罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因与布比卡因低位硬膜外麻醉的比较

目的比较罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因与布比卡因低位硬膜外麻醉的临床效果。方法60例行下腹部手术病人。随机分成三组,每组20例。Ⅰ组：0．5％罗哌卡因;Ⅱ组：0．5％左旋布比卡因;Ⅲ组：0．5％布比卡因。行连续低位硬膜外麻醉。观察感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞平面上界、运动阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞程度及麻醉质量。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组首次局麻药用量分别为（14．38±1．57）、（14．75±0．50）和（13．80±1．30）ml。Ⅰ组运动阻滞起效时间比Ⅲ组长（P〈0．05）,Ⅰ组Bromage评分为1分的例数多于Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。与Ⅲ组比较,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞平面上界差异均无统计学意义。Ⅲ组SBP在感觉阻滞平面达上界及运动阻滞起效时有明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论0．5％罗哌旨因、左旋布比卡因或布比卡因连续硬膜外麻醉均可产生良好的感觉和运动阻滞,三种药物药效学相似。     

下肢手术患者罗哌卡因与布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞效果的比较前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲研究

目的 比较单侧下肢手术患者罗哌卡因和布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞的效果.方法 本试验为前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲的临床研究.拟行单侧下肢手术患者218例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～64岁,体重指数18～24 kg/m2,性别不限.随机分为2组,R组(n=110)蛛网膜下腔注射5 ms/ml罗哌卡因3.5 ml;B组(n=108)蛛网膜下腔注射5 mg/ml布比卡因2.5 ml.采用改良的Bromage评分法评估非术侧下肢的运动阻滞效果,记录起效时间和维持时间;采用针刺法评估感觉阻滞效果,记录起效时间和维持时间;评估术中麻醉质量与肌松效果;记录不良反应的发生情况.结果 与B组比较,R组运动阻滞起效时间延长,运动阻滞和感觉阻滞维持时间缩短(P＜0.05或0.01),感觉阻滞起效时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组运动阻滞和感觉阻滞有效率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组麻醉质量和肌松效果均较好,麻醉质量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),R组肌松效果优于B组(P＜0.05);两组不良事件发生率均较低,且差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 下肢手术患者采用罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞时,术中麻醉质量及肌松效果良好,且其运动阻滞维持时间较布比卡因短,有利于术后的恢复,其临床效果更具优越性.     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因在剖宫产腰硬联合麻醉中的应用分析

目的分析在剖宫产腰硬联合麻醉应用罗哌卡因与布比卡因的临床效果。方法将接受剖宫产的80例孕妇随机分为布比卡因组和罗哌卡因组,每组40例。分别应用罗哌卡因和布比卡因实施麻醉。观察2组的麻醉效果及不良反应。结果 2组患者感觉阻滞起效时间及麻醉效果优良率比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。罗哌卡因组运动阻滞起效时间慢于布比卡因组,运动阻滞维持时间和运动恢复时间均短于布比卡因组,不良反应发生率低于布比卡因组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论罗哌卡因与布比卡因在剖宫产腰硬联合麻醉中效果相当,但罗哌卡因术后恢复时间短,不良反应少。     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因与盐酸罗哌卡因用于硬膜外麻醉的临床观察

目的 评价甲磺酸罗哌卡因和盐酸罗哌卡因在下腹部和下肢手术患者中硬膜外麻醉的临床疗效及安全性.方法 选择下腹部或下肢手术受试者142例,随机均分为甲磺酸罗哌卡因组(A组)和盐酸罗哌卡因组(B组).取L1～2或L2～3穿刺点行硬膜外穿刺,向头端置管3 cm,注入首次剂量罗哌卡因15 ml.观察两组感觉阻滞起效时间、持续时间、感觉阻滞范围及运动阻滞Bromage评分及运动阻滞起效、持续时间;连续监测生命体征变化情况;观察术前及术后24 h内肝功能、肾功能等指标变化和低血压、心动过缓等不良反应.结果 两组感觉阻滞及运动阻滞各项观察指标差异均无统计学意义;受试者术中各项生命体征基本平稳;A组不良反应发生率为16.91%,明显低于B组的33.80%(P<0.05);两组均未发生严重不良事件.结论 甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于下腹部和下肢手术硬膜外麻醉安全有效,与盐酸罗哌卡因相当.     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因腰麻在肛肠疾病术中应用比较

观察比较小剂量相同浓度罗哌卡因与布比卡因腰麻在肛肠疾病手术中的麻醉效果。将80例ASAI,Ⅱ级肛门直肠部择期手术患者按双盲法随机分为罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组,每组40例。两组腰麻用药分别为0．5％罗哌卡因和0．5％布比卡因,用量均为1．5ml。记录两组感觉阻滞、运动阻滞情况和麻醉各时点血压心率变化及不良反应。结果显示,两组均获得满意的麻醉效果。罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组的运动阻滞起效时间分别为（182．5±26．8）s和（145．7±27．4）S（P〈0．01）,最大运动阻滞时间分别为（12．7±4．2）min和（8．0±3．5）min（P〈0．05）,运动阻滞恢复时间分别为（125．9±32．5）min和（158．8±38．7）min（P〈0．01）,感觉阻滞起效时间、程度、阻滞平面相似,两组均无严重不良反应发生。结果表明,0．5％罗哌卡因腰麻用于肛肠疾病手术,能达到满意的麻醉效果,且安全、运动阻滞程度轻。     

轻比重罗哌卡因单侧腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉用于高龄髋关节置换术中的镇痛效果

目的 观察不同剂量轻比重罗哌卡因单侧腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉用于高龄髋关节置换术患者的临床效果及对循环呼吸功能的影响.方法 选择70岁以上行人工髋关节置换术的患者90例,随机分为A、B、C 3组,每组30例.以0.1ml·s-1速度注入腰麻药(A组为轻比重0.5%罗哌卡因1.0ml,B组为轻比重0.5%罗哌卡因1.2ml,C组为轻比重0.5%罗哌卡因1.5ml).记录感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间、最高阻滞平面、麻醉维持时间、感觉及运动恢复时间,用Bromage法评定下肢运动神经阻滞程度,并观察术中用药情况及不良反应.结果 3组患者在感觉阻滞起效时间、最高阻滞平面方面相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),A、B组的运动阻滞起效时间与C组相比显著延长(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).麻醉持续时间,感觉及运动恢复时间:C组＞B组＞A组(P＜0.05)或(P＜0.01).A组Bromage由3分恢复至0分时间和Bromage分级达3分者人数均低于B组、C组(P＜0.05).A组有3例10%需硬膜外给药.结论 轻比重0.5%罗哌卡因1.2ml(6mg)腰麻用于高龄髋关节置换术可达到完善的镇痛效果,不改变麻醉体位,对呼吸、循环干扰小,安全性高.     

子宫切除术患者氯普鲁卡因混合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的效果

目的探讨子宫切除术患者氯普鲁卡因混合罗哌卡因用于硬膜外麻醉的效果。方法拟行子宫切除术患者印例，随机分为R、C1-R、C1-R，、C2-R，四组（n=15），硬膜外分别给予0，75％罗哌卡因、1％氯普鲁卡因＋0．75％罗哌卡因、1％氯普鲁卡因＋0，5％罗哌卡因、1．5％氯普鲁卡因＋0．5％罗哌卡因。记录感觉阻滞最高平面、运动阻滞分级及感觉、运动阻滞起效时间、持续时间、术中辅助用药及不良反应。结果与R组比较，其它三组感觉阻滞的起效时间、达最高平面的时间、BromageI、Ⅱ级的起效时间均缩短，C1-R1、C1-R1组感觉阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞的持续时伺缩短，C1-R组Bromage Ⅲ级的起效时间缩短，C1-R组术中低血压发生率升高，内脏牵拉痛发生率降低（P＜0．05）。结论子宫切除术患者1％或1．5％氯普鲁卡因可增强0．5％％罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的效果。     

不同剂量可乐定复合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的效应

目的 评价不同剂量的可乐定复合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的临床效应。方法 60例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级妇科手术患者，硬膜外随机双盲接受不含或含50、100、150μg可乐定的0.75%罗哌卡因25ml，分为R、R－C50、R－C100、R－C150四组。记录感觉镇痛、运动阻滞起效时间及持续时间，术中镇痛质量及不良反应。结果 R－C100组、R－C150组运动阻滞起效时间缩短，术中内脏牵拉痛发生率及氯胺酮需要量减少，镇痛持续时间延长，寒战发生率降低。然而，R－C150组低血压发生率、麻黄碱需要量及输液量增加。结论 可乐定100μg与0.75％罗哌卡因25ml合用于硬膜外麻醉，可改善罗哌卡因阻滞特征而不增加低血压、心动过缓等副作用。     

1%甲哌卡因与0.5%罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞锁骨骨折术中的比较

目的观察1%甲哌卡因与0.5%罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞锁骨骨折术中麻醉效果的比较。方法择期行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞锁骨骨折成年患者30例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=15);1%甲哌卡因组(M组)和0.5%罗哌卡因组(R组)。两组均在神经刺激仪引导下,以肌间沟入路行臂丛神经阻滞,M组和R组分别注入1%甲哌卡因25 mL和0.5%罗哌卡因25 mL。观察两组血流动力学,感觉、运动阻滞起效及恢复时间,术后VAS评分,不良反应及麻醉满意度。结果与R组比较,M组感觉、运动阻滞起效时间缩短,阻滞恢复时间缩短(P0.05),术后6 h、12 h的VAS评分增加(P0.05)。结论 1%甲哌卡因与0.5%罗哌卡因行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,均能满足锁骨骨折手术。采用1%甲哌卡因较0.5%罗哌卡因起效更快,且感觉、运动恢复更早,利于早期活动,但术后镇痛效果不如0.5%罗哌卡因。     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因用于老龄患者下肢手术麻醉中的对比研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨在老龄患者下肢手术的麻醉中等效剂量罗哌卡因和布比卡因麻醉效果以及对手术的影响。方法 选择拟行股骨颈骨折手术老龄患者50例,随机分为罗哌卡因组(R组)和布比卡因组(B组)。两组均采用腰硬联合麻醉(CSEA),分别给予0.5%罗哌卡因2.5 mL和0.5%布比卡因2.5 mL注入蛛网膜下腔。术中麻醉效应不足时硬膜外给予2%利多卡因。术中监测呼吸循环状况,评估麻醉效果,并观察不良反应。结果 两组麻醉效果,最高阻滞平面及不良反应的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组的血压下降更加明显(P<0.05),R组下肢感觉阻滞起效更慢,持续时间更短(P<0.05),下肢运动阻滞程度显著低于B组(P<0.05)。结论 罗哌卡因和布比卡因在老龄患者下肢手术的腰硬联合麻醉都有效,罗哌卡因对循环系统影响更小,运动神经阻滞更轻且恢复迅速,更适合老龄患者下肢手术麻醉中的应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.