黄芪饮片中黄芪皂苷Ⅰ、黄芪皂苷Ⅲ和黄芪甲苷的含量测定分析

目的:探讨黄芪饮片中黄芪皂苷Ⅰ 、黄芪皂苷Ⅲ和黄芪甲苷的含量测定方法和结果.方法:本次医学研究对黄芪饮片中黄芪皂苷Ⅰ 、黄芪皂苷Ⅲ和黄芪甲苷的含量进行了测定 ,并对各类成分对于黄芪饮片药效峰面积的影响进行了分析.结果:黄芪饮片药物治疗效果的发挥 ,会直接受到黄芪皂苷Ⅰ 、黄芪皂苷Ⅲ和黄芪甲苷等含量的影响.结论:对黄芪饮片中黄芪皂苷Ⅰ 、黄芪皂苷Ⅲ和黄芪甲苷的含量进行分析 ,有助于提高药物治疗效果.     

黄芪甲苷药理作用研究进展

中国药典规定黄芪（ Radix Astragali ）为豆科植物蒙古黄芪或膜荚黄芪的干燥根［1］,味甘,微温,归脾、肺经,具有健脾补中,补气固表、升阳举陷、利尿排毒、排脓、敛疮生肌等功效,成为中医临床常用补益中药。现代研究发现黄芪中的主要活性成分为黄芪多糖、黄芪皂苷和黄芪异黄酮,目前主要采用黄芪皂苷中的黄芪甲苷作为评价黄芪药材质量优劣的标准。临床和实验研究发现黄芪甲苷具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、降糖和改善心血管疾病等广泛的生物活性,本文将对黄芪甲苷最新药理作用作一综述,冀望有助于黄芪甲苷的进一步研究。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定黄芪药材中黄芪皂苷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ

目的 研究以HPLC-ELSD法测定不同产地的黄芪、红芪及梭果黄芪药材中黄芪皂苷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ（黄芪甲苷）的量。方法 色谱柱为Alltima C₁₈柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm),流动相为乙腈和0.3%甲酸溶液,梯度洗脱,体积流量：0.8 mL/min,柱温：25 ℃,蒸发光散射检测器,ELSD参数：漂移管温度110 ℃,氮气流速3.0 L/min。结果 黄芪皂苷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的平均回收率分别为102.2%、99.5%、101.4%、99.7%,RSD分别为1.8%、2.1%、1.8%、1.9%。结论 本法简单易行,方法学验证符合要求,可作为黄芪药材中皂苷类成分定量的方法,也可作为区别黄芪与红芪、梭果黄芪的依据。     

影响山西恒山野生蒙古黄芪质量的环境因素研究

目的 通过相关性分析和逐步回归分析方法分析海拔、经度、纬度、坡向、坡度生态环境因素对恒山产野生蒙古黄芪黄酮类和皂苷类成分的影响,筛选出影响黄芪质量的主要环境因素。方法 采用HPLC-DAD法测定了毛蕊异黄酮苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素4种黄酮成分;UPLC-ELSD法测定了黄芪皂苷I、黄芪皂苷II、黄芪皂苷III、黄芪甲苷4种皂苷成分。采用SPSS17.0软件对黄芪各成分进行相关性分析,并以逐步回归分析法分析各生态因素对各成分量的影响。结果 建立逐步回归方程,毛蕊异黄酮苷的量与黄酮总量相关系数为0.958,黄芪皂苷I的量与皂苷总量相关系数为0.969,毛蕊异黄酮的量与芒柄花素的量相关系数为0.896,呈极显著的正相关;皂苷总量与黄酮总量相关系数为?0.505,呈显著的负相关。随着海拔和纬度的升高,黄芪中毛蕊异黄酮和黄酮总量升高;芒柄花素的量随经度的增加而增加;种植在阴坡的黄芪中黄芪皂苷I和皂苷总量的量高,且随坡度增大而升高;黄芪皂苷II的量主要受坡度的影响。结论 影响恒山野生蒙古黄芪药材黄酮成分量的主要因素是海拔和纬度,经度也有一定的影响;坡向和坡度对黄芪的皂苷成分的量有显著的影响,纬度、海拔也有一定的影响。     

黄芪和三七的主要有效成分配伍对小鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织能量代谢的影响

【目的】 研究黄芪的主要有效成分黄芪甲苷和三七的主要有效成分人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1配伍对小鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织能量代谢的影响。 【方法】 C57BL/6小鼠随机分组,连续给药3 d,末次给药1 h后,结扎双侧颈总动脉造成脑缺血20 min,再灌注24 h。用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定脑组织中ATP、ADP、AMP含量,计算总腺嘌呤核苷酸(TAN)、能荷(EC)值; RT-PCR法测定葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT3) mRNA表达,蛋白质印迹法测定脑组织磷酸化的单磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶α1/2 (p-AMPK α1/2)、GLUT3蛋白表达。 【结果】 (1)黄芪甲苷、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1可显著增加缺血再灌注后脑组织ATP、ADP、AMP含量,提高TAN值;黄芪甲苷+人参皂苷Rg1、黄芪甲苷+人参皂苷Rb1、黄芪甲苷+三七皂苷R1及四种有效成分配伍均可显著提高脑组织ATP、ADP、AMP含量及TAN、EC值,且两种有效成分配伍的效应强于各有效成分单用,四种有效成分配伍的效应强于各有效成分单用及大部分两有效成分配伍。(2)黄芪甲苷、三七皂苷R1、四种有效成分配伍组、黄芪甲苷+人参皂苷Rg1及黄芪甲苷+三七皂苷R1能显著增加缺血再灌注后脑组织p-AMPK α1/2蛋白表达,且四种有效成分配伍,黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1、三七皂苷R1配伍升高p-AMPK α1/2的效应分别高于各有效成分单用,四种有效成分配伍组的效应高于黄芪甲苷+人参皂苷Rb1组。(3)脑缺血再灌注后,各药物均能提高脑组织GLUT3基因和蛋白表达,且黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1和三七皂苷R1两药或四种有效成分配伍增强GLUT3表达的效应大于各有效成分单用;四种有效成分配伍上调GLUT3 mRNA表达的效应大于黄芪甲苷+人参皂苷Rb1配伍,上调GLUT3蛋白表达的效应大于黄芪甲苷+人参皂苷Rb1及黄芪甲苷+三七皂苷R1。 【结论】 黄芪和三七的四种主要有效成分配伍对脑缺血再灌注后脑组织能量代谢的改善具有促进作用,其机制可能与上调脑组织AMPK磷酸化水平,增强脑组织GLUT3蛋白表达,从而介导葡萄糖进入神经细胞,增加神经细胞的葡萄糖供应和摄取,改善缺血后脑组织的能量代谢有关。     

基于药效理化表征的当归补血汤质量控制模式初探

目的 研究当归补血汤不同体系与其理化参数的关系,探讨利用药效理化参数来表征中药汤剂质量的可行性。方法 以水为分散介质,参照不同分散体系的研究方法,对黄芪甲苷、阿魏酸、黄芪皂苷、黄芪多糖等当归补血汤的代表性组分及当归补血汤单味药、复方提取液的理化特征进行表征,建立包括表面特性、电性质、流变性、热力学等性质的表征方法,并进行参数与处理因素的多项式回归分析。结果 随着阿魏酸质量浓度增大,阿魏酸水溶液、当归水提液、复方水提液的pH值降低、电导率增大;随着黄芪甲苷与黄芪皂苷质量浓度的增大,黄芪甲苷水溶液、黄芪皂苷水溶液、黄芪水提液、复方水提液的表面张力降低;随着多糖质量浓度的增大,复方水提液的渗透压增大。在整个当归补血汤体系中影响pH值和电导率的主导成分是阿魏酸,影响表面张力的主导组分是黄芪皂苷,影响渗透压的主导组分为多糖,且不同工艺制备的汤剂的理化参数大小趋势与药效强弱也有较强的相关性。结论 初步表明表面张力、pH值、电导率、渗透压4个参数能反映当归补血汤的内在质量,在一定程度上可以作为当归补血汤制备工艺与汤剂质量控制的参考指标。     

黄芪甲苷、β-榄香烯对小鼠树突状细胞免疫功能的影响

目的:通过观察黄芪甲苷、β-榄香烯对小鼠树突状细胞(DC)免疫功能的影响,探讨黄芪甲苷、β-榄香烯是否能够通过增强小鼠DC功能从而提高机体的免疫功能,为阐明黄芪、莪术的抗肿瘤机制提供实验依据.方法:将小鼠DC细胞株D2SC细胞分5组:空白对照组、脂多糖(LPS)组、黄芪甲苷组、β-榄香烯组、黄芪甲苷组+β-榄香烯组,分别加入相应药物,LPS组及中药组药物终浓度为10μg·ml-1.采用流式细胞仪和ELISA法分别检测小鼠DC细胞株D2SC细胞表面分子(MHCⅡ、MHCⅠ、CD40、CD80、CD86)及细胞因子(IL-6、 IL-12)的表达.结果:黄芪甲苷组、β-榄香烯组细胞表面分子MHCⅡ、MHCⅠ、CD40、CD80、CD86的表达水平均高于空白对照组及LPS组,其中黄芪甲苷组MHCⅡ水平明显高于空白对照组(P <0.05),β-榄香烯组CD80、CD86表达明显高于LPS组(P <0.05);黄芪甲苷组+β-榄香烯组MHCⅡ和CD40表达明显高于LPS组(P <0.05),MHCⅠ和CD86表达明显高于空白对照组( P <0.05).黄芪甲苷、β-榄香烯处理D2SC细胞后,其上清IL-12和IL-6水平均高于空白对照组及LPS组,其中黄芪甲苷组和β-榄香烯组IL-12、IL-6水平明显高于空白对照组(P <0.05);黄芪甲苷+β-榄香烯组IL-12和IL-6表达均明显高于LPS组(P<0.05).结论:黄芪甲苷、β-榄香烯及其联合应用可以增强DC细胞表面MHC分子和免疫共刺激因子表达,并促进IL-12、IL-6等细胞因子的分泌,以发挥抗原提呈及诱导T细胞应答的功能,这为临床黄芪和莪术配伍的益气活血法治疗消化道肿瘤提供了免疫学依据.     

转基因黄芪毛状根中黄芪甲苷含量的HPLC-ELSD法测定

目的:测定转黄芪毛状根中黄芪甲苷含量。方法:利用HPLC-ELSD法测黄芪甲苷含量。结果:转透明颤菌血红蛋白基因(Vitreoscilla Haemoglobin gene,vgb)黄芪毛状根、非转基因黄芪毛状根和山西产黄芪药材黄芪甲苷含量差异大。结论:转vgb黄芪毛状根黄芪甲苷含量远远高于非转基因黄芪毛状根和黄芪药材。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定黄芪药材中黄芪甲苷

黄芪为常用补气药，是我国重要的传统药材。《中国药典》规定，药用黄芪为豆科植物蒙古黄芪Astragalus，membranaceus （Fisch．）Bunge var．nongholicus （Bunge）Hsiao及膜荚黄芪A．membranaceus（Fiseh．）Bunge的干燥根。黄芪中含有多种化学成分，如皂苷类、黄酮类、木脂素类、氨基酸类、多糖类及多种微量元素等。研究表明黄芪甲苷具有降血压、镇静、镇痛及抗氧化等作用，是黄芪的主要活性成分，因此黄芪甲苷常作为指标性成分应用于黄芪药材的质量监控。我国黄芪药用资源丰富，在华北大部分省区均有大面积种植。     

不同生长年限黄芪中总皂苷、黄芪甲苷、总黄酮及多糖含量比较

[目的]比较不同生长年限黄芪中总皂苷、黄芪甲苷、总黄酮及多糖的含量.[方法]采用比色法测定黄芪中总皂苷、总黄酮及多糖的含量,采用薄层扫描法测定黄芪中黄芪甲苷的含量.[结果]1,2,3年生黄芪中总皂苷的含量分别为0.793,0.803,0.991mg/g,黄芪甲苷分别为0.163,0.170,0.203mg/g,总黄酮分别为0.303,0.353,0.527mg/g,多糖分别为32.12,23.42,16.68mg/g.[结论]不同生长年限黄芪中主要成分含量差异较大,随着生长年限的增加,黄芪中的总皂苷、总黄酮及黄芪甲苷含量均增高,而多糖含量则降低.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.