjusted odds ratio=1.74; 95% confidence interval =1.24, 2.44). Regarding SSI, 60% (53/88) of baseline SSI recipients had lost benefits by their follow-up interview. IDUs who lost benefits were more likely to participate in illegal activities (48 vs. 27%; P<0.05), more likely to share syringes (17 vs. 0%; P<0.05) and injected drugs on average more (43.8 vs. 36.4 per month; P<0.03) than those who retained benefits. Conclusions: These data suggest that War on Drugs policies which deny injection equipment and federal income support to IDUs also increase their risk for HIV infection, and should be reconsidered.     

A profile on HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among injecting drug users in Nigeria: Should we be alarmed?

ObjectiveInjecting drug use is now recognized as a significant risk factor for HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. We evaluated prevalence and correlates of HIV among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Nigeria.MethodsA cross sectional design using respondent driven sampling was conducted in six states in 2010. Weighted HIV prevalence and injecting risk behaviors calculated using RDS analytic tool. Logistic regression was used to determine correlates of HIV infection, stratified by state.ResultsTotal numbers of IDUs ranged from 197 in Lagos to 273 in Cross River and Oyo states. HIV prevalence was highest in Federal Capital Territory (FCT) at 9.3%, Kaduna 5.8%, Oyo 5.1%, Kano 4.9%, CR 3.3% and Lagos 3.0%. Although >90% of participants were male, females had higher HIV prevalence in all states surveyed except FCT (range: 7.4% in CR to 37.7% in Kano). Logistic regression showed that females were significantly more likely to be HIV positive in Kano [OR = 33.2, 95% CI: 6.8–160.4], Oyo [AOR = 15.9, 95% CI: 3.69–68.51], Lagos [OR = 15.5, 95% CI: 2.41–99.5] and Kaduna states [AOR = 19.6, 95% CI: 4.4–87.6]. For injecting risk behavior, only receptive sharing was associated with HIV [AOR = 7.6, 95% CI: 1.2–48.7] and [AOR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.04–0.92] in Oyo and Kaduna states respectively.ConclusionsConsiderable heterogeneity in the prevalence of HIV and associated risk behaviors exist among IDUs across Nigeria. Females had higher HIV prevalence among IDUs in five of six states, suggesting a need for targeted interventions for this hidden subgroup. Further research is needed to understand HIV transmission dynamics of IDUs in Nigeria. Community-based opioid substitution therapy and needle exchange programs should be implemented without delay.     

Demographic, HIV risk behavior, and health status characteristics of "crack" cocaine injectors compared to other injection drug users in three New England cities

OBJECTIVES: To compare demographic, HIV risk behaviors, and health status characteristics of injection drug users (IDUs) who have injected "crack" cocaine with IDUs who have not. METHODS: Nine hundred and eighty-nine IDUs were recruited in New Haven, CT, Hartford, CT and Springfield, MA from January 2000 to May 2002. Participants were administered a modified version of the National Institute on Drug Abuse Risk Behavior Assessment Questionnaire. RESULTS: Nine percent (n = 89) of participants reported "ever" injecting crack cocaine and 4.2% (n = 42) reported injecting crack in the past 30 days. Lifetime and current crack injectors did not differ significantly on any demographic characteristics. Lifetime and current crack injectors did not differ on gender, age or marital status from IDUs who have never injected crack. Significant differences were found on race, education, employment and residence, with crack injectors more likely to be white, employed, better educated and living in New Haven than IDUs who have never injected crack. After adjusting for current (past 30 day) speedball and powder cocaine injection, crack injectors reported higher rates of risky drug use behaviors and female crack injectors reported higher rates of risky sexual behaviors. Crack injectors reported higher rates of abscesses, mental illness and Hepatitis C infection, but not Hepatitis B or HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of crack cocaine injection requires urgent attention, as this new drug use behavior is associated with elevated rates of high risk behaviors.     

中缅边境社区静脉注射吸毒人员高危注射行为对比分析

目的 分析中缅边境社区静脉注射吸毒人员（IDUs）高危注射行为情况,为下一步加强边境地区跨境吸毒人员综合干预提供有利依据.方法 2009年在云南2个边境县,采用滚雪球方法选取社区内跨境缅甸籍和中国籍IDUs,知情同意后,采用自行设计并经预测试的双语问卷进行调查并进行血清学检测.调查内容包括基本情况、艾滋病知识、人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）相关高危行为等.数据采用Excel2003建库录入,SPSS16.0 软件进行统计分析.结果 两地共调查249例吸毒人员,其中中国籍100例,缅甸籍149例.20.0%中国籍及10.1%缅籍IDUs上月注射时有共针现象,中缅IDUs的HIV感染率分别为32.0%、19.5%.两地吸毒人员上月注射时是否共用针具、或共用过毒品稀释溶液或容器及上次注射使用新针具体情况比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 为控制边境吸毒人员HIV感染传播,加强跨边境吸毒人员的综合干预,特别是边境中国吸毒人员的综合干预十分重要.     

The effect of methadone maintenance on positive outcomes for opiate injection drug users

This study examined outcome variables for 160 opiate injection drug users (IDUs) who entered methadone maintenance between baseline and 6-month follow-up. Outcome variables of interest included drug use, productivity, and HIV risk behaviors. Participants were recruited through street outreach in Denver, CO, from 2000 through 2004 using targeted sampling. The sample was primarily men, White (48%), averaged 39 years of age, and had been injecting drugs for an average of nearly 20 years. Significant improvements were found in univariate tests. Logistic regression revealed that spending more time in treatment was a significant predictor of positive outcomes on drug use and HIV risk behaviors. The results underscore the importance of retaining IDUs in methadone maintenance to maximize their treatment success. Results from this study show that time in treatment can affect many aspects of the participant's life in a positive way, including reduction of HIV risk.