四川省西昌市吸毒人群初次共用注射器具吸毒情况调查分析

目的:了解四川省西昌市吸毒人群初次共用注射器具的发生情况及其影响因素。方法:于2004年5-7月,从社区中招募吸毒人员,调查其社会人口学、初次吸烟、饮酒和吸毒相关行为特征情况。结果:在调查的451名吸毒人员中,82·04%(370/451)在调查前注射毒品;50·33%(227/451)曾经共用过注射器具。从初次吸毒到初次共用注射器具静脉注射毒品的发生率为9·69/100人年,多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,与初次共用注射器具的发生相关的变量为男性(危险率比值为1·80;95%可信区间为1·11-2·91)、初中以下文化(危险率比值为1·48;95%可信区间为1·14-1·94)和15a以前开始吸烟(危险率比值为1·40;95%可信区间为1·06-1·84)。从初次静脉注射毒品到初次共用注射器具注射毒品的发生率为34·12/100人年,多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,与初次共用注射器具发生相关的变量为男性(危险率比值为1·92;95%可信区间为1·20-3·06)和初中以下文化(危险率比值为1·31;95%可信区间为1·00-1·71)。结论:西昌市吸毒人群中男性、文化程度低和吸烟年龄早是其初次共用注射器具发生的影响因素。     

乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次注射吸毒和共用器具注射吸毒的调查研究

目的：了解新疆乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群从首次注射吸毒到首次共用器具注射吸毒的发生情况及影响因素。方法：于2005年4-6月以社区为基础招募吸毒者，调查其社会人口学特征、首次吸毒、首次注射吸毒和首次共用器具注射吸毒情况。结果：在调查的静脉吸毒者401人中，68．6％（275／401）的吸毒者曾经共用器具注射吸毒。从首次吸毒到首次注射吸毒的发生率为23．58／100人年（95％CI=21。27-25．89），多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示：女性（HR=1.65，95％CI=1．21-2，24）和首次吸毒年份为1994年及以后（HR=3．56，95％CI=2．84～4．47）与首次注射吸毒发生的关系有统计学意义；从首次注射吸毒到首次共用器具注射毒品的发生率为24．99／100人年（95％CI=22．04-27，94），多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示：维族（HR=I，41，95％CI=1.08～1．85）、初中及以下文化程度（HR=1，41，95％CI=1.09-1．82）和首次注射吸毒年份为1998年及以后（HR=1．56，95％CI=1．20-2．04）与首次共用器具注射吸毒发生的关系有统计学意义。结论：近期开始滥用毒品的吸毒者易于从口吸转变为注射吸毒进而共用器具注射吸毒。注射吸毒是HIV感染和传播的主要途径。     

贵阳市某戒毒所静脉吸毒人群HCV感染现状调查

丙型肝炎(HCV)是一种经血液传播的传染性疾病,吸毒人群尤其是静脉注射吸毒者是HCV感染的高危人群.为了解该人群HCV感染现状,我们对贵阳市某戒毒所该人群进行了 HCV抗体检测,现将结果报告如下.     

四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染情况研究

目的：了解四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法l于2005年10月至11月在西昌市对静脉吸毒人群进行问卷调查，调查内容包括社会人口学、毒品使用、共用注射器具静脉吸毒以及性行为情况等，同时采集血样进行HCV抗体检测。结果：在招募的325名静脉吸毒者中，HCV感染率为61．8％（201／325）。多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示，无业（OR，1．90；95％CI，1．11．3．24）、近3个月共用针头或注射器（OR，2．40；95％CI，1．164．99）以及近6个月以性交为条件接受性伴提供的钱物、毒品或住处（OR，8．96；95％CI，1．15-69．58）与静脉吸毒人群HCV感染的关系有统计学意义。结论：四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群中HCV感染率仍在升高，应该在该地区进一步加大干预工作的力度以控制HCV的传播。     

四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及其行为特征调查

目的:了解四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及行为特征情况,为采取有针对性的戒毒干预措施预防艾滋病病毒的传播提供数据.方法:以社区为基础招募了379名静脉吸毒人员,调查其人口学特征,艾滋病病毒感染情况,药物滥用的种类、吸毒方式和频率,口吸和静脉吸毒时间,共用注射器具情况等.结果:静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率为11.3%(43/379).379名被调查者全部为海洛因滥用者,其中247人(65.2%)单独使用过海洛因,297人(78.4%)混合注射过海洛因与安定,滥用过的其他药物有安定(8.2%)和鸦片(1.3%).300人(79.2%)每天静脉注射吸毒一次及以上;曾经共用注射器具静脉吸毒的为247人(65.2%),87人(35.2%)首次静脉注射吸毒即与他人共用注射器具;初次口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均年龄分别为22.37岁和25.35岁,口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均时间分别为6.41年和3.42年.结论:加强青少年、吸毒人员关于毒品危害和拒绝毒品的健康教育活动,以及开展美沙酮或丁丙诺啡口服治疗海洛因依赖者,降低静脉注射吸毒行为,控制艾滋病病毒的传播.     

九江市吸毒卖淫人群HIV监测和行为调查

九江是一座旅游城市，人口流动大，吸毒、卖淫现象存在。但由于经济和技术原因，HIV感染情况不明，传播途径和危险因素不知，艾滋病防治方面工作进展缓慢。为此，我们于2001～2002年开展了九江市吸毒卖淫人群HIV感染现状和相关行为、知识、态度的调查。现将结果报告如下：     

吸毒人群对自身和同伴染患HIV/AIDS的态度调查

目的·· :了解吸毒人群对自身和同伴染患HIV/AIDS后的态度。方法·· :随机抽取正在接受脱毒治疗的500名海洛因依赖者 ,匿名填写问卷进行调查。结果·· :91.6 %的吸毒者担心过去的行为会感染HIV;89 %的人希望接受HIV检测,11 %拒绝检查,其原因依次为:恐惧 (70.9 % )、没必要 (20.0 % )、担心被人知道 (9.1 % ) ;对自身感染HIV后的态度:寻求治疗者66.0% ,报复社会者12.6 % ,有轻生倾向者11.2 % ,希望得到别人的理解和帮助者94.6% ;对同伴感染HIV后的态度 :69.2 %的人采取远离和回避,愿意提供帮助者仅为8.8 %。结论·· :吸毒人群对自身和同伴染患HIV/AIDS存在矛盾的心理 ,HIV感染造成的精神压力和逆反心理 ,有使其产生轻生或违法行为的倾向 ;提供相应的医疗、管理与咨询服务,进行必要的预防教育、行为干预和集中治疗 ,对预防和减少吸毒者感染HIV后对正常人群的威胁具有积极和重要的意义     

深圳市龙岗区吸毒人群HIV、HCV、TP感染状况分析

目的分析深圳市龙岗区2009～2011年吸毒人群的艾滋病病毒、丙肝肝炎病毒以及梅毒螺旋体的感染状况,为吸毒人群防治提供科学依据。方法根据全国哨点监测方案的要求,以重复横断面调查的方法对吸毒人群进行监测,收集2009～2011年深圳市龙岗区吸毒人群的健康调查问卷以及血清学检测3种传染病抗体的结果,对结果进行统计分析。结果所调查的深圳市龙岗区吸毒人员HCV抗体阳性率为47.8%,HIV抗体阳性率为3.8%,TP抗体阳性率为14.0%,其中男性HCV感染率49.8%高于女性34.4%(x2=12.70,P<0.01),男性TP感染率12.5%低于女性24.7%(x2=16.57,P<0.01),男女HIV感染率差异无显著性;HCV的感染率静脉注射组比非静脉注射组高(x2=92.96,P<0.01),HIV与TP感染率静脉注射组与非静脉注射组差异无显著性;女性HCV和TP混合感染率较男性高(x2=8.10,P<0.01),男性组的HIV和HCV混合感染率、HIV和TP混合感染率、HIV、HCV和TP混合感染率与女性组比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 HIV、HCV和TP在深圳市龙岗区吸毒人群中的感染率较高,应该有针对性地开展健康教育和行为干预,降低吸毒人群传染性疾病的感染率。     

美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染状况分析

目的 了解在闸弄口街道社区卫生服务中心美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染状况.方法 采集美沙酮门诊吸毒人员静脉血标本118份,进行HIV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测.结果 118名吸毒人员中,HIV抗体阳性2例(1.69％),HCV抗体阳性44例(37.29％),梅毒抗体阳性5例(4.2 3％);HIV/HCV合并感染2例(1.69％),梅毒/HCV合并感染1例(1.69％).结论 闸弄口街道社区卫生服务中心美沙酮门诊吸毒人群中HIV、HCV、梅毒感染率较高,应积极开展针对性的干预措施.     

静脉吸毒人群前瞻性队列研究1年随访死因分析

目的:了解四川省某地区静脉吸毒人群的死亡情况.方法:于2002年¨月筛选和招募静脉吸毒人群队列376人,队列随访1年.筛选时调查静脉吸毒人群的社会人口学和吸毒行为特征,对死亡人员进行死因分析.结果:队列随访1年中死亡28人,死亡率为77.32/1000人年,标准化死亡比(SMR)为47.46,95%可信区间为[31.52～68.47].死因中因吸毒过量死亡占64.3%(18人),与吸毒有关的意外伤害死亡占14.3%(4人),其他21.4%(6人).队列随访中未见艾滋病病例.结论:需进一步加强吸毒人群的死亡研究,以便开展针对性的干预措施来降低静脉吸毒人群的死亡率.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次吸毒的影响因素分析

目的:了解乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次吸毒的发生情况。方法:于2004年9―10月,应用结构式问卷调查乌鲁木齐市吸毒者性别、年龄、民族、文化程度,首次吸毒时间、方式及种类,首次吸毒前调查对象的吸烟、饮酒,家庭成员、朋友和亲戚吸毒情况。结果:提供知情同意书的509名吸毒者中,研究对象从出生到首次吸毒的发生率为4.90/100人年(95%CI为4.48-5.33),发生首次吸毒的中位时间为19.7(95%CI为19.1-20.4)岁。在多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析中,维族(HR值为1.50;95%CI为1.25-1.80)、15岁以前开始吸烟(HR值为2.12,95%CI为1.77-2.55)及亲戚吸毒(HR值为1.36;95%CI为1.05-1.75)与发生首次吸毒的关系有统计学意义。结论:本调查提示青少年早期吸烟干预的健康教育对预防毒品滥用有必要,维族应该是当地干预的重点对象。     

Hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection among injection drug users in Los Angeles County, California

This study examined the prevalence of hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection among Injection Drug Users (IDUs) in Los Angeles County, California, and predictors of multiple infections in this population. Six hundred seventy-nine IDUs were recruited from October 2002 through June 2004. Participants completed questionnaires to elicit demographic, drug and sex risk information, and were tested for hepatitis A, B, C and HIV.A linear regression model predicting the total number of infections (0 to 4 possible) was constructed. Significant associations were found between HAV and HBV infection, HAV and HCV infection, and HBV and HCV infection. Predictors of total co-infections included age of first injection, lifetime years in jail, and Hispanic ethnicity. Latinos had the highest proportion of HAV and HBV co-infection with HCV. The total number of co-infections, especially those co-infected with all three of the hepatitis infections, was unexpectedly high.     

Methadone use among HIV-positive injection drug users in a Canadian setting

We examined methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) use among HIV-positive injection drug users (IDU) in Vancouver. Among 353 participants, 199 (56.3%) were on MMT at baseline, and 48 initiated MMT during follow-up. Female gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14–2.62) and antiretroviral therapy use (AOR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.46–2.86) were positively associated with MMT use, whereas frequent heroin injection (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.23–0.50), public injection (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.59–0.97), syringe borrowing (AOR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.32–0.90), and nonfatal overdose (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.36–0.92) were negatively associated with MMT use. The rate of discontinuation of MMT was 12.46 (95% CI = 8.28–18.00) per 100 person years. Frequent heroin use (adjusted hazards ratio = 4.49, 95%CI = 1.81–11.13) was positively associated with subsequent discontinuation of MMT. These findings demonstrate the benefits of MMT among HIV-positive IDU and the need to improve access to and retention in MMT.     

Crystal methamphetamine injection predicts slower HIV RNA suppression among injection drug users

We examined the impact of crystal methamphetamine injection on HIV RNA suppression among a prospective cohort of HIV-positive injection drug users initiating antiretroviral therapy. A multivariate Cox regression analysis found crystal methamphetamine injection to be negatively associated with viral load suppression (RH=0.63 [95% CI: 0.40-0.98]; p=0.039). This study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate an association between crystal methamphetamine use and HIV RNA suppression.     

Prevalence and correlates of jugular injections among injection drug users

Background . Jugular injection of drugs has been reported, although little is known about the prevalence of and risk factors associated with this behaviour. We evaluated factors associated with jugular injection among a cohort of injection drug users (IDU) in Vancouver, Canada. Methods . We used univariate statistics and logistic regression to examine factors associated with jugular injection among participants in the Vancouver Injecting Drug Users Study (VIDUS), a large prospective cohort study of IDU recruited through snowball sampling methods in Vancouver, Canada. Findings . Between December 2004 and November 2005, 780 IDU were followed up as part of VIDUS and 198 (25%) reported jugular injection in the previous 6 months. In multivariate analyses, factors associated independently with jugular injection included: being of the female gender [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–2.59; p = 0.010], daily heroin use (aOR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.93–4.34; p < 0.001), daily cocaine use (aOR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.12–2.76; p = 0.014], requiring help injecting (aOR = 4.44, 95% CI: 2.64–7.46; p < 0.001), and involvement in the sex‐trade (aOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.6–4.55; p < 0.001). Interpretation . Reporting a history of jugular injecting was alarmingly high in the cohort and was associated with several identifiable demographic and drug‐using characteristics. Given previous reports demonstrating the risk of infection and vascular trauma due to this behaviour, these populations should be considered seriously as a target for safer injecting education.     

Activity spaces among injection drug users in San Francisco

BackgroundRepresentations of activity spaces, defined as the local areas within which people move or travel in the course of their daily activities, are unexplored among injection drug users (IDUs). The purpose of this paper is to use an activity space framework to study place and drug user health.MethodsData for this analysis is from an epidemiological study of street-recruited IDUs in San Francisco (N = 1084). Study participants reported geographic intersections of where they most often slept at night, hung out during the day, and used drugs during a 6 month time period. We used GIS software to construct and map activity space routes of street-based network paths between these intersections. We further identified if syringe exchange program (SEP) locations intersected with, participant activity space routes. We used logistic regression to estimate associations between activity space variables and HIV serostatus, syringe sharing, and non-fatal overdose, after adjusting for individual and Census tract covariates.ResultsMean activity space distance for all participants was 1.5 miles. 9.6% of participants had a SEP located along their activity space. An increase in activity space distance was associated with a decrease in odds of being HIV positive. An increase in residential transience, or the number of different locations slept in by participants in a 6 month time period, was associated with higher odds of syringe sharing. Activity space distance was not independently associated with overdose or syringe sharing.DiscussionResearch that locates individuals in places of perceived importance is needed to inform placement and accessibility of HIV and overdose prevention programs. More attention needs to be given to the logistics of collecting sensitive geospatial data from vulnerable populations as well as how to maximize the use of GIS software for visualizing and understanding how IDUs interact with their environment.     

Alcohol use patterns predict high-risk HIV behaviors among active injection drug users

The purpose of this study was to determine if alcohol use is independently associated with needle-sharing behavior. Participants were 196 active injection drug users recruited into the Providence, Rhode Island Needle Exchange program between July 1997 and March 1998. All subjects were administered a 45-minute questionnaire that included questions on quantity/frequency of alcohol use and the alcohol abuse section of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID; Spitzer, Williams, Gibbon, & First, 1992). Drug risk behaviors, including needle sharing were assessed using the HIV Risk Assessment Battery (RAB; Navaline et al., 1994). Of 196 IDUs, 60% had used alcohol in the last month. Twenty-eight percent met criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., rev. (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) for alcohol abuse over the last 6 months. One half of IDUs had shared needles in the last 6 months. Increasing levels of alcohol ingestion were associated with greater RAB drug risk scores and greater needle sharing. Using multiple logistic regression, high-level "at-risk" alcohol use (odds ratio [OR], 2.5) and alcohol abuse (OR, 2.3) were significantly associated with needle sharing when controlling for other demographic and behavioral factors previously found to be associated with sharing. The results of this study showed that prevalence of alcohol abuse is high in this population and is associated with needle sharing. HIV prevention effects in needle exchange programs should address alcohol use.     

Difficulty accessing syringes and syringe borrowing among injection drug users in Bangkok,Thailand

Introduction and Aims. Thailand's longstanding HIV epidemic among injection drug users (IDU) has been attributed, in part, to the Thai government's unwillingness to implement evidence‐based HIV prevention interventions. This study was undertaken to examine risk factors for syringe borrowing among a community‐recruited sample of Thai IDU. Design and Methods. We examined the prevalence of syringe borrowing among 238 IDU participating in the Mit Sampan Community Research Project, Bangkok. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of syringe borrowing in the past 6 months. Results. A total of 238 IDU participated in this study; 66 (26.2%) were female, and the median age was 36.5 years. In total, 72 (30.3%) participants reported borrowing a used syringe in the past 6 months, with 47 (65.3%) of these individuals reporting multiple borrowing events. In multivariate analyses, syringe borrowing was positively associated with difficulty accessing syringes [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–5.60] and injecting with other people on a frequent basis (AOR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.73–5.83). Primary reasons offered for experiencing difficulty accessing syringes included being too far from syringe outlets (34.1%), pharmacies being closed (13.6%) and being refused syringes at pharmacies (9.1%). Discussion and Conclusions. We observed an alarmingly high rate of syringe borrowing among a community‐recruited sample of Thai IDU. Various lines of evidence indicate that poor access to sterile syringes is driving the high rate of syringe borrowing observed in this study. Immediate action should be taken to increase access to sterile syringes among Thai IDU. [Kerr T, Fairbairn N, Hayashi K, Suwannawong P, Kaplan K, Zhang R, Wood E. Difficulty accessing syringes and syringe borrowing among injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]     

High prevalence of alcohol use among hepatitis C virus antibody positive injection drug users in three US cities

Injection drug users (IDUs) acquire the majority of new hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and frequently use alcohol. Alcohol abuse accelerates liver disease among HCV-infected persons, can reduce the effectiveness of treatment for HCV infection and may be a contraindication for HCV treatment. HCV seropositive, HIV-negative IDUs aged 18-35 years in Baltimore, New York City and Seattle who were enrolled in a behavioral risk-reduction intervention trial underwent computerized self-interviews to assess baseline alcohol use and dependence and medical history. We measured problem alcohol use using the 10-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scale. Of 598 participants, 84% responded "false" to: "it is safe for a person with HCV to drink alcohol". Problem drinking, defined as score > or =8 on AUDIT, was identified in 37%. Correlates of scoring > or =8 on AUDIT included homelessness, male gender, primarily injecting speedballs, having injected with used needles, prior alcohol treatment and depression. Although most HCV seropositive IDUs in our sample appear informed about their increased risk of liver disease from alcohol, two-fifths screened positive for problem alcohol use. These findings underscore the importance of referring HCV-positive persons to effective alcohol treatment programs to reduce future liver damage and improve eligibility for and effectiveness of treatment of HCV.