Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery with a Large Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Aversion of a Catastrophe

We present an infant who had an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), who was diagnosed before a potentially catastrophic closure of PDA. In the presence of normal left ventricular function and the absence of coronary artery collaterals, it is difficult to diagnose ALCAPA. A disproportionate degree of left ventriclular dilation and severity of mitral valve regurgitation relative to the degree of PDA shunt, and echogenic papillary muscles on an echocardiogram should raise a suspicion of coronary artery anomalies. The infant underwent surgical ligation of PDA with translocation of coronary arteries and had an uneventful recovery.     

Incidental Discovery of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery Arising from the Pulmonary Artery in a Coronavirus Disease-2019 Patient: A Blessing in Disguise

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a serious congenital malformation. Reports about asymptomatic, incidentally discovered ALCAPA in adults are scarce. We describe a patient with no known pre-existing cardiac condition admitted to our hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and was incidentally found to have ALCAPA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of incidentally discovered ALCAPA in a COVID-19 patient and highlights the importance of appropriate investigation of the coronary status by Multidetector Cardiac Computed Tomographic Angiography (MDCCTA) in individuals with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. The presentation of this case, discussion and literature review serves to iterate the necessity of appropriately investigating patients with asymptomatic LV dysfunction.     

Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery Diagnosed as an Incidental Finding

A 2‐year‐old boy was referred for evaluation of a systolic heart murmur. Two‐dimensional Doppler echocardiogram showed an abnormal flow through the interventricular septum, directed upward and toward the posterior wall of the main pulmonary artery. Left coronary angiogram showed a normal distribution of the anterior descending and circumflex arteries. The right coronary artery (RCA) was fully filled through collaterals from the left coronary system, and arising from the main pulmonary artery. Successful surgical reimplantation of the RCA was undertaken. Although uncommon, it is important to recognize the anomalous origin of the RCA arising from the pulmonary artery since it can be associated with serious adverse cardiac events.     

Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection in an Infant with Unrepaired Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery

Abnormal origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare coronary anomaly in children that requires necessary and urgent repair. We report a child who was hospitalized with respiratory failure due respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) infection and was subsequently diagnosed with ALCAPA. Aggressive treatment for RSV included synagis and nebulized ribavirin prior to surgical repair. After waiting 4 weeks for the RSV infection to resolve, she underwent successful left coronary artery reimplantation on hospital day 27 and has regained normal left ventricular size and function.     

Congenital Left Ventricular Splint in an Adult Patient with Unrepaired Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery

A 24‐year‐old woman presented with a recent increase in dyspnea on exertion and development of presyncope. The patient stated that she has reproducible episodes of dizziness and near fainting when she climbs a flight of stairs and activity is limited to a slow gait.     

Diagnosis and Repair of Anomalous Right Coronary Artery from Pulmonary Artery in a Neonate

We describe a case of an anomalous right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery that presented in the neonatal period with significant arrhythmias. The repair demonstrates that this can be performed safely and effectively in the neonate.     

Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Right Pulmonary Artery Presenting Following Relief of Left Heart Obstruction: A Distinct and Predictable Clinico-Pathological Syndrome

Introduction. Pre-operative recognition of significant abnormalities of the coronary arteries is important in a variety of congenital cardiac conditions. Failure to diagnose anomalous origin of the coronary artery from the pulmonary artery during repair of other anomalies is important because reduction in pulmonary artery pressure will reduce myocardial perfusion pressure. Patients. We report two cases of the rare association of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery, aortic coarctation, and mitral stenosis. Conclusions. Definitive imaging of coronary artery anatomy by echocardiography or other modalities should form a routine part of diagnostic assessment in all congenital heart disease patients but particularly those with left heart obstruction.     

Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Proper Sinus with Acute Angulation and an Intramural Segment

This is the first report of a coronary artery with an anomalous origin from the proper sinus resulting in ischemic events in a child. Transthoracic echocardiogram, computed tomogram, and coronary angiogram revealed that, although the left main coronary trunk originated from the left sinus, its ostium was displaced horizontally and was located near the commissure between the left and noncoronary valve cusps. Moreover, it was associated with an acute take off angle and an intramural segment, which are known contributing features for ischemia in cases of anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the wrong sinus. Surgical intervention, involving the unroofing procedure, was employed successfully to eliminate the ischemic events. At the latest follow up, no chest pain was reported and the transthoracic echocardiogram showed no stenosis of the neo‐ostium. Even in a coronary artery that originates from the proper sinus, an abnormal ostial location could be associated with an acute takeoff angle and an intramural segment. This finding is extremely rare but entails the risk of ischemia and sudden death.     

Anomalous Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery,Unroofed Coronary Sinus,Patent Foramen Ovale,and a Persistent Left‐sided SVC in a Single Patient: A Harmonious Quartet of Defects

Unroofing of the coronary sinus without complex structural heart defects is a rare congenital defect often seen in conjunction with a persistent left‐sided superior vena cava. Anomalous origin of the left anterior descending artery from the pulmonary artery with normal origin of the left circumflex coronary artery is an even rarer congenital cardiac defect. We report a case of a 54‐year‐old woman presenting with mild dyspnea on exertion who was found on invasive and noninvasive evaluations to have a unique combination of defects—unroofed coronary sinus, persistent left‐sided superior vena cava, patent foramen ovale, and anomalous origin of the left anterior descending artery from the pulmonary artery without evidence of previous coronary ischemia.     

婴儿期左冠状动脉起自肺动脉的外科治疗

本文报告两例婴儿左冠状动脉起自肺动脉的外科治疗。1例行肺动脉内隧道术，1例行冠状动脉再植术。前者存活，3年随访良好。后者死于肺动脉后壁缝合口出血。作者对本病的诊断、手术指征、手术方法的选择及继发病变的处理进行了讨论。     

Multimodality Imaging in Bland–White–Garland Syndrome in an Adult with a Left Dominant Coronary Artery System

Bland–White–Garland syndrome, also known as anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, is a rare congenital disorder affecting around one in 300 000 live births. The majority of these present within the first year of life with 90% mortality rate if untreated and consequently is an extremely rare presentation in the adult. We present the first published case with a left dominant system in an adult presenting in their late 20s, illustrated by multimodality imaging.     

右冠状动脉病变对左冠状动脉狭窄患者左心室功能的影响

目的　探讨右冠状动脉病变对左冠状动脉狭窄患者左心室功能的影响及其机制。方法　对比分析左冠状动脉狭窄患者在合并与不合并右冠状动脉病变时的左心室射血分数。结果　与相应部位单纯左冠状动脉狭窄患者相比 ,合并右冠状动脉病变患者左心室射血分数均呈不同程度地下降 ,其中在左前降支、左前降支 +左回旋支狭窄基础上合并右冠状动脉病变时左心室射血分数下降有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1) ,左主干合并右冠状动脉狭窄患者下降幅度最大 ,但无统计学意义。结论　右冠状动脉病变可在单纯左冠状动脉狭窄的基础上使左心室收缩功能进一步恶化 ;当左冠状动脉狭窄部位为左前降支、左主干或左前降支 +左回旋支时 ,对左心室收缩功能影响更为严重     

Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery in an Asymptomatic Adult

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a rare congenital anomaly with a mortality of 90% in the first year of life, if not surgically corrected. Adult presentation of the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery syndrome is extremely rare but may occur if a well‐developed collateral circulation from right coronary artery is present. We present the case of a 22‐year‐old asymptomatic female with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.     

The Management of the Older Adult Patient with Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery Syndrome: A Presentation of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

ALCAPA (anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery) syndrome is a rare congenital abnormality that involves an anomalous insertion of the left coronary artery into the pulmonary artery. Ninety percent of patients present in the first year of life with signs and symptoms of heart failure or sudden cardiac death secondary to chronic myocardial ischemia. There have been an increasing number of reports of ALCAPA patients surviving to adulthood. There seems, however, to be a tendency to die suddenly in the third decade of life. Adult survivors are either asymptomatic or present with mitral regurgitation, cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia, or malignant arrhythmias. The management of the older patient presenting with symptoms resulting from ischemia and progressive left ventricular dysfunction remains a challenge. Treatment is largely based on guidelines for adult congenital heart disease management and an extrapolation of evidence from heart failure practice. Currently, surgical reimplantation of the anomalous coronary onto the aorta is the mainstay of treatment. The management of heart failure, sudden cardiac death, and ventricular arrhythmia present problems that are not addressed by reimplantation of the anomalous vessel alone. In this report, we present two cases with different modes of presentation and discuss treatment options.     

Left Main Coronary Atresia in a Child with Absent Pulmonary Valve Syndrome: Early Entrapment of an Innocent Bystander

Atresia of the left main coronary artery is a rare anomaly that, if left untreated, has an unfavorable outcome. We hereby report left main coronary artery atresia in a child with tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve and discuss the possible developmental basis of the association.     

Anomalous and Diseased Left Main Coronary Artery Arising fromthe RightCoronarySinus in an Elderly Lady

We report a case of 66-year-old female patient who presented with unstable angina and New York Heart Association Class III symptoms. Echocardiogram demonstrated wall motion abnormalities in the anterior and inferior walls. Coronary angiography demonstrated a severely diseased right coronary artery (RCA) and anomalous left main (LM) coronary artery arising from the right coronary sinus and courses posterior to the aorta and runs between the aorta and the main pulmonary artery with severe multiple atherosclerotic disease. Patient underwent successful coronary artery bypass grafting and was dismissed in good general status.     

血流储备分数在冠状动脉左主干临界病变中的应用

目的分析、比较血流储备分数(FFR)与冠状动脉造影(CAG)在指导冠状动脉左主干临界病变治疗中的应用。方法选择经CAG证实病变程度为冠状动脉左主干临界病变的冠心病患者187例,分为CAG药物治疗组、CAG介入治疗组、FFR药物治疗组、FFR介入治疗组。CAG药物治疗组未行经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗,仅进行规范的冠心病二级预防药物治疗;CAG介入治疗组根据术者经验及患者临床症状、相关辅助检查决定行PCI治疗;FFR药物治疗组是对FFR0.80的病变不进行PCI治疗,而给予规范的冠心病二级预防药物治疗;FFR介入治疗组是对FFR≤0.80的病例行PCI治疗。所有患者均给予最优化的冠心病二级预防药物治疗。术后随访12个月,观察随访期间的主要不良心脏事件(包括心血管病死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建)和加拿大心血管病学会(CCS)心绞痛分级情况。结果随访结果发现,4组患者均未发生心血管病死亡和CCSⅣ级的心绞痛发作;与CAG指导下的药物治疗组和介入治疗组比较,FFR指导下的药物治疗组和介入治疗组的非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建和CCSⅠ~Ⅲ级心绞痛发作情况明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 FFR在冠状动脉左主干临界病变治疗中有一定指导意义。     

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage to Coronary Sinus Combined with Left‐sided Obstructive Lesions: A Previously Unreported Association

We present a very rare cardiac lesion where we found a combination of abnormal pulmonary venous drainage and left‐sided obstructive lesions. This case gives new insight into the complex malformation of the heart, raising questions about cardiac embryology and timing of interfering events. Here we describe the lesion for the first time and review the related literature. To the best of our knowledge, this combination has never been reported.