经腰椎椎弓根截骨术治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形

目的探讨单节段经腰椎椎弓根截骨术治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形的临床效果。方法采用单节段经腰椎椎弓根截骨术治疗25例强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形患者,在术前、术后及随访时矢状面X线片上测量腰椎前凸、胸椎后凸、全脊柱最大后凸Cobb角及矢状面平衡,拍摄大体像测定颌眉角,术前及末次随访患者ODI评分,评价畸形矫形效果及患者生活质量。结果 25例均获随访,时间9~36个月。截骨处均达骨性融合。患者均能平视、直立行走及平卧。腰椎前凸、胸椎后凸、全脊柱最大后凸Cobb角、矢状面平衡、颌眉角较术前明显改善(P0.05),末次随访ODI评分较术前降低(P0.05),生活质量明显改善。结论单节段经腰椎椎弓根截骨术治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形可获得满意的临床效果。     

经腰椎椎弓根椎体截骨术治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形

[目的]探讨单节段经腰椎椎弓根截骨术治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形的临床效果。[方法]2010年9月~2014年9月,采用单节段经腰椎椎弓根截骨术治疗13例强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形患者。其中男11例,女2例;年龄32~71岁,平均51.4岁,病程5~39年。在术前、术后及随访时矢状面X线片上测量腰椎前凸、胸椎后凸、全脊柱最大后凸Cobb角及矢状面平衡,拍摄大体像测定颌眉角,采用Bridwell-Dewald脊柱疾患疼痛及功能评定标准评价临床效果及患者生活质量。[结果]所有患者均获得随访,平均随访时间16.5个月(12~36个月)。术中出血量(2 100±550.7)ml(1 500~2 800 ml)。术中硬膜破裂1例,一侧下肢神经症状1例,经治疗后均恢复良好。术后1周时测量,全脊柱最大后凸Cobb角矫正到(30.8±3.8)°,颌眉角改善到(3.2±1.3)°,C_7铅垂线距S1后上角的距离改善到(4.3±1.2)cm。术后1周全脊柱最大后凸Cobb角、胸椎后凸角、胸腰段后凸角、腰椎前凸角、颌眉角和C_7铅垂线距S_1后上角距离均较术前明显改善(P0.05)。末次随访时,上述指标与术后1周比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。患者均能平视、直立行走及平卧,截骨处均达骨性融合,末次随访时疼痛、工作限制情况及社交限制情况较术前明显改善(P0.05)。[结论]单节段经腰椎椎弓根截骨术治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形可获得满意的临床效果。     

A technique for lumbar spinal osteotomy in ankylosing spondylitis

Fourteen patients with ankylosing spondylitis had an extension osteotomy for severe flexion deformity of the spine. The Smith-Petersen technique was modified by using a compression device which allows a slow, finely controlled closure of the osteotomy, and provides rigid internal fixation. There were no serious neurological complications. All the patients were able to see straight ahead after operation, and all had solid fusion at nine months, having maintained good correction.     

Fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine in ankylosing spondylitis

Summary In the literature a total of 27 cases of thoracic and lumbar fractures in ankylosing Spondylitis have previously been reported in contrast to cervical fractures which are more common. Transvertebral fractures are relatively rare amounting to 8 cases. The majority of the fractures were transdiscal. Here three additional cases with four fractures are reported. Of these fractures two were transvertebral and two transdiscal. All reported fractures are reviewed regarding age, sex, trauma, fracture localization and type, neurologic complications and fracture healing. Compared to cervical fractures there are less neurological complications in thoracic and lumbar fractures (23%) in ankylosing spondylitis. These fractures mostly heal by moderate immobilisation. Attention should be paid to the possibility of fracture in ankylosing spondylitis even after minor trauma.

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Zusammenfassung In der Literatur sind bisher im ganzen 27 Fälle mit thorakalen oder lumbaren Frakturen bei Spondylitis Ankylopoetica rapportiert worden. Cervikale Frakturen sind dagegen weitaus gewöhnlicher. Transvertebrale Frakturen kommen verhältnismäßig selten vor (8 Fälle). Die Mehrzahl der Frakturen waren transdiskal. Hier werden drei neue Fälle mit vier Frakturen rapportiert. Von diesen Frakturen sind zwei transvertebral und zwei transdiskal. Alle rapportierten Frakturen sind mit Hinsicht auf Alter und Geschlechtszugehörigkeit des Patienten, Trauma, Lokalisation und Typ der Fraktur, neurologische Komplikationen und Frakturheilung rapportiert worden.Verglichen mit cervikalen Frakturen kommen bei Spondylitis Ankylopoetica weniger neurologische Komplikationen bei thorakalen und lumbaren Frakturen vor (23%). Diese Frakturen heilen meistens nach einer kürzeren Immobilisierung. Die Möglichkeit einer Fraktur bei Spondylitis Ankylopoetica sollte auch bei kleineren Schäden beachtet werden.

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This work was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project 17X-2031)     

Functional outcome after lumbar closing wedge osteotomy in ankylosing spondylitis

This study entails a prospective evaluation of lumbar closing wedge osteotomy for correction of thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity in ankylosing spondylitis. Twenty patients with a median age of 52 years (range, 26–70) underwent follow-up at one year. The lumbar closing wedge osteomtomy was stabilised by metallic rods fixed by transpedicular screws. Outcome measures were quality of life (EuroQol), occiput-to-wall distance, pain, fatigue, complications, technical and radiological evaluation. The technical result was good in 16 and fair in four patients; two had neuropraxia. The deformity was reduced an average of 17° (95% confidence interval 15–25°) at one-year follow-up. Pain during activity, pain at night, and fatigue were significantly reduced. EuroQol improved from 0.42 to 0.69 (p = 0.002) and occiput-to-wall distance from 26 to 18 cm (p = 0.005). Functional outcome was improved after lumbar closing wedge osteotomy in ankylosing spondylitis.

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Résumé  Evaluation prospective d’une ostéotomie lombaire à foyer fermé pour correction de cyphose lombaire chez les patients présentant une spondylarthrite ankylosante. Matériel et méthode: 20 patients dont l’age moyen était de 52 ans (entre 26 et 70 ans) ont été suivis pendant un an et demi. Les vertèbres lombaires ont été stabilisées par deux tiges métalliques fixées par des vis transpédiculaires. Le devenir des patients a été analysé selon les critères de vie EUROQOL, selon la déformation résiduelle, les douleurs, la fatigue, les complications et la radiologie. Résultats: les résultats ont été bons chez 16 patients et passables chez 4 patients qui présentaient des troubles neurologiques résiduels (neuropraxie). A un an de recul, a déformation a été réduite en moyenne de 17°. La douleur, l’activité et la fatigue ont été significativement diminuées. L’index d’EUROQOL amélioré de 0,42 à 0,69 (p = 0,002), la flèche de cyphose mesurée en C1 de 26 à 18 cm (p = 0,005). Conclusion: dans les spondylarthrite ankylosante, l’ostéotomie lombaire à foyer fermé peut améliorer le devenir fonctionnel des patients.

     

Corrective osteotomy of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Experience with 66 cases

Of 66 cases of corrective lumbar osteotomy for ankylosing spondylitis, 59 were men and seven were women with a follow-up period of two to 30 years after surgery. Their ages ranged from 19 to 55 years. The deformity was corrected by a one-stage posterior osteotomy and decompression of the posterior elements of the spine. Postoperative ileus, nausea, vomiting, and urinary retention were the most common surgical complications. There were no cases of permanent neurological deficit. The one fatality occurred on the ninth postoperative day because of a ruptured aorta. The results were gratifying in the 65 remaining cases. These patients were pleased with the cosmetic results, improved gait, and ability to look straight ahead. In addition to the expanded field of vision, there was general improvement in the cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal functions plus a better mental attitude. Patients over 55 years of age, patients with aortic calcification, poor medical risks, and patients with ankylosed hips (untreated with total hip arthroplasties) are contraindications for this operation.     

Neuro-myopathic flexion deformities of the cervical spine

A study is presented of six patients who suffered flexion (chin-on-chest) deformity of the cervical spine on a neuropathic or myopathic basis. An awareness of this possibility is recommended, differentiating these patients from those with similar deformities due to ankylosing spondylitis, trauma, or primary degenerative change. Recognition is based on a detailed history, weakness of neck extension, electrodiagnostic studies, and muscle biopsy. A mildly elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was the only consistent laboratory finding. Appropriate surgical correction of severe deformity involves anterior surgical release of contracted sternomastoid muscles, halo-dependent traction, posterior vertebral inferior facet resection, and spinal fusion over an adequate length, supplemented with internal fixation. Where extension correction involves extensive vertebral body separation anteriorly, additional anterior keystone strut grafting is indicated.     

强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折的手术治疗

目的研究强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折或骨折脱位手术治疗的疗效、融合率及相关问题。方法回顾性研究1986年4月～2004年4月手术治疗的12例累及颈椎的强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎骨折或骨折脱位患者。采用美国脊柱损伤学会(ASIA)神经功能障碍评分进行神经功能评价,应用图形分析软件(Image-Pro Plus5．1)分别测量屈曲和仰伸位融合节段上下椎成角,计算两个角度的差值(作为椎间的运动参数,α角),按照美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)对脊柱融合的定义,α角≥4°认为假关节形成(不融合)。对与手术有关的其它问题采用描述性研究。结果12例患者获得21～124个月(平均67．5个月)随访。9例神经损伤患者ASIA评分平均改善1．3级,除1例前路手术未行内固定外,所有融合手术均行内固定。前路融合术6例,α角为0°；后路融合术2例,α角为0～2．5°；联合前后路融合术1例,随访时均获骨性融合。3例拟行椎板成形术者,2例因“门轴”侧骨折被迫行椎板切除术。术后并发症：气胸、肺不张1例,经胸腔闭式引流5 d治愈；伤口延迟愈合1例；前路伤口内积血1例,经切开引流治愈。无死亡及严重并发症发生。结论强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折或骨折脱位行手术治疗可以改善神经功能；对不稳定损伤,融合手术应行内固定,可以达到骨性融合；术前由于合并症多导致手术耐受性差,术后并发症多发。     

Surgery of the deformities in ankylosing spondylitis: Our experience of lumbar osteotomies in 31 patients

Corrective surgery for kyphotic deformities of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis is a major surgery. for rare indications. The authors report 31 lumbar osteotomies. The goal is to correct the deformity through a posterior limited approach and to minimise the neurological risks. The modifications developed by the authors for monosegmental closing wedge osteotomies are explained. The posterior resection is rhomboid shaped with a bilateral lamina removal. An osteotomy is performed in a forwards direction on the lateral aspects of the vertebral body without bone resection. This osteoclasty allows progressive vertebral body compression. Pediclectomy is associated if the corresponding foramen at the osteotomy level becomes too narrow in the process of redressing the spine. The resection level is adjusted so that superior and inferior posterior arches come into contact with a good compression. The authors point out the risk of lateral translation. Before the osteotomy, the two adjacent vertebrae are implanted with 5-mm cylindrical pedicular screws, so that posterior fixation can be carried out at any time. Posterior monobloc fixation allows for very great compression of the osteoclasty. The authors compare the results of their experiences in opening and closing osteotomy. They progressively changed their technique for closing osteotomies, because of published vascular complications and mechanical risks (instability and pseudarthrosis in opening osteotomies). Closing osteotomy also minimises the risk of stenosis with radicular compression or traction if an important correction is performed. The level of the osteotomy varied in this series, which had a correction rate of up to 75°. The choice of level depends on secondary effects on pelvic position and projection of the centre of gravity. The preferred procedure remains a monosegmental correction because it is faster and easier, with minimum bleeding. Short monobloc posterior fixation is sufficient to maintain reduction and to obtain stability from posterior compression.     

经椎弓根不对称截骨术矫正强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎侧后凸畸形的疗效分析

目的 ：分析经椎弓根不对称截骨术（asymmetrical pedicle subtraction osteotomy,APSO）对强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis,AS）胸腰椎侧后凸畸形患者的临床疗效,并比较其与传统经椎弓根椎体截骨术（pedicle subtraction osteotomy,PSO）对矢状面平衡重建的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2016年1月～2019年6月在我院行脊柱截骨术且随访超过1年的55例AS胸腰椎畸形患者。仅有矢状面畸形的AS患者采用PSO,双平面畸形患者采用APSO。在术前、术后和末次随访时的站立全脊柱正侧位X线片上测量冠状面Cobb角、冠状面平衡距离（coronal balance distance,CBD）、全脊柱后凸角（global kyphosis,GK）、矢状面偏移（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）、腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、截骨角（osteotomized vertebral angl...     

脊柱后路截骨治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形合并Andersson损伤

目的 :探讨脊柱后路经损伤处截骨治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形合并Andersson损伤的临床疗效。方法 :回顾性分析2012年1月~2014年1月采用脊柱后路经损伤处截骨治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形合并Andersson损伤的15例患者。男14例,女1例;年龄22~44岁,平均35.7±6.1岁。患者均有腰背痛及后凸畸形,VAS评分6.8±0.8分,ODI为(55.4±12.8)%,局部后凸角51.9°±15.1°,整体后凸角61.6°±27.5°,4例伴有神经功能损伤,术前Frankel分级C级1例,D级3例,E级11例。所有患者均采用后路楔形截骨,术中进行截骨矫形前对Andersson损伤处的纤维组织和硬化骨进行彻底清除直至显露新鲜的松质骨。随访时间均为2年以上,收集患者随访期间的临床疗效评分(VAS和ODI)和影像学参数(局部后凸角、整体后凸角、胸腰段后凸角、腰椎前凸角、骶骨倾斜角和骨盆倾斜角),收集患者术后2年的全脊柱CT检查来评估螺钉置入和固定的情况,应用Bridwell椎间融合评估系统来评估损伤的愈合情况。结果 :所有手术均顺利完成,手术时间为279.4±32.9min,术中平均出血量1066.1±466.1ml。1例患者术中出现硬膜破裂,术中修补。1例患者术后出现肺部感染,应用抗生素治疗后痊愈。随访时间24~32个月,平均27.1±2.4个月。术后2年随访时,局部后凸角减小为7.9°±19.0°,平均矫正了44.6°±9.1°。整体后凸角减小为21.3°±10.6°(P0.05)。腰背疼VAS评分改善为0.7±0.6分(P0.05),ODI改善为(15.6±4.3)%(P0.05)。术后2年随访时原神经功能Frankel分级C级1例及D级3例均恢复为E级。CT显示Andersson损伤处均获得骨性融合,无内固定松动、断裂,均为Ⅰ级愈合。结论:脊柱后路经损伤处截骨治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形合并Andersson损伤能够获得良好的融合和矫形效果,临床疗效满意。     

Fractures of the cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis

In the years 1965-1982, 33 patients with traumatic cervical spine injury in ankylosing spondylitis were treated in the Spinal Department of the Rehabilitation Clinic at Konstancin, Poland. This paper describes the causes of vertebral injury, the level and degree of spinal cord damage and the method and results of treatment. Injury of the ankylosed spine is often a consequence of minor trauma, such as a stumble in the street, but the damage to the spinal cord is often complete or extensive. Complete injuries of the spinal cord with subsequent disturbance of the autonomic system are likely to lead to the development of respiratory disorders, aggravated by the pathological changes associated with ankylosing spondylitis when the chest is fixed in the exhaling position. This may often lead to death.     

强直性脊柱炎后凸截骨矫形致神经损伤并发症分析

 目的 探讨截骨矫形治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形神经系统并发症的原因及预防措施。方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年1月行截骨矫形术治疗126例强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形患者资料,其中18例术后发生神经系统并发症,男15例,女3例;手术时年龄25～56岁,平均36.8岁;术前后凸Cobb角57°～96°,平均76.3°;患者术前ASIA分级均为E级。回顾术中操作情况,分析术后发生神经并发症的原因。结果 18例患者均获得随访,随访时间6～49个月,平均35个月;术后后凸Cobb角为19°～38°,平均27°;获得截骨角度31°～76°,平均49.3°,外观得到明显改善。3例(2.4%,3/126)发生脊髓损伤,其中1例在T12截骨处产生矢状面移位,术中经调整上下螺钉高度和预弯棒角度,重新恢复截骨处的矢状面排列后患者无异常;1例截骨闭合后椎管狭窄导致脊髓受压,重新减压后患者随访无异常;1例术中发生医原性颈椎骨折脱位造成脊髓损伤,复位固定后6个月随访时ASIA分级为B级。15例(11.9%,15/126)发生神经根损伤,其中2例为截骨闭合时L3神经根受到挤压,1例为L3椎弓根置钉失误所致,以上3例患者表现为股四头肌乏力;其余12例表现为相应神经根区域皮肤麻木,主要原因是截骨时神经根受到过度牵拉,截除椎弓根下壁时过度激惹神经根;经脱水、神经营养治疗后恢复正常。结论 神经损伤是截骨矫形术中灾难性并发症。认识强直性脊柱炎的病理特点,避免截骨端发生位移,截骨处充分减压,正确摆放患者手术体位,能够有效降低神经损伤的发生。     

强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折影像学特点及手术方式选择

目的 探讨强直性脊柱炎(ankyiosing spendylitis AS)合并颈椎骨折的影像学特点和手术方式选择;方法对30例强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折(ankylosing spondylitis cervical spine fractureASCSF)患者的影像学特点以及前路、后路和前后路联合三种不同手术方式的结果进行分析;结果强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折多表现为三柱损伤,多合并相对较重的脊髓损伤,影像学特点根据骨折脱位的不同表现不同,骨折多位于椎间隙部位,部分无明显脱位的患者X线和CT检查易漏诊,MRI检查阳性率较高,治疗上首选外科手术稳定融合和脊髓减压,手术方式可根据骨折脱位情况和脊柱强直情况不同选择不同的稳定方式.结论 强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折一种相对严重的损伤,影像学根据损伤不同表现不同,治疗上以手术稳定脊柱和脊髓减压为主,前路、后路和前后路联合稳定脊柱是主要方式.     

强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎骨折的诊断与外科治疗

强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing apondylitis,AS)是一种影响中轴骨骼,引起疼痛和脊柱进行性强直的慢性炎症性疾病,主要引起各个椎间关节滑膜炎性改变、滑膜增生,血管翳形成致软骨和骨的破坏和侵蚀,进而引起机体修复反应、关节纤维性或骨性强直、全身骨骼骨质疏松及骨骼韧性减弱[1-2].因此,强直性脊柱炎患者在遭受外力作用时容易脊柱骨折并引起脊髓损伤.强直性脊柱炎脊柱创伤与普通脊柱损伤的特点明显不同,主要包括:骨折多为三柱骨折,高度不稳,部分患者普通x线检查易漏诊,脊髓损伤发生率较高[3].