穿心莲对肝硬化大鼠肠道细菌过度生长、细菌移位和肠道通透性的作用

目的：探讨穿心莲对肝硬化大鼠肠道细菌过度生长、细菌移位和肠道通透性的作用，为其临床应用提供依据。方法：建立大鼠四氯化碳肝硬化模型。将30只肝硬化大鼠随机分为4组：AN组（n=8，穿心莲0．5g·kg^-1·d^-1）、NF组（n=8，诺氟沙星0．3g·kg^-1·d^-1）、AN＋NF组（n=8，穿心莲0．5g·kg^-1·d^-1＋诺氟沙星0．3g·kg^-1·d^-1）、CN组（n=6，生理盐水4mL·kg^-1·d^-1），给药2周。取外周静脉血检测血浆ALT、AST、TP、TNF-α、NO水平，并获取肠系膜淋巴结、血液、肝、脾和回肠内容物做细菌培养。采用高压液相色谱法间接检测肠黏膜通透性，部分肝脏和回肠组织作病理切片。结果：与CN组相比，AN组、NF组和AN＋NF组的NO、TNF-α的浓度显著降低（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），回肠细菌计数和细菌移位发生率显著下降（P〈0．01）。AN组和NF组的肠道通透性显著下降（P〈0．05）。病理检查发现CN组肝硬化大鼠回肠绒毛变短、破坏，炎症细胞浸润增多。结论：给予肝硬化大鼠穿心莲能抑制肠道细菌过度生长，减少细菌移位的发生率，对肠道黏膜屏障有保护作用，服用穿心莲可能有益于防治肝硬化肠源性细菌感染。     

微生态制剂联合莫沙必利治疗肝硬化患者内毒素血症的临床研究

目的研究微生态制剂联合莫沙必利治疗肝硬化患者内毒素血症的疗效及肝功能变化。方法 76例肝硬化患者行葡萄糖-氢呼气试验(GHBT)检测小肠细菌过度生长情况,选择GHBT阳性的肝硬化患者予微生态制剂联合莫沙必利治疗12周,治疗前后检测血浆内毒素水平、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、IL-6及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平;分析经治疗前后血浆内毒素与IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α的关系,观察肝功能变化。结果 76例肝硬化患者中,22例患者GHBT为阳性(28.9%)。肝硬化伴小肠细菌过度生长者治疗前后血浆内毒素分别为(0.735±0.214)EU/L、(0.384±0.227)EU/L(P<0.05);IL-2分别为(19.57±4.40)ng/L、(9.61±6.28)ng/L;IL-6分别为(94.37±26.12)ng/L、(52.83±27.95)ng/L;TNF-α分别为(43.15±16.27)ng/L、(26.41±17.67)ng/L(均P<0.05);肝硬化GHBT阳性患者血浆内毒素与IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α呈直线正相关,相关系数分别为0.875、0.846、0.827,均P<0.001。应用微生态制剂联合莫沙必利治疗后,血浆内毒素与IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平降低,肝功能明显改善。结论肝硬化伴小肠细菌过度生长患者血浆内毒素、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平均升高,血浆内毒素水平升高与IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平升高呈直线正相关。微生态制剂联合莫沙必利治疗肝硬化患者内毒素血症、纠正肠道菌群失调及改善肝功能有显著疗效,并延缓肝功能衰竭及并发症的发生和发展,为应用于肝硬化临床治疗提供依据。     

双歧杆菌制剂对大鼠肝硬化模型的保护作用

目的 　控讨双歧杆菌制剂对大鼠肝硬化模型内毒素血症的保护作用。方法 　 90只雄性 SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、预防组、晚期治疗组和模型组。预防组和晚期治疗组分别从不同时期开始给予喂服双歧杆菌制剂。实验第 11周末处死所有大鼠 ,HE染色观察肝脏病理改变 ,测定血清转氨酶、白蛋白水平及血浆内毒素、NO含量。结果 　预防组肝硬化病变程度轻 ,晚期治疗组病变程度介于模型组和预防组之间。预防组、晚期治疗组血清 ALT和血浆内毒素、NO水平明显低于模型组 ( P<0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ,白蛋白水平高于模型组 ( P<0 .0 5 )。 结论 　双歧杆菌制剂通过平衡肠道环境 ,减少了肠源性内毒素血症的发生 ,降低了血浆内毒素水平 ,对肝硬化病变起了稳定和缓解作用     

肝脾舒对肝硬化大鼠内毒素血症的影响

目的探讨肝脾舒对肝硬化大鼠血浆内毒素是否有调节作用。方法雄性SD大鼠36只,随机分为正常组、模型组、肝脾舒组、杜秘克组,每组9只。正常组:每日腹腔注射生理盐水,模型组:采用40%CCl4橄榄油溶液腹腔注射制备肝硬化模型,肝脾舒组在此基础上每日给予肝脾舒灌胃,杜秘克组在模型组基础上每日给予杜秘克灌胃。取血检测血浆内毒素(LPS)水平。结果 3个月后模型组大鼠血浆内毒素水平较正常组升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,肝脾舒组血清内毒素水平降低(P<0.05)。结论肝脾舒对肝硬化大鼠血浆内毒素水平有调节作用。     

山金车黄酮对大鼠胆汁形成的作用

本文报道从山金率(Arnica montanaL.)花序分离的总黄酮对大鼠胆汁形成的作用。试验用65只成年雌性大鼠,按常法进行,计算各组胆汁分泌强度(胆汁分泌速度、每小时和4小时胆汁分泌总量)和胆汁的化学成分(胆红素、胆固醇和胆汁酸含量)。第一组为对照组,其余各组分别给予山金车黄酮制剂2、5、10和25毫克/100克,一次或多次(连续5天和10天)灌胃。同时测定山金车黄酮的毒性。结果表明,山金车黄酮几乎没有毒性。大鼠口服1克/公斤,无任何中毒症状。山金     

大成汤对大鼠全身缺血再灌注损伤的防治作用

目的通过组织细菌定量、血浆内毒素含量测定,评价中药大成汤对阻断缺血再灌注损伤后肠道细菌移位、肠源性脓毒症发生的作用。方法将24只大鼠分为正常对照组、实验对照组、大成汤治疗组,每组8只,股静脉抽血检测内毒素水平,无菌条件下取十二指肠中段、空肠中段、结肠中段、肠系膜淋巴结、肝脏、脾脏、胰腺进行组织匀浆和细菌培养、定量。结果实验对照组大鼠静脉血中内毒素水平明显高于空白对照组和大成汤组(P<0.05);十二指肠、小肠、结肠组织的细菌定量在大成汤与实验对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论全身缺血再灌注损伤后,肠黏膜屏障功能不全;大成汤对防治内源性细菌移位、肠源性脓毒症有一定作用;细菌移位主要是通过淋巴而不是通过血液途径转移。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对急性肝衰竭大鼠肠源性内毒素血症的保护作用

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)对硫代乙酰胺(TAA)所致急性肝衰竭大鼠肠源性内毒素血症(IETM)的保护作用。方法取雄性Wistar大鼠的骨髓贴壁培养获得BMSCs,取30只雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、TAA模型组和BMSCs治疗组,每组10只。TAA300mg/kg灌胃建立急性肝衰竭模型,24h后重复灌胃,正常组给予磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)2ml灌胃,第2次灌胃后将BMSCs经尾静脉注射到BMSCs治疗组中,正常组和TAA模型组给予等量PBS注射。BMSCs治疗72h后处死。腹主动脉采血,检测血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)以及血浆内毒素含量,取部分肝组织及回肠作常规病理切片检查。结果与正常组比较,TAA模型组大鼠血清ALT,AST活性以及血浆内毒素水平均显著上升(P<0.05),BMSCs治疗组大鼠血清ALT,AST活性以及血浆内毒素水平与模型组相比均显著降低(P<0.05)。肝脏病理切片显示BMSCs能够明显减轻TAA对肝组织的炎症性破坏。结论 BMSCs尾静脉移植对TAA引起的急性肝衰竭大鼠IETM有一定的保护作用。     

血红素加氧酶-1重组乳酸乳球菌灌胃对内毒素血症大鼠肠道的保护作用

目的利用基因工程原理合成携带血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)基因的乳酸乳球菌,通过对正常大鼠灌胃后,观察其是否有对内毒素血症大鼠肠道肠粘膜保护效应,及减轻肠道炎症反应。方法将24只健康清洁级♂SD大鼠随机分为携带HO-1基因的乳酸乳球菌灌胃组(HO-1组,n=8)、乳酸乳球菌灌胃组(LL组,n=8)、谷氨酰胺灌胃组(Glu组,n=8)。分别给予携带HO-1基因的乳酸乳球菌、乳酸乳球菌或谷氨酰胺,每日1次,共4次。d4腹腔内注射内毒素,12h后取末端回肠。比较各组动物的死亡率,检查肠组织病理学变化,并检测肠组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)含量和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的表达量。结果与LL组比较,HO-1组的生存率均明显升高(P<0.05);HO-1组和Glu组chiu′s评分和肠组织MPO活性明显降低(均P<0.01);肠组织TNF-α的含量明显减低(P<0.01),IL-10的含量却明显升高(P<0.01);HO-1的含量明显增加(P<0.01);与Glu组比较,HO-1组的IL-10的含量和HO-1的含量明显增加(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论携带HO-1基因的乳酸乳球菌对内毒素血症大鼠肠粘膜有较好的保护作用,且能明显减轻肠道炎症反应。     

血红素加氧酶-1的表达对实验性肝硬化内毒素血症大鼠的影响

目的:探讨血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的表达对实验性肝硬化内毒素血症大鼠的影响。方法:32只健康雄性wistar大鼠,随机分为4组,正常+脂多糖(LPS)(对照组)、肝硬化+生理盐水对照组(TAA组)、肝硬化+LPS组(TAA+LPS组)、肝硬化+LPS+hemin(氯化高铁血红素)(HM组)。用硫代乙酰胺(TAA)诱导肝硬化模型时间共计10周,对照组自由饮清水。于模型造成后,向对照组、TAA+LPS组、HM组大鼠腹腔内注入LPS3 mg/kg;TAA组大鼠腹腔内注入等量的生理盐水;HM组于注射LPS 12 h前,腹腔注射HM(40 mg/kg),并在注入LPS 6 h后,各组动物经腹主动脉穿刺采全血观察血浆中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨基酸转移酶(AST)、一氧化氮(NO)及丙二醛(MDA)的表达。留肝组织用免疫组织化学法观察HO-1的表达。结果:对照组、TAA组、TAA+LPS组、HM组血浆中的ALT/AST、MDA、NO依次升高差异有显著性(P<0.05),对照组、TAA、TAA+LPS、HM组各组大鼠的灰阶值显著依次降低,且有明显差别(P<0.05)。结论:在实验性的肝硬化内毒素中尽管HO-1的表达增加,但它未起到保护作用,它与内毒素对机体的损伤有关。     

32例肝硬化患者血液流变学特性与内毒素血症的研究

目的 探讨肝硬化患者血液流变学特性的改变及其与内毒素血症的关系。方法 对肝硬化患者的血液流变学参数及血浆内毒素水平进行检测。结果 肝硬化患者血液流变学指标出现明显异常,主要表现在全血黏度、血浆黏度、纤维蛋白原显著高于健康对照组(P<0.05～0.01),与血浆内毒素水平成显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论 肝硬化患者存在血液流变学特性的改变,且与内毒素血症相关。     

Catacandins, novel anticandidal antibiotics of bacterial origin

Two novel antibiotics, catacandin A and catacandin B, were isolated from the fermentation broth of the bacterium, Lysobacter gummosus, by extraction and adsorption, reverse-phase and gel filtration chromatography. On the basis of their physico-chemical properties, they are acyltetramic acids that are easily distinguishable from others in this class. Catacandin A and catacandin B possess good anticandidal activity.     

Phytochemicals for bacterial resistance--strengths, weaknesses and opportunities

This review covers some of the opportunities which currently exist to exploit plants for their natural products as templates for new antibacterial substances. This is a timely exercise given the continuing and developing problems of bacterial resistance, and in particular multidrug-resistance (MDR). Some of the challenges which are evident with bacterial resistance will be described and the strengths and weaknesses of plant natural products are highlighted. Opportunities to characterise antibacterial compounds from several key taxa are described with activity against methicillin-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA), MDR variants of this species and MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS (MTB). These pathogens continue to cause problems in terms of their eradication and spread and MTB strains which are extremely-drug resistant (XDR) promise to afford an additional challenge for clinicians. The review also covers plant natural products that modulate or modify bacterial resistance. Specific examples include plant-derived efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) which inhibit bacterial antibiotic efflux mechanisms that are problematic due to their broadness in substrate specificity. A summary on future trends and directions in this fruitful and interesting area is also given.     

Identification of borinic esters as inhibitors of bacterial cell growth and bacterial methyltransferases, CcrM and MenH

As bacteria continue to develop resistance toward current antibiotics, we find ourselves in a continual battle to identify new antibacterial agents and targets. We report herein a class of boron-containing compounds termed borinic esters that have broad spectrum antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the low microgram/mL range. These compounds were identified by screening for inhibitors against Caulobacter crescentus CcrM, an essential DNA methyltransferase from gram negative alpha-proteobacteria. In addition, we demonstrate that borinic esters inhibit menaquinone methyltransferase in gram positive bacteria using a new biochemical assay for MenH from Bacillus subtilis. Our data demonstrate the potential for further development of borinic esters as antibacterial agents as well as leads to explore more specific inhibitors against two essential bacterial enzymes.     

Therapy for prostatitis,with emphasis on bacterial prostatitis

The prostatitis syndrome is classified in bacterial prostatitis as confirmed or suspected infection and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). Bacterial prostatitis is a disease entity that is diagnosed clinically and by evidence of inflammation and infection localised to the prostate. According to the duration of symptoms, bacterial prostatitis is described as either acute or chronic. Acute bacterial prostatitis can be a serious infection and administration of high doses of bactericidal antibiotics are required. In chronic bacterial prostatitis, and if infection is strongly suspected in CPPS, a fluoroquinolone should be administered initially for 2 weeks. Antibiotics should only be continued for a total of ～ 4 – 6 weeks, if pre-treatment cultures are positive and/or the patient has reported positive effects from the treatment. Patients with CPPS are treated empirically with various medical and physical modalities. Until now, despite the existence of some scientifically valid studies, no definite recommendations have been made because patients with CPPS are most likely to represent a heterogeneous group of diseases and therapeutic outcome is always uncertain.