骨髓移植诱导特异性免疫耐受同种皮肤移植的动物实验研究

目的证实通过动物实验模型的骨髓移植可以诱导同种皮肤移植的免疫耐受.方法将114只日本白色家兔和Dutch家兔分为对照组和实验组,日本白色家兔作为供体,Dutch家兔作为受体.对照组,在不使用免疫抑制剂的情况下,将12只日本白色家兔与12只Dutch家兔行相同面积的背部全厚皮肤互换移植,观察其成活时间.实验组,将45只日本白色家兔和45只Dutch家兔行全厚皮肤移植的同时行骨髓移植,然后将作为受体的Dutch家兔分为A,B,C,D四组,分别行非致死量的γ射线全身照射的骨髓细胞移植及同种皮肤移植,观察移植皮肤的成活时间.结果对照组,供体与受体移植皮肤的平均成活时间分别为(12.0±1.7)天和(10.3±1.3)天.实验组,A,B,C,D四组移植皮肤的平均成活时间分别为(61.0± 7.2)、(80.7± 10.4)、(78.8± 12.7)、(88.0± 6.0)天.结论通过骨髓移植导特异性免疫耐受同种皮肤移植的动物实验,旨在为临床应用提供了理论基础及可靠依据,为同种组织重建提供一个新方法.     

骨髓移植诱导免疫耐受家兔全耳同种移植

目的　为了减轻免疫诱导过程中对受体的侵袭 ,进一步探讨以家兔为动物模型 ,通过异体骨髓移植诱导同种皮肤移植免疫耐受。方法　通过骨髓腔内直接注射异体骨髓细胞 ,进行骨髓移植。结果　皮片的平均存活时间是 (88.0± 6 .0 )天 (P <0 .0 0 1 )。为了探讨其普遍性 ,我们用此诱导方法 ,还进行了同种全耳移植。平均存活时间是 (1 4 6 .0± 1 5 .1 )天 ,并有 1只移植耳存活时间已超过 1年 ,未见任何排斥反应。结论　本研究证明了以家兔为动物模型 ,在不使用免疫抑制剂的情况下 ,通过骨髓腔内直接注射异体骨髓细胞 ,进行骨髓移植的方法 ,不仅在皮肤移植上可以诱导长期稳定的特异性免疫耐受 ,而且在实质性器官耳的同种移植上取得了良好的效果     

FK506预处理下骨髓移植诱导同种异体小鼠皮肤移植耐受的实验研究

目的探讨短期大剂量FK506作为宏嵌合诱导供体特异性耐受中,骨髓移植前对受体预处理方法的可行性及临床实用性. 方法 100只雄性C57BL/6和60只雌性BALB/C小鼠分别作为皮肤移植的供体和受体,雄性ICR小鼠15只作为无关第三品系用以检测移植耐受状态的特异性.将60只受体小鼠随机分为5组,即无处理对照组、单纯FK506组、单纯骨髓细胞移植(BMT)组、实验组(FK506 BMT)和无关供体对照组,每组12只.FK506诱导及维持方案是皮肤移植前对受体小鼠先给予大剂量FK506腹腔注射(3 mg/kg×2 d),移植当天尾静脉输注2×107个骨髓细胞,再以小剂量FK506(0.5 mg/kg×7 d)短期维持治疗.观察皮肤移植存活时间、对第三方皮肤的排斥反应及对供体鼠的单向混合淋巴细胞反应,并用多聚酶链式反应(PCR)检测嵌合体的形成. 结果常规剂量的骨髓输注或短期FK506治疗并不能延长移植物的存活时间,也没有宏嵌合形成.实验组皮肤移植物存活时间(24.0±1.5)d比无处理对照组(9.6±1.1)d、单纯FK506组(10.5±1.6)d、单纯骨髓细胞移植组(10.3±1.5)d、无关供体对照组(9.8±1.1)d明显延长(P<0.05).混合淋巴细胞反应实验组供者特异性抑制率80.55%±14.10%明显高于单纯FK506组38.65%±12.43%及单纯骨髓细胞移植组35.41%±8.99%(P<0.05),实验组宏嵌合呈阳性. 结论采用短期大剂量FK506这一温和的非照射预处理方法,可获得一定程度的免疫耐受,延长移植物存活.移植前输注供体骨髓细胞能够促进宏嵌合的形成及移植物的存活.     

骨髓移植诱导免疫耐受家兔全耳同种移植

目的为了减轻免疫诱导过程中对受体的侵袭,进一步探讨以家兔为动物模型,通过异体骨髓移植诱导同种皮肤移植免疫耐受.方法通过骨髓腔内直接注射异体骨髓细胞,进行骨髓移植.结果皮片的平均存活时间是(88.0±6.0)天(P<0.001).为了探讨其普遍性,我们用此诱导方法,还进行了同种全耳移植.平均存活时间是(146.0±15.1)天,并有1只移植耳存活时间已超过1年,未见任何排斥反应.结论本研究证明了以家兔为动物模型,在不使用免疫抑制剂的情况下,通过骨髓腔内直接注射异体骨髓细胞,进行骨髓移植的方法,不仅在皮肤移植上可以诱导长期稳定的特异性免疫耐受,而且在实质性器官耳的同种移植上取得了良好的效果.     

供体骨髓细胞输注诱导大鼠肢体移植免疫耐受

目的 探讨环磷酰胺(CP)加供体脾细胞输注联合供体骨髓细胞(DBMC)输注诱导大鼠肢体移植免疫耐受的效果及机制.方法选择25只雄性Wistar大鼠、25只雌性SD大鼠分别作为肢体移植的供体和受体.实验分为五组:A组:无处理对照组,B组:受体在肢体移植前给予供体脾细胞输注预处理;C组:受体在肢体移植前给予CP预处理,D组:受体在肢体移植前给予供体脾细胞输注加CP预处理,E组:受体在肢体移植前给予供体脾细胞输注联合DBMC输注加CP预处理,每组5只.建立肢体移植动物模型,诱导耐受后观察大鼠一般情况,移植肢体排斥反应出现时间及存活时间,通过混合淋巴细胞培养确定耐受状态,采用PCR检测嵌合体的形成.结果 E组肢体移植物的存活时间[(27.6±1.1)d]较A组[(6.8±0.4)d]、B组[(7.2±0.8)d]、C组[(7.8±1.3)d]、D组[(17.8±0.8)d]显著延长,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).混合淋巴细胞反应E组特异性抑制率[(88.00±1.06)%]显著高于B组[(36.90±1.08)%]、C组[(37.90±0.95)%]和D组[(67.20±1.12)%],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).E组嵌合体呈阳性.结论联合CP加供体脾细胞输注及DBMC输注可一定程度诱导大鼠同种异体肢体移植的免疫耐受,延长移植物存活时间.嵌合体的形成可能与免疫耐受的形成及维持有关.     

门静脉注射供体脾细胞诱导大鼠移植肾长期存活

目的 :探讨门静脉内注射供体脾细胞诱导移植肾的免疫耐受情况。方法 :实验组 Wistar大鼠在肾移植同时将经过预处理的供体 SD大鼠脾细胞注入门静脉 ,对照组则注入生理盐水 ,然后用环孢素 A治疗 1周 ,并以大鼠平均存活时间为标准比较两组结果。结果 :对照组平均存活( 1 0 .5± 2 .1 ) d,实验组为 ( 72 .2± 32 .0 ) d( P <0 .0 1 )。实验组在肾移植 60 d后 ,再移植 SD大鼠和Lewis大鼠的皮肤 ,发现 SD大鼠的皮肤不被排异 ,Lewis大鼠的皮肤出现排异。结论 :门静脉内注射供体脾细胞可诱导肾移植免疫耐受 ,并且这种耐受具有特异性。     

大鼠T细胞疫苗的制备及其抗移植皮肤排斥作用的实验研究

目的 探讨T细胞疫苗(TCV)的制备方法及其抗移植皮肤排斥反应的作用.方法 制备针对特定SD大鼠的供体特异性T细胞疫苗,将其免疫受体Wistar大鼠;然后取免疫前和每次免疫后第五天的受体Wistar的淋巴细胞(反应细胞)与供体SD的淋巴细胞(刺激)进行体外单向混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR),以MTT法检测细胞免疫增值反应情况,比较疫苗接种后诱导淋巴细胞反应受抑制的情况:再将SD大鼠皮肤移植到TCV免疫后的Wistar大鼠,观察皮肤移植反应并统计移植物存活的时间.排斥反应的移植物行病理检查.结果 TCV组受体淋巴细胞反应程度比接种前显著减弱(P＜0.05);特异性TCV组皮肤移植物存活时间较非特异性TCV组及对照组延长(P＜0.05).移植皮肤排斥反应病理表现更轻.结论 TCV经腹腔接种可以诱导出针对同种抗原特异性免疫耐受,TCV能够延长同种异体移植皮肤的存活时间,有一定抗移植排斥反应作用.     

主要组织相容性复合体基因胸腺转移减轻异种移植排斥反应的实验研究

目的探讨主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)基因胸腺转移减轻异种移植排斥反应的可行性。方法通过分子克隆技术,提取、扩增供体小鼠(Balb/c)的H-2Kd基因(小鼠MHC-Ⅰ类基因),构建表达型载体质粒pCI-H-2Kd。受体选用20只SD大鼠,采用随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组,每组10只。采用超声引导下穿刺和脂质体转染的方法,实验组受体胸腺注射pCI-H-2Kd;对照组受体胸腺注射空pCI-neo载体质粒。两组随即均行小鼠→大鼠耳后心肌移植,观察异种移植排斥反应。结果实验组异种移植心肌的存活时间较对照组明显延长,差异有统计学意义(14.61±2.98dvs.6.40±1.58d,t=-7.619,P0.05);移植心肌病理切片显示:对照组有较多淋巴细胞浸润,移植心肌大部分坏死;实验组无淋巴细胞浸润,尚有较多心肌存活;混合淋巴细胞反应:实验组对供体小鼠反应明显低于对照组(t=4.758,P=0.000);流式细胞学检测:大鼠胸腺细胞表面表达异种MHC分子,转染效率达60.7%。结论 MHC基因胸腺转移可以减轻异种移植排斥反应,为异种移植免疫耐受的实现提供理论和实验依据。     

供者基因转染受者细胞诱导特异性免疫耐受的实验研究

目的　探讨供体特异性基因片段MHCClassI类抗原分子RT1.AacDNA在诱导免疫耐受中的作用和可能机制。方法　采用大鼠同种异体心脏异位移植模型,通过供体MHCClassI类抗原的RT1.AacDNA基因片段转染受体成肌细胞（MB）并接种自体胸腺,观察移植物存活时间,判断受体免疫耐受产生和维持的状态。结果　经胸腺接种转染供体基因的自体成肌细胞并同时服用CsA,移植物平均存活时间高达(96.13±12.91)d,明显高于其它实验组（P＜0.05）;动态混合淋巴细胞反应（MLR）,无论外周输注或胸腺接种其对照组cpm值均高于各自实验组;CD4     

多次输注供体脾细胞诱导心脏移植免疫耐受的实验研究

目的　探讨供体脾细胞诱导心脏移植免疫耐受的作用。方法　将 5 0只行腹部心脏移植的纯系雄性Lewis大鼠 ,随机分为未处理组、一次脾细胞组、环磷酰胺组、一次脾细胞 环磷酰胺组、多次脾细胞 环磷酰胺组 ,每组 10只大鼠 ,以 5 0只纯系雄性DA大鼠为供体。观察移植心脏平均存活时间 (MST) ,移植后第 6天观察供体心脏病理学改变 ,供受体间的混合淋巴细胞反应 (MLR)、外源性白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )对MLR的影响及体外过继转移实验。结果　多次脾细胞 环磷酰胺组供体心脏MST为 (85 3± 7 5 )d ,较未处理组 (7 3± 1 0 )d、一次脾细胞组 (7 9± 0 9)d、环磷酰胺组(8 1± 1 2 )d、一次脾细胞 环磷酰胺组 (2 5 8± 3 5 )d显著延长 (t=0 ,P <0 0 1) ;供体心脏仅见少量炎性细胞浸润 ;供受体间MLR较DA Lewis对照组显著降低 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1) ;外源性IL 2可以部分逆转DA Lewis耐受组MLR的低反应性 ;其免疫耐受状态可过继转移给正常的同系大鼠。结论　多次输注供体脾细胞联合应用环磷酰胺 ,可成功诱导同种大鼠心脏移植的免疫耐受。     

Facial restoration by transplantation

Hundred years ago, Sir Harold Gillies laid a foundation to the modern plastic surgery trying to reconstruct facial defects of severely disfigured soldiers of World War I. Some years later, Joseph Murray experimented with rejection of skin grafts aimed for treatment of burned patients who sustained their injuries on battlefields of World War II. In 1954, the acquired expertise and intensive research allowed him to perform the first successful kidney transplantation in the world at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. For his achievements in organ transplantation he was awarded Nobel Prize in 1990. The face transplantation appears to be a natural evolution of the work of these two extraordinary plastic surgeons. The first case of partial face transplant from 2005 in France revealed the world that facial restoration by transplantation is superior to conventional reconstruction methods. Since 2009, our team has performed 7 cases of face transplantation at Brigham and Women's Hospital, which is to our best knowledge the largest living single center face transplant cohort in the world. In this article, we want to reflect on the experience with face transplantation at our institution from the past years. We aim to briefly review the key points of the know-how which was given to us from the care of these unique patients.     

Transmission of tuberculosis by kidney transplantation

Tuberculosis occurred in two patients, each of whom received a kidney from the same cadaver donor whose cerebrospinal fluid cultures grew Mycobacteria following organ donation. Although the degree of immunosuppression and graft function were similar in the recipients, one died of disseminated tuberculosis. Kidneys contaminated with certain pathogens, including Mycobacteria, should not be transplanted. Transplant recipients with tuberculosis require prompt antituberculous therapy, and may require transplant nephrectomy for persistent evidence of urinary tract tuberculosis.     

Angiogenesis by endothelial cell transplantation.

PURPOSE: Myocardial angiogenesis may improve regional perfusion and perhaps function after cardiac injury. We evaluated the effect of endothelial cell transplantation into a myocardial scar on angiogenesis and ventricular function, as an alternative to angiogenic gene or protein therapy.Methods and Results: A transmural myocardial scar was created in the left ventricular free wall of rat hearts by cryoinjury. Allogeneic aortic endothelial cells were injected into the scar 2 weeks after cryoinjury. A cluster of transplanted cells was identified at the site of injection 1 day and 1 week after transplantation, but not after 2 weeks. The size of this cluster of transplanted cells decreased as vascular density in the transplanted scar tissue increased with time. Six weeks after transplantation, vascular density was significantly greater in transplanted hearts than in control hearts. Regional blood flow, by microsphere analysis, was greater in the transplanted rats. Systolic and diastolic ventricular function was similar between groups. In a second series of experiments, syngeneic aortic endothelial cells labeled with bromodeoxyuridine were transplanted 2 weeks after cryoinjury. Vascular density in the transplanted scar was greater than in controls. Labeled transplanted endothelial cells were identified forming part of the newly developed blood vessels. No difference in vascular density was found between allogeneic and syngeneic cell transplantation. Vascular endothelial growth factor was not expressed at greater levels in the transplanted cells or the myocardial scar. CONCLUSION: Transplanted endothelial cells stimulated angiogenesis, were incorporated into the new vessels, and increased regional perfusion in myocardial scar tissue, but did not improve global function in this cryoinjury rat model.     

Islet alloautotransplantation: Allogeneic pancreas transplantation followed by transplant pancreatectomy and islet transplantation

Simultaneous pancreas–kidney (SPK) transplantation is an important treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Due to complications, in up to 10% of patients, allograft pancreatectomy is necessary shortly after transplantation. Usually the donor pancreas is discarded. Here, we report on a novel procedure to rescue endocrine tissue after allograft pancreatectomy. A 39‐year‐old woman with T1D and ESRD who had undergone SPK transplantation required emergency allograft pancreatectomy due to bleeding at the vascular anastomosis. Islets were isolated from the removed pancreas allograft, and almost 480 000 islet equivalents were infused into the portal vein. The patient recovered fully. After 3 months, near‐normal mixed meal test (fasting glucose 7.0 mmol/L, 2‐hour glucose 7.5 mmol/L, maximal stimulated C‐peptide 3.25 nmol/L, without insulin use in the preceding 36 hours) was achieved. Glycated hemoglobin while taking a low dose of long‐acting insulin was 32.7 mmol/mol hemoglobin (5.3%). When a donor pancreas is lost after transplantation, rescue β cell therapy by islet alloautotransplantation enables optimal use of scarce donor pancreata to optimize glycemic control without additional HLA alloantigen exposure.