阴沟肠杆菌产AmpC酶及ESBLs的检测与耐药性分析

目的探讨阴沟肠杆菌产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况及耐药机制,以指导临床合理用药。方法收集2014年3月至2015年4月丹东市中心医院临床分离到的阴沟肠杆菌132株,通过双抑制剂扩散协同试验法检测AmpC酶及ESBLs,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验。结果 132株阴沟肠杆菌中,检出产AmpC酶的有34株,占25.76%;产ESBLs的有23株,占17.42%;同时产AmpC酶及ESBLs的有8株,占6.06%。产不同类型β-内酰胺酶其耐药性有所不同,产酶株的耐药性明显高于非产酶株,并呈现多重耐药现象。结论临床应加强对产酶阴沟肠杆菌的检测及耐药性监测,根据不同类型产酶菌株合理选择抗菌药物,以控制医院感染流行。临床治疗多重耐药阴沟肠杆菌感染应首选碳青霉烯类药物。     

阴沟肠杆菌耐药性的检测与分析

目的监测从我院患者中分离到的阴沟肠杆菌耐药性。方法用纸片琼脂扩散法测定阴沟肠杆菌对10种抗菌药物的耐药性,检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶,并应用三维试验检测AmpC酶。结果从医院住院患者分离到的74株阴沟肠杆菌对9种抗菌药物的耐药率较高(40.5%~91.8%),且分离到ESBLs及AmpC酶分别为31株(41.89%)和10株(13.5%),两种酶同时存在者为6株(6.1%),总产酶株47株,占63.5%。而亚胺培南却对74株阴沟肠杆菌均敏感。结论亚胺培南可作为治疗产ESBLs酶和AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌所引起的严重感染的首选药物。     

重症监护病房产ESBLs及AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌耐药性研究

目的监测医院重症监护病房患者感染阴沟肠杆菌产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的耐药性特征。方法采用酶提取物三维试验方法检测AmpC酶和检测ESBLs。结果 86株阴沟肠杆菌中检出单产ESBLs 21株、单产AmpC酶20株、同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs株即SSBL阳性株15株,检出率分别为24.4%、23.3%和17.4%;产酶阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率大部分均高于既非产Ampc酶又非产ESBLs菌株,即SSBL(-)。结论重症监护病房产AmpC酶和ESBLs的阴沟肠杆菌呈多药耐药,对于产AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌临床经验用药应首选头孢四代抗菌药物,对于产ESBLs酶阴沟肠杆菌临床经验用药,应首选碳青霉烯类抗菌药物。     

阴沟肠杆菌感染的临床分布与耐药性

目的了解医院阴沟肠杆菌感染的临床分布及耐药性,以指导临床防治该菌感染。方法采用K-B纸片扩散法检测药物敏感性,通过改良酶提取物头孢西丁和头孢曲松三维试验检测AmpCβ-内酰胺酶(AmpC酶)和产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)。结果2002年1月~2004年12月临床分离阴沟肠杆菌162株,标本来源主要为痰液、尿液、伤口分泌物,分别占62.3%、11.7%、9.9%,73.5%菌株分离自各病区重症监护病病房(ICU);单产AmpC酶、同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs、单产ESBLs检出率分别为19.1%、11.7%、14.2%;产酶株的耐药性明显高于非产酶株,耐药现象在同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株中尤为严重,全部菌株对亚胺培南敏感。结论临床上阴沟肠杆菌主要引起呼吸道、尿路和各种伤口感染,并多发于ICU患者;AmpC酶和ESBLs在阴沟肠杆菌中广为流行,限制β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的应用是减少产酶株流行的重要措施。     

阴沟肠杆菌不同β-内酰胺酶基因型检测与耐药性研究

目的 了解医院感染阴沟肠杆菌产β-内酰胺酶的情况,并对产不同β-内酰胺酶型菌株的耐药性进行研究.方法 采用三维试验确证试验检测AmpC酶与超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs).聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增基因,K-B法检测阴沟肠杆菌对13种抗菌药物的耐药情况.结果 80株阴沟肠杆菌中29株ESBLs编码基因结果阳性,3株含有两种不同的基因型,分别为TEM型6株、SHV-2型2株、CTX-M-2型5株、CTX-M-3型8株和CTX-M-9型11株;26株ampC基因PCR扩增呈阳性;产超超广谱β-内酰胺酶(SSBLs)阴沟肠杆菌对美罗培南外的12种抗菌药物的耐药率在66.7%～100.0%,无论是单一产酶株,还是SSBLs菌株,其耐药率均显著高于不产酶株.差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);美罗堵南仍是阴沟肠杆菌耐药率最低的抗菌药物.结论 阴沟肠杆菌已呈现出多药耐药和高度耐药特征,ESBLs基因型以CTX-M型为主,三维试验与PCR检测具有良好的一致性,产AmpC酶和ESBLs酶是阴沟肠杆菌耐药的主要原因.     

阴沟肠杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶与AmpC酶基因及其流行病学研究

目的分析医院2008-2010年临床分离阴沟肠杆菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶及其对抗菌药物的耐药性,并了解其耐药基因的传播机制。方法采用改良三维试验筛选AmpC酶,双纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测ESBLs和AmpC酶的基因,采用微量肉汤稀释法分析细菌耐药性,质粒接合试验分析耐药基因的传播特点。结果同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株对三、四代头孢菌素及含酶抑制剂药物的耐药率均>50.0%;45株改良三维试验阳性,14株ESBLs确证试验阳性,ESBLs和AmpC酶的基因阳性者分别为25、38株,分别以TEM-1型、MIR-3型为主,其次为CTX-M-3、DHA-1型,SHV-11型广谱β-内酰胺酶2株,未检测到CIT、MOX、FOX、ACC型AmpC酶的基因,5株接合试验成功。结论阴沟肠杆菌主要携带TEM-1型广谱β-内酰胺酶、CTX-M-3型ESBLs和MIR-3型AmpC酶,耐药现状严重,应采取积极有效的措施预防多药耐药菌株的播散与暴发流行。     

阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶的耐药调查

目的 了解阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶，或产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及同时表达这两类酶的现状及耐药性，指导医生临床用药。方法 采用改良的酶提取物三维试验法，检测阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶，用表型确证试验检测ESBLs，并用K—B法对抗菌药物进行体外药敏试验。结果 在68株阴沟肠杆菌中，8株持续高产AmpC酶，14株产ESBLs，3株同时表达这两种酶。结论 产酶菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性远远高于不产酶菌，且多重耐药，改良的酶提取物三维试验法，能较好地检测阴沟肠杆菌持续高产AmpC酶，适用于临床常规检验，为临床医生使用抗菌药物提供合理建议，对预防和控制医院感染的发生有重要意义。     

革兰阴性杆菌临床分离株对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的耐药性研究

目的研究医院感染革兰阴性(G-)杆菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的耐药性特征及耐药机制。方法测定泵抑制剂对MIC的影响,β-内酰胺酶(Bla)的表型鉴定及等电点测定,PCR扩增检测Bla基因及DNA序列测定。结果所试菌对大多数药物的耐药率高,均产Bla,其中42.1%产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、17.5%产头孢菌素酶(AmpC酶)、7.0%产金属β-内酰胺酶,10.5%同时为外排泵阳性菌;8株阴沟肠杆菌的ampC基因与阴沟肠杆菌ECLC074的ampC基因高度同源。结论产Bla是G-杆菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的主要机制,ESBLs检出率最高;产AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌的ampC基因均起源于ECLC074的ampC基因;亚胺培南是治疗耐药G-杆菌所致感染最有效的药物,β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合物和阿米卡星可分别用于治疗耐药非发酵杆菌和持续高产AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌所致感染。     

2017年临床分离阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性及其ESBLs基因研究

目的探讨某三级甲等医院2017年临床分离阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性及其超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrum beta-lactamases, ESBLs)基因的产生情况。方法收集2017年1月-2017年12月自临床患者分离的159株(非重复菌株)阴沟肠杆菌。菌株鉴定及药敏试验采用Walkway 96全自动细菌鉴定及药敏仪,K-B法补充部分药敏试验。ESBLs表型检测采用双纸片扩散法,降落聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测4种ESBLs基因(blaOXA-1、blaCTX-M、blaTEM、blaSHV)。结果未检出对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药的阴沟肠杆菌,菌株对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均<30%;38株(23.9%)阴沟肠杆菌ESBLs表型试验阳性,其中,35株携带ESBLs基因,以CTX-M-3型(28/35)为主;产酶(ESBLs)菌株对多数β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的耐药现象较严峻。结论 ESBLs表型检测可作为阴沟肠杆菌产ESBLs与否的筛选试验;降落PCR用于ESBLs基因检测简便、快捷;本地区阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率略低,但产酶菌株耐药现象较严峻,临床医师应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物,以减少耐药菌株的产生。     

112株阴沟肠杆菌产碳青霉烯酶、AmpC酶及产ESBLs的检测与耐药性分析

目的 探讨济宁医学院附属医院阴沟肠杆菌产碳青霉烯酶、AmpC酶、产ESBLs的情况及对17种常用抗菌药物的耐药性,以指导临床合理选择抗菌药物.方法 收集医院2009年5月-2010年5月临床分离的非重复阴沟肠杆菌112株,采用改良的Hodge试验对碳青霉烯酶进行检测,采用头孢西丁三维试验对AmpC酶进行检测,采用表型确证试验对产ESBLs进行检测,K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验.结果 112株阴沟肠杆菌主要来自痰液,占60.7％,其次为分泌物及尿液,分别占16.1％、13.4％;从112株阴沟肠杆菌中检出碳青霉烯酶阳性2株,阳性率1.8％,AmpC酶阳性60株,阳性率53.6％,产ESBLs菌46株,阳性率41.1％,其中有28株仅携带ESBLs,42株仅携带AmpC酶,18株同时携带产ESBLs和AmpC酶.结论 应加强对产碳青霉烯酶阴沟肠杆菌的控制和检测;阴沟肠杆菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶携带率高;临床治疗应在药敏试验的基础上,针对不同的产酶株合理选择抗菌药物.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.