Neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus after cortical infarcts: effects of infarct location, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade and anti-inflammatory treatment

Stimulation of cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus has been observed after focal and global brain ischemia but only little is known about the underlying mechanisms. We here analyzed neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus after small cortical infarcts leaving the hippocampal formation and subcortical regions intact. Using the photothrombosis model in adult rats, focal ischemic infarcts were induced in different cortical areas (sensorimotor forelimb and hindlimb cortex) and proliferating cells were labeled at days 3-14 after infarct induction with bromodeoxyuridine. At 2, 4, and 10 weeks after ischemia, immunocytochemistry was performed with immature neuronal (doublecortin), mature neuronal (neuronal nuclei antigen) and glial (calcium-binding protein beta S100beta) markers. When compared with sham-operated controls, animals with infarcts in the forelimb as well as hindlimb cortex revealed an increase in survival of newborn progenitor cells at four and 10 weeks after the insult with predominance at the ipsilateral side. Triple immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed an increase in neurogenesis in all groups that was more pronounced 10 weeks after the infarct. Application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist MK-801 during lesion induction significantly enhanced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. An even stronger increase in newborn neurons was observed after anti-inflammatory treatment with indomethacine during the first 16 days of the experiment. The present study demonstrates that small cortical infarcts leaving subcortical structures intact increase neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and that these processes can be stimulated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade and anti-inflammatory treatment.     

Tbr1影响大脑皮质发育及细胞分化与迁移

目的 探究Tbr1基因在大脑新皮质与海马发育过程中的功能。 方法 分别取胚胎165d、185d,出生后0d、3d、7d、14d昆明小鼠的脑组织,每个年龄点取材8～10 (共52) 只,常规固定脱水后石蜡切片,用免疫荧光检测小鼠大脑皮质、海马及齿状回神经细胞迁移与片层化发育过程中Tbr1的表达与分布情况。结果 1.在大脑皮质,Tbr1最早在皮质板广泛表达,随日龄的增加其表达逐渐向皮质板下层移动且最终定位于皮质的第Ⅵ层;2.相似地,齿状回处Tbr1在颗粒细胞层表达,P7之后其表达定位于颗粒细胞下层;3.根据其表达位置及组织发生规律,推测Tbr1阳性细胞即是皮质板内迁移中的新生神经元。 结论 Tbr1是影响小鼠大脑皮质发育及神经细胞迁移与分化的关键分子。作为新生神经元的标记物,Tbr1参与细胞分化与迁移以及大脑皮质片层化的形成过程。     

大鼠海马内移植神经干细胞的存活和迁移

为观察成鼠神经干细胞移植入切割海马伞侧海马和正常侧海马后的存活和迁移状况 ,用无血清培养和单细胞克隆技术获取成年 SD大鼠前脑室下带组织的神经干细胞 ,并用 Brd U标记、扩增。在切割 SD大鼠右侧海马伞术后 14 d,将标记有 Brd U的神经干细胞植入双侧海马齿状回中。分别于术后 1周、2周、1个月和 2个月时取脑、冰冻切片 ,进行 Nissl染色和 Brd U免疫荧光检测。结果发现 ,1周和 2周时移植细胞主要围绕在移植点周围 ;1个月和 2个月时 ,移植细胞沿着海马齿状回颗粒下层迁移排列成条带。在所有的脑组织切片中 ,切割海马伞侧海马内移植细胞的密度均明显地大于正常侧海马内的移植细胞密度 ,且切割海马伞侧海马内 Nissl深染的大胞体神经元样细胞明显地多于正常侧。提示 ,移植至海马齿状回中的神经干细胞可存活并可沿海马齿状回颗粒下层迁移 ;切割海马伞侧海马中存活和迁移的神经干细胞密度大于正常侧者 ,可能与某种物质的表达增加有关     

切割穹窿海马伞大鼠海马内Lhx8 mRNA表达的变化

目的:探讨切割穹窿海马伞大鼠切割侧与正常侧海马内Lhx8 mRNA表达的差异。方法:切割SD大鼠右侧穹窿海马伞。切割后7d制备海马冰冻切片,用体外转录法制备地高辛标记的Lhx8 RNA探针进行原位杂交,分析切割侧和正常侧海马锥体细胞层和齿状回颗粒层中及齿状回门区和颗粒下层中的Lhx8 mRNA阳性细胞的数量和平均光密度值。结果:切割侧和正常侧海马锥体细胞层和齿状回颗粒层Lhx8 mRNA阳性细胞数量无明显差异,但切割侧平均光密度值较正常侧明显增加;在齿状回的门区和颗粒下层,切割侧Lhx8 mRNA阳性细胞数和平均光密度值均较正常侧升高。结论:切割穹窿海马伞后海马中Lhx8 mRNA表达上调,可能与其中的神经干细胞向胆碱能神经元分化的神经再生机制有关。     

切割穹窿海马伞大鼠海马内Brn-4 mRNA的表达变化——原位杂交法

目的 探讨大鼠穹隆海马伞切割侧与正常侧海马内Brn-4 mRNA表达的差异.方法 切割大鼠右侧穹窿海马伞,切割后14d制备海马冰冻切片,用体外转录法制备地高辛标记的Brn-4 RNA探针进行原位杂交.每只动物随机计数3张切片切割侧和正常侧Brn-4 mRNA的阳性细胞,测定其吸光度(A)值,进行配对t检验分析.结果 切割侧和正常侧海马锥体细胞层和齿状回颗粒层均见Brn-4 mRNA阳性细胞,两侧细胞数无明显差异,但切割侧阳性细胞平均吸光度值较正常侧明显增加(P＜0.01);而在齿状回门区和颗粒下层,切割侧Brn-4 mRNA阳性细胞数和平均吸光度值均较正常侧升高(均P＜0.01).结论 穹窿海马伞切割侧海马锥体细胞层和齿状回颗粒层细胞中Brn-4 mRNA的表达量明显增强,而在齿状回门区和颗粒下层中,其阳性细胞数和表达量均较正常侧明显升高.结合本课题组以往的工作,提示切割穹窿海马伞后,海马中Brn-4 mRNA表达的增高可能与促进其中的神经干细胞向神经元分化有关.     

Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampal formation of Alzheimer''s diseased brain

The number and topographic distribution of immunocytochemically stained parvalbumin interneurons was determined in the hippocampal formation of control and Alzheimer's diseased brain. In control hippocampus, parvalbumin interneurons were aspiny and pleomorphic, with extensive dendritic arbors. In dentate gyrus, parvalbumin cells, as well as a dense plexus of fibers and puncta, were associated with the granule cell layer. A few cells also occupied the molecular layer. In strata oriens and pyramidale of CA1–CA3 subfields, parvalbumin neurons gave rise to dendrites that extended into adjacent strata. Densely stained puncta and beaded fibers occupied stratum pyramidale, with less dense staining in adjacent strata oriens and radiatum. Virtually no parvalbumin profiles were observed in stratum lacunosum-moleculare or the alveus. Numerous polymorphic parvalbumin neurons and a dense plexus of fibers and puncta characterized the deep layer of the subiculum and the lamina principalis externa of the presubiculum. In Alzheimer's diseased hippocampus, there was an approximate 60% decrease in the number of parvalbumin interneurons in the dentate gyrus/CA4 subfield (P<0.01) and subfields CA1–CA2 (P<0.01). In contrast, parvalbumin neurons did not statistically decline in subfields CA3, subiculum or presubiculum in Alzheimer's diseased brains relative to controls. Concurrent staining with Thioflavin-S histochemistry did not reveal degenerative changes within parvalbumin-stained profiles. These findings reveal that parvalbumin interneurons within specific hippocampal subfields are selectively vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease. This vulnerability may be related to their differential connectivity, e.g., those regions connectionally related to the cerebral cortex (dentate gyrus and CA1) are more vulnerable than those regions connectionally related to subcortical loci (subiculum and presubiculum).     

Enhanced neurogenesis after transient global ischemia in the dentate gyrus of the rat

The dentate gyrus is one of the few areas of the mammalian brain where new neurons are continuously produced in adulthood. Certain insults such as epileptic seizures and ischemia are known to enhance the rate of neuronal production. We analyzed this phenomenon using the temporary occlusion of the two carotid arteries combined with arterial hypotension as a method to induce ischemia in rats. We measured the rate of cell production and their state of differentiation with a mitotic indicator, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), in combination with the immunohistochemical detection of neuronal markers. One week after the ischemic episode, the cell production in dentate gyrus was increased two- to threefold more than the basal level seen in control animals. Two weeks after ischemia, over 60% of these cells became young neurons as determined by colabeling with BrdU and a cytoplasmic protein (CRMP-4) involved in axonal guidance during development. Five weeks after the ischemia, over 60% of new neurons expressed calbindin, a calcium-binding protein normally expressed in mature granule neurons. In addition to more cells being generated, a greater proportion of all new cells remained in the differentiated but not fully mature state during the 2- to 5-week period after ischemia. The maturation rate of neurons as determined by the calbindin labeling and by the rate of migration from a proliferative zone into the granule cell layer was not changed when examined 5 weeks after ischemia. The results support the hypothesis that survival of dentate gyrus after ischemia is linked with enhanced neurogenesis. Additional physiological stimulation after ischemia may be exploited to stimulate maturation of new neurons and to offer new therapeutic strategies for promoting recovery of neuronal circuitry in the injured brain.     

青春期大鼠癫痫发作后海马齿状回颗粒细胞层神经细胞增殖的改变

目的:探讨青春期大鼠癫痫发作后海马齿状回颗粒细胞层神经细胞数量的变化。方法:选择健康4周龄雄性SD大鼠,应用氯化锂-匹罗卡品药物点燃造模,造模成功后根据取脑组织时间分为24 h组、2周组、4周组,并设相应的对照组。溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)标记后免疫荧光染色,用激光共聚焦观察大鼠海马齿状回(DG)颗粒细胞层BrdU阳性细胞。结果:24 h和2周实验组BrdU阳性细胞显著增多,分别较对照组增加55.1%和39.6%,2周实验组比24 h实验组降低15.5%(P<0.05);4周实验组BrdU阳性细胞数较对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:青春期大鼠癫痫发作可引起海马齿状回颗粒层神经细胞增殖的升高,但随着时间的延长有下降的趋势,至4周左右神经细胞的增殖趋于正常。     

NGF在成年猴脑的分布

为了解NGF在成年猴脑的分布,采用免疫组化SP法对成年猴脑多个冠状位切片进行免疫组化反应。结果证明,NGF阳性反应神经元主要分布于大脑皮质Ⅲ、V层,小脑Purkinje细胞,海马,齿状回,纹状体,脑干网状结构等处。此外,在黑质、舌下神经核、迷走神经背核、前庭神经核、三叉神经核、疑核、下橄榄核也出现NGF阳性反应。在大脑和脑干还观察到NGF阳性胶质细胞。本实验结果表明,在成年猴脑的多个脑区有NGF表达,提示NGF可能涉及猴脑某些神经元及胶质细胞的生理过程。     

当归对缺氧缺血性脑损伤幼年大鼠神经元的保护作用

目的探讨脑缺氧缺血对幼年大鼠海马齿状回神经元的影响及当归注射对其保护作用。方法取7日龄健康SD新生大鼠33只,随机分为对照组、缺氧组和当归组各11只。缺氧组和当归组新生大鼠在无菌环境下结扎左侧颈总动脉,术后护理2 h后置于三气培养箱持续缺氧2 h/d,连续7 d,制作新生鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤模型,对照组仅行假手术,不结扎左侧颈总动脉、不缺氧。术后第8 d开始,缺氧组和对照组大鼠经腹腔注射生理盐水（8 ml/Kg）,连续7 d;当归组用等量当归注射液（250 g/L）代替生理盐水。于生后第40 d取大鼠脑组织,常规石蜡包埋、经海马切片,行神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）免疫组化染色,图像分析海马齿状回NSE阳性细胞的积分光密度（IOD）值。结果缺氧组大鼠海马齿状回NSE阳性细胞的IOD值较对照组降低,而当归组NSE阳性细胞的IOD值较缺氧组增高。结论脑缺氧缺血可降低幼年大鼠海马齿状回NSE的表达,而当归注射液对缺氧缺血性脑损伤幼年大鼠神经元可能具有保护作用。     

戊四唑点燃大鼠模型海马结构蛋白激酶C阳性细胞的变化

目的　利用戊四唑点燃大鼠模型 ,研究癫痫大鼠海马结构蛋白激酶C(PKC)阳性细胞的变化。方法　将大鼠分为对照组和模型组 ,模型组大鼠又分为完全点燃组和完全点燃后间歇 2 4h组。用免疫组织化学方法检测了海马和齿状回PKC阳性细胞的变化。结果　PKC阳性细胞主要分布于齿状回的颗粒层 ,在海马的分布主要在分子层 ,数量较少。点燃组大鼠海马和齿状回PKC阳性细胞数量与对照组相比 ,均显著增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ;点燃后间歇 2 4h组与对照组相比 ,无显著性变化 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　PKC阳性细胞表达的增加可能在诱导大鼠点燃中起重要的作用。     

Sustained increase in adult neurogenesis in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus after transient brain ischemia

It is known that the number of newly generated neurons is increased in the young and adult rodent subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) after transient brain ischemia. However, it remains unclear whether increase in neurogenesis in the adult DG induced by ischemic stroke is transient or sustained. We here reported that from 2 weeks to 6 months after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), there were more doublecortin positive (DCX+) cells in the ipsilateral compared to the sham-control and contralateral DG of the adult rat. After the S-phase marker 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected 2 days after MCAO to label newly generated cells, a large number of BrdU-labeled neuroblasts differentiated into mature granular neurons. These BrdU-labeled neurons survived for at least 6 months. When BrdU was injected 6 weeks after injury, there were still more newly generated neuroblasts differentiated into mature neurons in the ipsilateral DG. Altogether, our data indicate that transient brain ischemia initiates a prolonged increase in neurogenesis and promotes the normal development of the newly generated neurons in the adult DG.     

低水平铅暴露大鼠齿状回nNOS阳性神经元的时程变化

目的:了解齿状回nNOS阳性神经元在铅影响学习记忆神经毒机理中的作用。方法:采用免疫组织化学ABC法,观察了大鼠腹腔注射130mg/kg醋酸铅溶液染毒3h,6h,12h和24h后齿状回nNOS阳性神经元数目的变化。结果:与对照组相比,染铅12h时,齿状回nNOS阳性神经元数目均明显减少(P<0.01),染铅24h时,齿状回uNOS阳性神经元数目仍处于较低水平(P<0.05)。结论:本研究提示齿状回nNOS阳性神经元的时程变化可能为揭示铅对学习记忆影响的分子机制提供了一定的实验依据。     

AT4 receptor activation increases intracellular calcium influx and induces a non-N-methyl-D-aspartate dependent form of long-term potentiation

Although neonatal hypoxia can lead to brain damage, mild hypoxic episodes may be beneficial, as illustrated by tolerance induction by preconditioning, a process that might involve neurogenesis. To examine if brief hypoxia in newborn rats could stimulate the generation of neurons, pups were exposed for 5 min to 100% N₂. Cell density and apoptosis were monitored in various brain regions and cell proliferation was studied by the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. Hypoxia did not result in detectable cell death but promoted cell proliferation in the ensuing three weeks in the subventricular zone and hippocampal dentate gyrus, with increased cell density in hippocampus CA1 pyramidal cells and granular layer of the dentate gyrus. Newly generated cells expressed neuronal markers (NeuroD or neuronal nuclear antigen) and were able to migrate from germinative zones to specific sites, in particular from the subventricular zone to the CA1 layer along the posterior periventricle. Neurogenesis was associated with an early activation of the extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 pathway, and pre-hypoxic administration of U0126, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, impaired hypoxia effect on cell proliferation. Neurobehavioral capacities of hypoxic rats paralleled those of controls, but early exposure to hypoxia was associated with significantly improved memory retrieval scores at 40 days. In conclusion, brief neonatal hypoxia may trigger delayed generation of potentially functional neurons without concomitant cell death. This may constitute an interesting model for studying cell key events involved in the induction of neurogenesis.     

Neurturin和NGF对老年性痴呆模型鼠海马突触素表达的影响

为了探讨联合应用 Neurturin和神经生长因子对老年性痴呆模型鼠海马突触素的影响 ,本研究采用切断成年 SD大鼠左侧穹窿海马伞 ,建立隔 -海马胆碱能系统损害的痴呆模型 ,损伤 4周后 ,用免疫组化和图象分析技术等方法对大鼠海马突触素进行定量分析。结果显示 ,损伤对照组损伤侧海马 CA1 区多形层、辐射层、腔隙分子层和齿状回分子层突触素含量分别减少了42 .60 %、46.0 4%、5 7.3 6%和 5 5 .2 2 % ,损伤对照组与正常对照组之间有高度显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 1) ;NGF治疗组损伤侧海马CA1 区多形层、辐射层、腔隙分子层和齿状回分子层突触素含量分别只减少了 3 3 .64 %、3 8.2 5 %、3 8.42 %和 2 7.64 % ,NGF治疗组与损伤对照组之间有显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ;联合治疗组损伤侧海马 CA1 区多形层、辐射层、腔隙分子层和齿状回分子层突触素含量分别只减少了 9.97%、8.0 5 %、14 .70 %和 4.2 8% ,联合治疗组与损伤对照组之间有高度显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 1)。结论 :联合应用 neurturin和 NGF促使老年性痴呆模型鼠海马突触素含量增多的效果较单用 NGF治疗好     

成人海马内Nestin免疫阳性细胞的分布

为探讨成人海马内 Nestin免疫阳性细胞的分布 ,本实验采用 331B、10 C2、Rat40 1、NSE、GFAP、Vimentin抗体对成人海马了进行免疫组织化学研究。结果显示 ,海马内 Nestin免疫阳性细胞可分为三类 :一类细胞位于门区及齿状回颗粒下层 ,胞体为卵圆形 ,无突起 ,胞浆深染 ,此类细胞不与 NSE呈交叉反应 ;第二类细胞也位于门区及齿状回颗粒下层 ,胞体较小发出少量放射状突起 ,与 GFAP及 Vimentin抗体无交叉反应 ,在海马裂及海马伞中也存在少量的此类神经细胞 ;第三类为 Nestin免疫阳性细胞 ,体积较大 ,形态与星形胶质细胞相似 ,并分别位于齿状回分子层及颗粒层 ,其突起常常跨越齿状回颗粒细胞层。Nestin免疫阳性神经细胞不被 GF AP抗体标记。成人海马内未见 Vimentin免疫阳性细胞。结论 :人海马内存在神经前体细胞及放射状胶质样Nestin免疫阳性细胞     

Patterns of neurotransmitter receptor distributions following cortical spreading depression

Spreading depression (SD), a self-propagating depolarization of neurons and glia, is believed to play a role in different neurological disorders including migraine aura and acute brain ischaemia. Initiation and propagation of SD modulate excitability of neuronal network. A brief period of excitation heralds SD which is immediately followed first by prolonged nerve cell depression and later by an excitatory phase. The aim of the present study was to characterize local and remote transmitter receptor changes after propagation of cortical SD. Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to asses 16 transmitter receptor types in combined striatum-hippocampus–cortex slices of the rat 1 h after induction of cortical SD. In neocortical tissues, local increases of glutamate NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptor binding sites were observed. In addition to up-regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors, receptor binding sites of GABA_A, muscarinic M1 and M2, adrenergic α₁ and α₂, and serotonergic 5-HT₂ receptors were increased in the hippocampus. Cortical SD also upregulated NMDA, AMPA, kainate, GABA_A, serotonergic 5-HT₂, adrenergic α₂ and dopaminergic D1 receptor binding sites in the striatum. These findings indicate selective changes in several receptors binding sites both in cortical and subcortical regions by SD which may explain delayed excitatory phase after SD. Mapping of receptor changes by cortical SD increases our understanding of the mechanism of SD action in associated neurological disorders.