先天性白内障的研究进展

先天性白内障是一种严重的致盲性晶状体疾病，是由于胚胎期晶状体代谢异常而导致其自身透明度下降的疾病。先天性白内障是导致儿童失明的主要原因之一，占儿童致盲眼病的第二位。在先天性白内障中，约有一半的病例与遗传有关，且绝大多数表现为常染色体显性遗传，少数为常染色体隐性遗传和伴性遗传。先天性白内障种类较多，具有明显的遗传异质性。随着分子生物学技术的发展，对于先天性白内障发病机制的研究有了很大的进展。本文对先天性白内障发病的相关基因及临床类型进行了论述。     

一家系四代6例同患先天性白内障病例报告

先天性白内障是指患者一出生就发现的白内障。婴幼儿盲目中约计 14 %是由先天性白内障所致 ,其中 2 0 %有遗传因素 ,另 2 0 %为胎儿期母体罹患风疹或内分泌失调所致。本病存在复杂的遗传异质性 ,表现不同的遗传方式 ,多数属于常染色体显性遗传 ,少数为常染色体隐性遗传 ,偶见Ｘ     

常染色体显性先天性白内障致病基因研究进展

先天性白内障是儿童常见的致盲性眼病,约有1/3是遗传性的,其遗传方式有常染色体显性、常染色体隐性和X连锁遗传3种,其中常染色体显性先天性白内障（autosomal dominant congenital cataract,ADCC）最为常见。随着分子遗传学技术的发展,对先天性白内障发病的分子机制已取得较人的进展。迄今为止,已发现至少有20多个位点的突变能导致ADCC的发生,其中有17个基因被完全克隆出米。在所有已确定突变基因的家系中,有1/2以上是晶状体蛋白基因发生突变,约有1/4是缝隙连接蛋白基因突变,其余包括MIP26,BFSP2,FTL以及转录调节因子基因MAF,PITX3,HSF4,PAX6等。本文主要就上述基因在ADCC发病机制中的作用作一综述。     

先天性遗传性白内障的基因学研究进展

先天性白内障是儿童常见的致盲性疾病,发病机制多种多样。非同系的人群中,大部分遗传性白内障是外显率较高的常染色体显性遗传,但也有X连锁和常染色体隐性遗传存在。随着分子生物学技术的发展,已经明确了先天性白内障的十几个基因、几十个独立位点的突变。基因学研究有助于揭示早期白内障的发病机制,为晶状体的发育和生理学研究提供新的见解,有助于进一步了解遗传、环境和营养等因素对晶状体的作用方式;遗传白内障的致病基因可能是老年性白内障的致病因素之一。就遗传性白内障的基因学研究进展进行综述。     

先天性遗传性白内障的基因学研究进展

先天性白内障是儿童常见的致盲性疾病，发病机制多种多样。非同系的人群中，大部分遗传性白内障是外显率较高的常染色体显性遗传，但也有X连锁和常染色体隐性遗传存在。随着分子生物学技术的发展，已经明确了先天性白内障的十几个基因、几十个独立位点的突变。基因学研究有助于揭示早期白内障的发病机制，为晶状体的发育和生理学研究提供新的见解，有助于进一步了解遗传、环境和营养等因素对晶状体的作用方式；遗传白内障的致病基因可能是老年性白内障的致病因素之一。就遗传性白内障的基因学研究进展进行综述。     

SPG4基因的遗传学研究

遗传性痉挛性截瘫(hereditary spastic paraplegia,HSP),又称为家族性Strümpell-Lorrain病,是一种具有临床及遗传高度异质性的神经系统遗传病,患病率为2/10万～9.6/10万,表现为缓慢进展的双下肢无力及痉挛性截瘫.根据遗传方式不同HSP可分为常染色体显性遗传、常染色体隐性遗传和X-连锁隐性遗传,以常染色体显性遗传最常见.目前已经发现40个HSP基因位点,已克隆19个疾病基因.其中spastin基因突变所致的遗传性痉挛性截瘫4型(spastic paraplegia-4,SPG4)约占常染色体显性遗传的HSP的40%.基因检测是诊断该病的金标准,有助于早期诊断、症状前诊断及产前诊断.动物模型的研究对揭示HSP的分子病理机制有重要作用,本文就SPG4基因的遗传学研究作一概述.     

先天性小眼球致病基因的研究进展

先天性小眼球是一种先天发育异常性眼科疾病,遗传方式有常染色体显性遗传,常染色体隐性遗传和X连锁隐性遗传。迄今为止,用连锁分析和细胞遗传学方法对小眼球相关基因进行了基因定位并进一步对候选基因进行突变分析。本文就近年来先天性小眼球致病基因研究方面作一综述。     

X性连锁视网膜色素变性遗传学研究进展

视网膜色素变性 (retinitis pigmentosa,RP)是一组具有遗传异质性的单基因遗传性视网膜疾病。分为常染色体显性、常染色体隐性和 X-性连锁三种遗传形式。本文就 X-性连锁视网膜色素变性 (XL RP)的遗传学研究进展予以综述。     

非综合征型多指(趾)致病基因的研究进展

多指是最常见的先天性肢体异常 ,遗传方式多为常染色体显性遗传。迄今为止 ,用连锁分析的方法对多个非综合征型多指 (趾 )畸形家系进行了基因定位和致病基因的突变分析。本文就近年来在多指 (趾 )畸形致病基因研究方面做一综述。     

X性连锁视同多膜色素变性遗传学研究进展

视网膜色素变性（retinitis pigmentosa,RP)是一组具有遗传异质性的单基因遗传性视网膜疾病。分为常染色体显性、常染色体隐性和X－性连锁三种遗传形式。本就X－性连锁视网膜色素变性（XLRP）的遗传学研究进展予以综述。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.