组织激肽释放酶对大鼠阴茎海绵体平滑肌cAMP 和cGMP影响的研究

目的探讨组织激肽释放酶对大鼠阴茎海绵体平滑肌cAMP和cGMP的影响，以初步阐明其舒张阴茎海绵体平滑肌的机制。方法采用放射免疫法，测定组织激肽释放酶对培养的大鼠阴茎海绵体平滑肌(去内皮组)和阴茎海绵体平滑肌组织(未去内皮组)cAMP和cGMP的影响，并以硝普钠为阳性对照，以赋形剂为阴性对照。结果100mu组织激肽释放酶使阴茎海绵体平滑肌组织内cAMP和cGMP浓度分别增高2．13倍和2．54倍，而对培养的阴茎海绵体平滑肌cAMP和cGMP没有明显作用。结论组织激肽释放酶能内皮依赖性地提高阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞内cAMP和cGMP的水平，发挥舒张阴茎海绵体平滑肌的效应。     

川芎嗪对离体兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌条收缩的影响

目的 初步探讨川芎嗪(Ligustrazine)对离体兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌条的舒张作用及其机制。方法 离体家兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌实验方法,观察川芎嗪对阴茎海绵体平滑肌的舒张效应,测定去氧肾上腺素(PE)和氯化钾(Ka)的浓度-效应曲线。结果 川芎嗪浓度依赖性地舒张PE诱发的阴茎海绵体平滑肌收缩作用,最大舒张效应为(74.1±6.2)％[对照组为(21.9±5.6)％,P<0.01]。不同浓度的川芎嗪可使PE和KCL的浓度-效应曲线右移,最大收缩反应降低,高浓度(0.8g/L)时抑制收缩作用更显著。结论 川芎嗪有明显的舒张阴茎海绵体平滑肌作用,并呈剂量依赖性。川芎嗪舒张阴茎海绵体平滑肌机制可能与抑制细胞外钙内流有关。     

乙醇对离体家兔阴茎海绵体的松弛效应及其作用机制

目的:观察乙醇对离体家兔阴茎海绵体的效应并探讨其可能机制。方法:台式生理记录仪测定海绵体张力,放射免疫测定法测定阴茎海绵体cAMP和cGMP含量。结果:①1.25%(V/V)的乙醇能明显增强异丙肾上腺素(10-9～10-5mol/L)对海绵体肌条的舒张效应。②100、300μmol/L的腺苷酸环化酶抑制剂SQ22536能使乙醇(0.25%～3.5%,V/V)对去氧肾上腺素诱导收缩的肌条的舒张曲线右移,100、300μmol/LSQ22536分别使最大舒张效应由(105.12±3.39)%降低到(97.00±2.57)%和(91.09±2.42)%,EC50由(1.18±0.09)%分别增加到(1.36±0.10)%和(1.68±0.13)%(P均<0.05)。③乙醇可浓度依赖性增加家兔阴茎海绵体cAMP含量,而对cGMP含量无影响。④对于提取的兔离体海绵体组织细胞膜碎片上的腺苷酸环化酶,乙醇可浓度依赖性地增强其活性。结论:乙醇可舒张离体家兔海绵体平滑肌,其作用可能是通过cAMP信号转导通路实现的。     

小檗碱对离体家兔阴茎海绵体cGMP和cAMP水平的影响

目的:观察小檗碱(berberine,Ber)对离体家兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌组织中环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)和环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)水平的影响。方法:采用125I放射免疫测定法,以西地那非(sildenafil,Sil)为阳性对照,测定不同浓度的Ber对离体家兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌组织中cGMP和cAMP水平的影响。结果:Ber能直接升高cGMP的含量(P<0.05),EC50为1.75μmol/L,但对cAMP含量无显著影响。在cGMP激发剂硝普钠(SNP)存在下,Ber和Sil均能浓度依赖性地提高海绵体组织中cGMP浓度(P<0.01),促进cGMP生成的EC50分别为1.32、0.67μmol/L。同样的条件下,Ber和Sil对cAMP的浓度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。在cAMP激发剂前列腺素E1(PGE1)刺激下,Ber和Sil也能够提高海绵体组织中cAMP的浓度(P<0.01),表现出浓度依赖性,促进cAMP生成的EC50分别为4.90、6.53μmol/L。结论:Ber可提高阴茎海绵体平滑肌中cGMP、cAMP的浓度,此效应可能为其舒张阴茎海绵体的潜在机制。     

维拉帕米对离体家兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌舒张作用的实验研究

目的　初步探讨维拉帕米 (VP)对离体兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌的舒张作用及其机制。方法　离体家兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌条实验方法 ,观察VP对阴茎海绵体平滑肌的舒张效应。结果　VP可舒张去氧肾上腺素 (PE)诱导的阴茎海绵体平滑肌收缩作用 ,最大舒张效应为 (4 6 .3± 2 .1) % (P <0 .0 1) ,且呈浓度依赖性。 10 -6mol·L-1,10 -5mol·L-1和 10 -4mol·L-1VP均可使PE引起的浓度 -效应曲线右移 ,最大收缩反应降低 ,10 -4mol·L-1VP拮抗作用更显著。结论　VP有明显的舒张阴茎海绵体平滑肌作用 ,并呈浓度依赖性。     

粉防己碱对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体cAMP和cGMP水平的影响

目的探讨粉防己碱(Tet)对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体组织中环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)和环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)水平的影响,以进一步阐明其舒张阴茎海绵体组织的作用机制。方法采用~(125)I放射免疫测定法,观察Tet对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体组织中cAMP和cGMP水平的影响。结果家兔阴茎海绵体组织中cAMP基础含量为(5.67±0.97)pmol/mg。Tet能直接浓度依赖性地升高阴茎海绵体组织中cAMP的含量(P＜0.05),而腺苷酸环化酶抑制剂(MDL-12,330A)对Tet升高的cAMP水平没有抑制作用(P＞0.05)。对cAMP激发剂前列腺素E_1(PGE_1)诱导产生的阴茎海绵体组织中cAMP水平,Tet也具有浓度依赖性升高作用(P＜0.05)。家兔阴茎海绵体组织中cGMP基础含量为(0.44±0.09)pmol/mg。无论是否存在鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂(ODQ),Tet对阴茎海绵体组织中cGMP的含量均没有影响(P＞0.05)。对cGMP激发剂硝普钠(SNP)诱导产生的阴茎海绵体组织中cGMP水平,Tet也没有任何影响(P＞0.05)。结论Tet可能是通过抑制磷酸二酯酶活性而增加阴茎海绵体组织中cAMP的含量,这是Tet松弛阴茎海绵体组织的作用机制之一。     

内源性一氧化碳对离体犬阴茎海绵体平滑肌的作用

目的:探讨内源性一氧化碳(CO)对离体犬阴茎海绵体平滑肌作用的影响。方法:利用水浴条件下阴茎海绵体肌条的张力测定技术,用CO合成的关键酶血红素氧合酶(HO)的诱导剂———氯高铁血红素诱导海绵体平滑肌生成内源性CO,观察CO对去氧肾上腺素(PE)诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条作用的影响。结果:氯高铁血红素对10μmol/L PE诱导的肌条收缩具有浓度依赖性的松弛作用,10~100μmol/L氯高铁血红素对平滑肌肌条的松弛效应与空白对照相比明显升高(P<0.01)。用锌原卟啉-Ⅸ(ZnPP-Ⅸ)或亚甲蓝孵育处理后的肌条,氯高铁血红素的舒张作用明显减弱(P<0.01)。结论:内源性CO具有浓度依赖性松弛阴茎海绵体平滑肌的作用,其机制可能是通过CO环磷酸鸟苷途径作用所致。     

粉防己碱松弛离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体作用的研究

目的 :探讨粉防己碱 (Tet)对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体的松弛作用。　方法 :采用离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体肌条张力记录法 ,观察Tet对氯化钾 (KCl)和去氧肾上腺素 (PE)诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条的松弛作用 ;L 硝基精氨酸 (L NNA)和亚甲蓝处理后 ,Tet对PE诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条松弛的作用。　结果 :10 μmol/L及3 0 μmol/L的Tet使KCl诱导的最大收缩反应分别降低为 ( 73 .0± 3 .8) %和 ( 41.5± 3 .4) % ,降低程度与Tet的浓度呈正比 (P <0 .0 1)。Tet对 10 μmol/LPE诱导的肌条收缩具有浓度依赖性松弛作用 ,1、10、3 0、10 0 μmol/L的Tet对PE诱导的阴茎海绵体肌条收缩的松弛效应分别为 ( 6.0± 1.4) %、( 2 1.3± 2 .2 ) %、( 47.4± 3 .3 ) %和 ( 68.1±3 .6) % (P <0 .0 1) ;而L NNA及亚甲蓝对Tet的松弛作用没有影响 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :Tet能浓度依耐性地松弛离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体 ,其作用机制可能是通过阻滞钙通道 ,而与一氧化氮 环鸟苷酸 (NO cGMP)通路无关     

PDE5基因反义寡脱氧核苷酸对人阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞cNMP的影响

目的 :观察PDE5基因反义寡脱氧核苷酸对人阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞内cAMP和cGMP的影响 ,为阴茎勃起功能障碍的基因治疗提供理论和实验依据。　方法 :将PDE5基因反义寡脱氧核苷酸 (含第 1外显子部分序列 )与脂质转染试剂DOTAP共同转染人阴茎海绵体平滑肌原代细胞 ,以酶联免疫法分别检测转染后不同时间 (1～ 4 8h)海绵体平滑肌细胞内cAMP和cGMP的浓度变化 ,观察反义寡脱氧核苷酸对平滑肌细胞内cNMP的影响。　结果 :转染后 ,反义实验组平滑肌原代细胞内cGMP水平 (1～ 6h)显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :PDE5基因反义寡脱氧核苷酸可以增加人阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞cGMP水平 ,本研究有助于了解PDE5基因与cNMP在阴茎勃起中的作用 ,并为阴茎勃起功能障碍的基因治疗提供理论和实验基础。     

粉防己碱舒张离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌的机制研究

目的观察粉防己碱(tetrandrine,Tet)对阴茎海绵体平滑肌胞内钙释放和胞外钙内流的影响,初步探讨其舒张作用的机制。方法采用离体阴茎海绵体平滑肌肌条张力记录法,观察Tet对去氧肾上腺素(phenylephrine,PE)和氯化钾(KCI)诱导收缩的肌条的影响；采用无Ca~(2 )-复Ca~(2 )实验法,观察Tet对PE诱导的依赖细胞内钙和细胞外钙的肌条收缩反应的影响。结果Tet对PE或kcl诱导的肌条收缩均具有浓度依赖性的抑制作用。100μmol/L Tet可抑制20μmol/L PE引起的依赖细胞内钙和细胞外钙的肌条收缩(P＜0．05)；结论Tet可通过阻滞电压依赖性钙通道、受体依赖性钙通道和抑制细胞内钙库释放,从而介导其对海绵体平滑肌的舒张作用。     

Effect of the plant-extract osthole on the relaxation of rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue in vitro

PURPOSE: We investigated the cavernosal relaxant effect of osthole, a coumarin isolated from Cnidium monnier (L.) Cusson which has been long used in China as a herbal medicine to improve male sexual dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were precontracted with phenylephrine. Corporal relaxation evoked by osthole was then determined in the absence and presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME), soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ), cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), tetradotoxin, and after endothelium deprivation. RESULTS: Corpus cavernosal strips showed relaxation in response to osthole (0.1 approximately 30 microM) in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were reduced partially but significantly by pretreatment with L-NAME, ODQ and by endothelial disruption. However, they were not affected by indomethacin and tetradotoxin treatment. Osthole pretreatment (from 1 to 30 microM) enhanced the sodium nitroprusside (0.3 microM)-induced relaxation of corpus cavernosum in a dose-dependent manner to a maximum of 3 times the pretreatment level at 30 microM osthole. However, this effect was abolished in the presence of zaprinast. Additionally, a higher concentration of osthole (30 microM) also enhanced forskolin-induced relaxation. CONCLUSION: The data suggested that osthole possesses a relaxant effect on rabbit corpus cavernosal tissues which is attributable to the release of NO from sinusoidal endothelium and to the potentiation of the cGMP and/or cAMP signal mediating relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle by inhibiting phosphodiesterase.     

Relaxation effects of adrenomedullin in isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the pharmacological effects of adrenomedullin, a potent vasodilator and hypotensive peptide isolated from human phaeochromocytoma cells, on corpus cavernosal smooth muscle in vitro, as the intracavernosal injection of adrenomedullin induces penile erection in the anaesthetized cat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of adrenomedullin were investigated in isolated muscle strips from New Zealand rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle pre-contracted with phenylephrine alone, in the presence of indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), Nomega-nitro l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), and K+-channel blockers. RESULTS: Adrenomedullin caused relaxation of isolated pre-contracted rabbit corpus cavernosum strips in a concentration-dependent manner. The response of corpus cavernosum was unaffected L-NAME, indomethacin and K+-channel blockers. CONCLUSION: The relaxation exerted by adrenomedullin in rabbit corporal tissue may arise from the effect of the drug on its specific receptors and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide-1 receptors. The relaxant effect of adrenomedullin might lead to novel clinical applications for erectile dysfunction.     

Epimedium brevicornum Maxim extract relaxes rabbit corpus cavernosum through multitargets on nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway

Epimedium brevicornum Maxim (EbM) has been reputed to have sexual stimulation effects on males. The study is aimed to test the hypothesis that EbM extracts relaxed the corpus cavernosum (CC) smooth muscle through activation of multitargets on nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway. Water extract of EbM and its subfraction (EP-20) were prepared and standardized by high-performance liquid chromatography. Isolated rabbit CC strips were mounted in organ baths and isometric tension was recorded in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors related to NO/cGMP signaling such as L-N(G)-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) or phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors. cGMP level was determined in EP-20-treated CC strips. The results showed that EP-20 enriched the content of L-arginine in the process of purification and relaxed the CC smooth muscle precontracted with phenylephrine (PE, 1 microM) in a concentration-dependent manner. Besides, EP-20 increased the amount of cGMP production in rabbit CC tissues. Coincubation with EP-20 and L-NAME or ODQ significantly decreased EP-20-induced relaxation whereas EP-20 increased sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation in PE-precontracted CC strips. Besides, EP-20 increased the potency and the duration of the relaxation effects caused by electrical field stimulation. Finally, EP-20 could potentiate PDE 5 inhibitors in relaxation of PE-precontracted CC strips. We concluded that extract of EbM relax the CC smooth muscle through multitargets in NO/cGMP/PDE 5 pathway and might bring into perspective the treatment strategy for those patients with erectile dysfunction.     

Possible role of human growth hormone in penile erection

PURPOSE: Treatment with recombinant human growth hormone in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency increases nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). We examined the functional in vitro effects of recombinant human growth hormone on tissue tension and cyclic nucleotide levels of human corpus cavernosum and detected changes in growth hormone in the cavernous and peripheral blood during different phases of penile erection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relaxant responses of human corpus cavernosum were investigated using the organ bath technique. Tissue levels of cGMP were determined by a specific radioimmunoassay after dose dependent exposition of isolated human corpus cavernosum strips to recombinant human growth hormone. In 35 healthy potent volunteers blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the corpus cavernosum and cubital vein during different functional conditions of the penis, including flaccidity, tumescence, rigidity and detumescence. Penile erection was induced by audiovisual and tactile stimulation. Serum growth hormone was determined by an immunoradiometric assay. RESULTS: Recombinant human growth hormone elicited dose dependent relaxation of human corpus cavernosum strips in vitro. The relaxing potency of recombinant human growth hormone was paralleled by its ability to elevate intracellular levels of cGMP. In vivo the peripheral growth hormone serum profile of the respective penile conditions did not significantly differ from those of cavernous serum. The main increase in growth hormone to greater than 90% was determined during developing penile tumescence, followed by a transient decrease afterward. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that penile erection may probably be induced by growth hormone through its cGMP stimulating activity on human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle.     

Effects of plant extract neferine on cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in rabbit corpus cavernosum in vitro

Aim： To further investigate the relaxation mechanism of neferine （NED, a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted （isolated） from the green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn in China, on rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue in vitro. Methods： The effects of Nef on the concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP） and cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP） in isolated and incubated rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue were recorded using ^125I radioimmunoassay. Results： The basal concentration of cAMP in corpus cavernosum tissue was 5.67 ± 0.97 pmol/mg. Nef increased the cAMP concentration in a dose-dependent manner （P 〈 0.05）, but this effect was not inhibited by an adenylate cyclase inhibitor （cis-N-[2-phenylcyclopentyl]azacyclotridec-1-en-2-amine, MDL-12, 330A） （P 〉 0.05）. The accumulation of cAMP induced by prostaglandin Et （PGEt, a stimulator of cAMP production） was also augmented by Nef in a dose-dependent manner （P 〈 0.05）. The basal concentration of cGMP in corpus cavernosum tissue is 0.44 ± 0.09 pmol/mg. Nef did not affect this concentration of cGMP, either in the presence or in the absence of a guanyl cyclase inhibitor （1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, ODQ） （P 〉 0.05）. Also, sodium nitroprusside （SNP, a stimulator of cGMP production）-induced cGMP production was not enhanced by Nef （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion： Nef, with its relaxation mechanism, can enhance the concentration of cAMP in rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue, probably by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity. （Asian JAndro12008 Mar; 10： 307-312）     

Effect of chronic renal failure on the purinergic responses of corpus cavernosal smooth muscle in rabbits

OBJECTIVE: To examine purinergic relaxation responses in chronic renal failure (CRF) in an experimental rabbit model, and thus evaluate the possible involvement of the purinergic system in erectile dysfunction with CRF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The relaxant effects of ATP were measured in strips of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle taken from control and CRF rabbits. CRF was induced in New Zealand white rabbits as previously described. Penises were excised from CRF rabbits 4 weeks after inducing uraemia. In an organ bath the strips from controls and CRF rabbit corpus cavernosum were pre-contracted with phenylephrine and increasing doses of adenosine and ATP added. RESULTS: In the pre-contracted rabbit cavernosal tissue the relaxations induced by adenosine and ATP were unchanged in CRF. CONCLUSION: The lack of any relaxant effect of adenosine or ATP on the relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle in rabbits with CRF might be because the relaxant effects of these agents are endothelium-independent and the endothelial purinergic receptor density was unchanged in CRF.     

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase products modulate corpus cavernosum smooth muscle tone.

Relaxation of penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle is controlled by nerve and endothelium derived substances. In this study, endothelium-dependent relaxation of corporal smooth muscle was characterized and the role of arachidonic acid products of cyclooxygenase in endothelium-dependent relaxation was examined. Endothelium removal from rabbit corpora was performed by infusion with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate and was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Strips of human and rabbit corporal tissues were studied in the organ chambers for isometric tension measurement. The accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and the release of eicosanoids from corporal tissue was measured by radioimmunoassay and correlated to smooth muscle relaxation. Our study showed that relaxation of corpus cavernosum tissue to acetylcholine, bradykinin and substance P was endothelium-dependent; potentiated by indomethacin; and inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, methylene blue or LY83583. Relaxation to papaverine and sodium nitroprusside was endothelium-independent, and unaffected by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Relaxation to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was partially endothelium-dependent; potentiated by indomethacin; attenuated by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine or methylene blue. The tissue level of cGMP was enhanced by acetylcholine and nitric oxide. Methylene blue inhibited both basal and drug-stimulated levels of cGMP. The release of eicosanoids was enhanced by acetylcholine and blocked by indomethacin. In conclusion, nitric oxide or a closely related substance accounts for the activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the corporal tissue. Inhibition of the release of eicosanoids potentiates the relaxing effect of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide increases tissue cGMP which appears to modulate corporal smooth muscle relaxation.