超声造影微血管成像与常规超声靶向引导前列腺癌穿刺活检的比较研究

目的 比较超声造影微血管成像(MFI)与常规超声在靶向引导前列腺癌穿刺活检中的临床应用价值.方法 对65例因血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)升高(≥4.00μg/L)的患者行经直肠前列腺穿刺活检,活检前患者接受经直肠灰阶超声、能量多普勒(CDE)及MFI检查.在超声引导下对每位患者行底、中、尖三切面12点穿刺,如穿刺切面有可疑病灶,则直接对病灶进行活检.以病理结果为标准,比较三项超声技术检出的前列腺癌病例数及穿刺点数.结果 65例患者共穿刺780针,穿刺病理诊断为前列腺癌36例(55.4%)共230针(29.5%).MFI检出前列腺癌34例,比灰阶超声(26例)及CDE(28例)能检出更多的病例数(P=0.021,P=0.031),有6例(16.7%)患者被MFI单独检出.MFI穿刺点阳性检出的敏感性及准确性(80.0%、83.1%)高于灰阶超声(47.0%、76.8%)及CDE(37.4%、74.6%)(P<0.001,P<0.001;P=0.001,P<0.001);其穿刺点阳性检出的特异性(84.4%)则低于灰阶超声(89.3%)及CDE(90.2%)(P=0.009,P<0.001).结论 超声造影MFI技术较常规超声能检出更多的前列腺癌病例数,提高穿刺点阳性检出的敏感性及准确性.     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检联合复合前列腺特异抗原检测在前列腺癌诊断中的应用

目的:探讨经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺法加可疑灶定点穿刺活检联合复合前列腺特异抗原(c PSA)检测在前列腺癌诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:147例临床拟诊前列腺癌患者在前列腺穿刺前行血清c PSA检测,采用经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺法加可疑灶定点穿刺活检术。结果:经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺法加可疑灶定点穿刺活检取材准确率为100%。147例临床拟诊患者前列腺癌穿刺活检阳性率为38.8%(57/147),其c PSA检测临界点为7.6 ng/m L。c PSA≥7.6 ng/m L 79例,诊断前列腺癌的灵敏度为93.8%,特异度为72.2%,前列腺穿刺活检阳性率达68.4%(54/79),46.3%的患者(68/147)可避免穿刺活检。结论:经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺法加可疑灶定点穿刺是一种安全可靠的诊断技术,c PSA以7.6 ng/m L为临界点,可显著增加前列腺穿刺活检的阳性率。     

经直肠三维超声检查和前列腺特异抗原在前列腺癌穿刺活检中的作用

目的　分析经直肠超声 (TRUS)和前列腺特异抗原 (PSA)在前列腺癌穿刺活检中的作用 ,提出各种穿刺方式适用的条件 ,以求在减少穿刺并发症的前提下获得较高的阳性结果。方法　我院 2 0 0 0年 4月至 2 0 0 1年 4月行前列腺穿刺病例5 4例 ,术前因为超声检查发现前列腺异常病灶或超声检查未发现前列腺异常病灶但直肠指检前列腺较硬而均经血清PSA测定异常 ,经TRUS引导行病灶活检或系统 6点穿刺活检。结果　 3 1人PSA≥ 2 0ng/ml,穿刺病理阳性 2 5例 ,前列腺癌的检出率为 80 .6% ,其中TRUS发现可疑病灶 (TRUS +) 2 1例均证实为癌。 2 3人PSA <2 0ng/ml,穿刺病理阳性 2例 ,前列腺癌的检出率为 8.7%。TRUS( +) 3例 ,仅 1例证实为癌。此两组病人前列腺癌的检出率差异明显 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　当超声发现高度怀疑病灶同时PSA≥ 2 0ng/ml,建议病灶穿刺 ;超声检查阴性而PSA≥ 2 0ng/ml且前列腺体积明显增大者宜行 13点TRUS引导活检 ;若PSA <2 0ng/ml则首次活检时包扩病灶在内的 6点系统穿刺较为可取。     

血清PSA测定结合超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌

目的通过测定血清总前列腺特异性抗原（T—PSA）、游离特异性抗原（F—PSA）及PSA密度（PSAD）的变化规律,结合超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术,探讨PSA在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法男性患者共148例行血清PSA的测定,并行经直肠超声引导下的前列腺活检术,根据病理诊断结果将患者分为前列腺癌组、前列腺增生组及慢性前列腺炎组,并对各组数据予以统计分析。结果前列腺癌组T—PSA、F—PSA及PSAD值均显著高于前列腺增生及前列腺炎组,比较不同T—PSA浓度与前列腺癌发生率的关系表明,T—PSA〉10ng/ml时其前列腺癌的发生率显著高于4ng/ml〈T—PSA及4ng/ml〈T—PSA〈10ng/ml组,而前列腺增生和前列腺炎组间无显著差异。F/T—PSA比值在各组间比较无显著差异。结论血清T—PSA与F—PSA值在高危前列腺癌人群筛查中具有极大实用价值,实施经直肠超声引导下的组织活检术应作为确诊前列腺癌的主要手段。     

前列腺系统活检结合血清PSA及经直肠超声对前列腺癌的诊断价值研究

目的 探讨应用直肠指诊、血清前列腺特异性抗原水平(prostate-specific antigen,PSA)、经直肠前列腺超声检查及经直肠前列腺系统活检方法对前列腺癌的诊断价值.方法 176 例可疑前列腺癌患者全部均接受直肠指检、PSA、经直肠前列腺超声及经直肠前列腺 6 点+可疑区域活检检查.对比直肠指诊、PSA、游离PSA/总 PSA 比值(f/tPSA)、经直肠超声及前列腺活检对前列腺癌的检出率及诊断效能.结果 176 例中前列腺癌 58 例(33%),前列腺良性病变 118 例(67%).活检结果前列腺癌的检出率为30.7%,诊断灵敏性及漏诊率为93.1%,6.9%.前列腺癌与非前列腺癌组血清PSA水平为(70.9±51.8)ng/ml,(8.8±9.1)ng/ml,差异有显著性意义(P=0.000,t检验).PSA+f/tPSA、经直肠超声检查及直肠指检对前列腺癌的检出率、灵敏性及特异性分别为27.3%、82.8%及 81.4%;19.9%、76.3%及 72.0%;13.1%、39.7%及52.5%.PSA+f/tPSA较单一考虑PSA对前列腺癌多检出 8 例.经直肠超声检查的灵敏性及直肠指检的检出率、灵敏性及特异性显著低于PSA+f/tPSA(P<0.01,卡方检验).结论 联合应用直肠指诊、PSA、经直肠超声检查及前列腺系统活检方法对增加早期前列腺癌的检出具有临床意义.     

经直肠超声在经会阴冷冻消融治疗前列腺癌中的应用

目的 探讨经直肠超声(TRUS)在经会阴冷冻消融治疗前列腺癌中的应用价值.方法 伴严重合并症不能接受根治性手术或拒绝开放手术、预期寿命大于10年、前列腺体积≤40 ml、或激素难治性前列腺癌(HRPC)患者34例.经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检,证实为前列腺癌,Gleason评分2～4分6例、5～7分22例、8～10分6例.血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)平均23.3 (4.7～59.2) ng/ml.均行经直肠超声引导下经会阴冷冻消融(TRUSCSA)治疗,采用氩氦靶向双冷冻技术.观察其即刻和迟发并发症发生情况.术后2年内每3个月,以后每6个月复查PSA 1次.PSA截止值≥0.5 ng/ml认为治疗失败.结果 34例手术均获成功,平均手术时间(105±34)min,均未输血,术后拔除尿管后,控尿满意26例;8例尿失禁3～7d后,恢复控尿.术后出现尿道坏死组织2例,尿道直肠瘘1例,会阴部不适1例.34例随访平均22 (6～30)个月,PSA＜0.5 ng/ml 28例,PSA≥0.5 ng/ml 6例.结论 经直肠超声在经会阴冷冻消融治疗前列腺癌中发挥了重要的作用.     

经直肠彩超引导下穿刺活检诊断前列腺微小癌的临床意义

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺结节穿刺活检对前列腺癌的诊断意义。方法对30例血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)<4.0ng/ml经直肠前列腺超声检查中发现的可疑结节进行穿刺活检。结果30例前列腺结节中前列腺增生17例,前列腺增生并炎症11例,前列腺结核1例,前列腺癌2例。结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺结节穿刺活检有助于提高前列腺癌的诊断。     

超声造影、增强MRI及其联合应用在前列腺特异性抗原不同区间诊断前列腺癌的价值

目的分析前列腺特异抗原(PSA)不同区间内超声造影、增强MRI及其联合应用对前列腺癌的诊断价值。方法 132例疑似前列腺癌患者均行超声造影和增强MRI检查,并经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术证实。根据不同PSA分为3组:4.0 ng/ml≤PSA10.0 ng/ml组54例,10.0 ng/ml≤PSA20.0 ng/ml组40例,PSA≥20.0 ng/ml组38例,比较各组两种诊断方法及其联合应用对前列腺癌的诊断价值。结果 4.0 ng/ml≤PSA10.0 ng/ml组中,超声造影、增强MRI及其联合应用诊断前列腺癌的特异性分别为82.00%、96.00%及80.00%,增强MRI与超声造影和联合应用的特异性比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。10.0 ng/ml≤PSA20.0 ng/ml组中,超声造影、增强MRI及其联合应用诊断前列腺癌的敏感性分别为42.86%、52.38%及80.95%,特异性分别为73.68%、68.42%及63.16%,二者联合应用与单一方法的诊断敏感性比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。PSA≥20.0 ng/ml组中,32例前列腺癌,三种方法均准确诊断。结论前列腺癌患者为4.0 ng/ml≤PSA10.0 ng/m时,增强MRI具有较高的诊断特异性,有诊断优势;为10.0 ng/ml≤PSA20.0 ng/ml区间,超声造影和增强MRI联合应用具有较高的敏感性,具有诊断优势;PSA≥20.0 ng/ml时,超声造影检查简便,可提高前列腺穿刺活检的定位准确性,具有诊断优势。     

多模态经直肠超声检查在前列腺穿刺活检中的临床应用

目的探讨多模态超声检查引导的穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法 2010年10月至2013年5月,115例患者因血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)升高在首都医科大学宣武医院行前列腺穿刺活检。115例患者分别于经直肠超声检查(TRUS)、经直肠实时组织超声弹性成像(TRTE)及经直肠前列腺超声造影检查(CETRUS)后,行经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检。穿刺方案采用常规6点穿刺加上述检查阳性征象部位针对性靶向活检,通过与前列腺穿刺病理作对照,评价3种检查方式对前列腺癌早期诊断的临床意义。结果 115例疑似前列腺癌患者经穿刺,病理诊断为前列腺癌63例(55%,63/115)。TRTE及CETRUS诊断前列腺周缘区癌灶的敏感度、特异度及准确性分别为71%(45/63)、81%(42/52)、76%(87/115)及65%(41/63)、83%(43/52)、73%(84/115)。经CETRUS及TRTE引导下的靶向穿刺活检可提高前列腺癌的敏感度(χ2值分别为14.950和10.754,P值分别为0.002和0.013)、特异度(χ2值分别为10.256和20.021,P值分别为0.006和0.009)、准确性(χ2值分别为5.735和10.361,P值分别为0.020和0.011),2种检查方法同时应用靶向穿刺可以明显提高前列腺癌的检出率(χ2值分别为9.021和23.176,P值分别为0.042和0.000)。对TRTE阳性患者应变率比值绘制受试者操作特性(ROC)曲线,得出曲线下面积为0.834,95%可信区间为0.742~0.926。结论超声新技术的联合应用提高了前列腺癌的阳性检出率,从而提高了多模态超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检的阳性检出率,对早期前列腺癌的筛查及诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原小于4 ng/ml前列腺癌的诊断

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原(PSA)<4ng/ml前列腺癌诊断的临床价值。方法59例PSA<4ng/ml疑为前列腺癌的患者行经直肠超声引导下前列腺多点穿刺活检,观察前列腺内结节声像图特点,并病理分级,对照分析活检术式的检出情况。结果59例患者中经病理证实前列腺癌16例,检出率为27%,其中12例声像图显示前列腺结节性病变,均分布于外腺,且血流增加较良性病变及癌前病变高。结节区域定点穿刺的检出率较六点系统穿刺活检术高(P<0.05);活检阳性点数占所有活检点数比率为51.2%,病理分级中分化程度占56.25%,低分化程度占31.25%。结论结合经直肠超声声像图和前列腺多点穿刺活检可提高PSA<4ng/ml的前列腺癌检出率,对前列腺癌的早期诊断非常必要。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.