前列腺~(125)Ⅰ射粒子植入结合去势治疗C期前列腺癌(附10例报告)

目的　探讨前列腺12 5I放射粒子植入内放疗在前列腺癌治疗中的意义。方法　依据治疗计划 ,在直肠B超引导下 ,经会阴穿刺植入前列腺12 5I放射粒子对 10例C期前列腺癌行三维适形内放疗并结合手术去势治疗。结果　全组手术顺利 ,平均植入12 5I放射粒子 5 8粒 ,平均手术时间 80分钟 ,术后平均住院时间 5 .9天 ,随访 9例术后 3个月结果 :前列腺体积及PSA均有不同程度降低 ,前列腺平均体积由35 .2cm3 降至 2 4 .7cm3 ,平均PSA由 19.8ng/ml降至0 .74ng/ml,随访 6例术后 6个月结果 :5例PSA进一步降低 ,平均 0 .11ng/ml,1例升高 ,由 0 .5 1ng/ml升高至 1.6 5ng/ml,无一例出现严重的并发症。结论　采用永久性放射粒子植入前列腺三维适形内放疗是一种有效、微创的治疗前列腺癌的方法。     

辅助内分泌治疗配合放射性粒子组织间植入治疗局限性前列腺癌

 目的 探讨辅助内分泌治疗配合放射性粒子组织间植入治疗局限性前列腺癌的安全性和有效性。方法 22例T1 ~ T2c前列腺癌患者在采用直肠超声引导经会阴穿刺放射性125I粒子组织间植入治疗前后，给予辅助内分泌治疗4 ~ 7个月。术前2 ~ 4个月，术后1 ~ 4个月。结果 22例手术均顺利完成，手术时间60 ~ 120 min，植入125I粒子40 ~ 75枚，术后随访12 ~ 48个月，前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）＜1 ng／ml 15例，1 ng／ml≤PSA＜2 ng／ml 2例，PSA≥2 ng／ml 5例。结论 辅助内分泌治疗配合放射性粒子组织间植入治疗局限性前列腺癌安全有效     

联合间歇性内分泌与125I放射性粒子植入术治疗局部晚期前列腺癌(附20例报告)

目的:探讨联合125I放射性粒子植入术和间歇性内分泌治疗局部进展期前列腺癌的临床价值.方法:前列腺癌患者20例,年龄52～80岁,中位年龄74岁,PSA:6.83～643.8ng/mL,Gleason Score:7～9分,临床分期T3NOM0.连续硬膜外麻醉,截石位,直肠超声从前列腺基底到尖部进行扫描,图像传送至计算机计划系统进行三维重建和术中计划,根据计划行直肠超声引导下经会阴125I放射性粒子植入术,术后结合雄激素全阻断疗法.当PSA达到0ng/mL,并稳定2个月后停止内分泌治疗,当PSA连续3次上升,则重新开始内分泌治疗.结果:所有患者手术均顺利,术中使用穿刺针26～36根,植入粒子57～99粒,平均73粒.术后随访8～51个月,平均22月.1例术后16个月发生骨转移,1例术后22个月死亡.术后3～5个月所有患者的PSA都降到正常范围,其中3例PSA未达到0ng/mL,未停药.4例术后5～26个月,出现PSA反弹,再次用药3～5个月PSA值达到0ng/mL:目前12例未出现PSA反弹,第一周期脱离治疗时间2～44个月,平均16.9个月.近期出现的并发症有轻至中度尿路刺激症30%(6/20),急性尿潴留5%(1/20),直肠刺激症和血便25%(5/20),多数患者症状随访1年后缓解.目前18例患者的PSA值在0～1.2ng/mL之间,其中17患者PSA≤0.17ng/mL.结论:对于局部晚期前列腺癌,125I放射粒子植入术结合间歇性内分泌是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

（125）I放射粒子永久性植入治疗激素难治性前列腺癌

目的探讨125I放射粒子永久性植入治疗激素难治性前列腺癌的临床疗效及其价值。方法直肠B超引导下,经会阴穿刺前列腺125I放射粒子植入治疗激素难治性前列腺癌22例,其中3例合并骨转移。结果 22例手术顺利,平均植入125I放射粒子42粒,平均手术时间60分钟,平均住院时间5天,术后随访8-28月,术后3月前列腺缩小,术后短期IPSS评分上升,但3月后开始好转。完全反应16例,部分反应3例,病情稳定3例,PSA无进展生存率100.0%,未发生严重并发症。结论 125I放射粒子植入治疗激素难治性前列腺癌安全、微创、并发症发生率低,疗效肯定、患者生活质量高。     

前列腺癌放射性粒子植入近距离治疗并发症报告标准[美国近距离治疗协会(ABS)推荐的标准]

经会阴穿刺放射性粒子植入近距离治疗 (TIPB)早期前列腺癌 ,以求保存前列腺及其功能 ,已经开展近 30年 ,10年来发展迅速[1 6] 。早期前列腺癌采用粒子植入治疗 ,优于根治手术 ,已经逐渐被泌尿外科及放疗科所接受 ,尽管仍有争议但临床应用日趋广泛。据美国放射肿瘤学会估计 ,因为放疗优于根治切除手术 ,明显降低并发症 ,2 0 0 0年早期前列腺癌只有 5 %用放射性粒子植入治疗 ,但 2 0 0 5年将上升到35 % ;同期的外科前列腺根治切除术将从 35 %降至 5 % [2 ] 。因此 ,熟练掌握放射性粒子植入治疗前列腺癌的技术 ,特别是注意预防放射性粒子植入…     

放射性125I粒子植入联合内分泌治疗早期前列腺癌

目的:探讨经会阴超声引导放射性125I粒子植入联合去势治疗早期前列腺癌疗效和不良反应.方法: 39例早期前列腺癌实施经会阴超声引导和适时计划指导放射性125I粒子植入治疗,7例粒子术前行去势术,21例粒子植入后同时行去势术,11例粒子治疗后联合药物去势治疗.粒子治疗的匹配周边剂量(matched peripheral doses,MPD)为145-160Gy,尿道剂量低于400Gy.125I粒子活度0.35-0.50mCi,中位植入69颗(19-97颗).结果: 失败标准为前列腺特异抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)治疗后升高>4ng/ml,≤4ng/ml为生物化学无进展生存(biochemical disease-free survival,BDFS).全部患者顺利完成粒子植入术.36例粒子治疗后达到BDFS,3例分别在粒子治疗后6、8和36个月PSA升高,2例行内分泌治疗,1例行外放疗联合内分泌治疗.2年和3年BDFS分别为94.8%(37/39)和92.3%(36/39).粒子植入治疗后Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级直肠不良反应发生率分别为5.1%(2/39)和7.7%(3/39),没有Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级直肠反应.粒子植入治疗后Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级尿道不良反应发生率分别为53.8%(20/39)、17.9%(7/39)和2.6%(1/39),对症处理好转.2例粒子移位,没有相关并发症.结论: 经会阴超声引导放射性125I粒子植入治疗前列腺癌具有安全、微创、并发症发生率低等优点.     

^125Ⅰ前列腺放射粒子植入术并发症分析

目的 探讨125I前列腺放射粒子植入术治疗前列腺癌的效果和并发症. 方法 前列腺癌患者72例,临床分期T2bN0M0至T3aN0M0期63例,T3N0M19例.采用超声引导下125I前列腺放射粒子植入术治疗.术后进行雄激素全阻断辅助治疗.观察术后并发症和临床疗效. 结果 手术时间1～2 h,4～6 d拔除尿管出院.术后随访6～53个月,平均17个月.CR 52例,PR 12例,SD 6例,PD2例.本组病例PSA无进展生存率为97.2%(70/72).Ⅰ级排尿症状47例,Ⅱ级排尿症状25例,无Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级排尿症状发生.伴有直肠刺激症状21例,多为轻度.术后严重出血性直肠炎1例,尿道直肠瘘1例,为同一患者,行结肠造口术和膀胱造瘘术.死亡1例. 结论 125I前列腺放射粒子植入术治疗前列腺癌疗效肯定、创伤小,尤其适合于不能耐受前列腺癌根治术的高龄前列腺癌患者.副作用主要为尿路和直肠症状,多为轻度和自限性的.     

雄激素最大阻断联合伽玛刀治疗中晚期前列腺癌

目的 观察雄激素最大阻断联合伽玛刀治疗中晚期前列腺癌的疗效.方法 选择中晚期前列腺患者22例,观察雄激素最大阻断 伽玛刀治疗后PsA、尿流率和放射治疗并发症.结果 治疗后2周内,PSA降至基础值25%左右,1个月内降至4 ng/ml之下,治疗后6个月最大尿流率增加,前列腺体积减小.无严重的放射治疗并发症发生.结论 雄激素最大阻断联合伽玛刀治疗中晚期前列腺癌,可以明显减缓病情进展,改善排尿症状,减小前列腺体积,并且没有明显的放射并发症.     

62例前列腺癌三维适形或调强放疗的临床研究

目的 分析前列腺癌适形调强放射治疗的临床疗效、副反应,分析前列腺癌特异性抗原(PSA)的变化水平和意义.方法 62例前列腺痛患者,60例采用调强放疗,2例采用三维适形放疗.56例放疗前接受内分泌治疗.前列腺+精囊95%计划靶体积的中位处方剂量为78 Gy,盆腔的为48 Gy.放疗前、后测量血液中PSA水平,观察PSA最低点值与预后关系.观察正常组织早、晚期副反应.结果 中位随访时间15.4个月.全组3年无远处转移生存率、无生化复发生存率、总生存率和肿瘤特异生存率分别为77%、87%、90%和92%,5年无远处转移生存率、无生化复发生存率和总生存率分别为55%、69%和83%.放疗后PSA最低点≤2 ng/ml与>2 ng/ml的3年总生存率和无远处转移生存率分别为94%、88%%与56%、11%(χ~2=16.39,P<0.01;χ~2=28.87,P<0.01).1、2级早期泌尿系统副反应发生率分别为32%、0%,1、2级早期直肠副反应发生率分别为19%、3%,1、2级嗍泌尿系统副反应发生率分别为10%、0%,1、2级晚期直肠副反应发生率分别为5%、3%.结论 前列腺癌适形调强放疗疗效好,早、晚期副反应小;放疗后PSA监测利于判断肿瘤预后.     

放射性 125 I粒子植入治疗睾丸切除术后复发性前列腺癌

目的探讨超声引导放射性 125 I粒子植入治疗复发前列腺癌.方法8例前列腺癌去势术后复发实施超声引导放射性 125 I粒子植入治疗.2例单纯粒子植入治疗,肿瘤匹配周边剂量为(matched peripheral dose,MPD)90～145 Gy,2例先行外放疗,外放疗剂量为40～45 Gy.粒子活度0.35～0.40 mCi.随访3～29个月,连续3次前列腺特异抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)升高即为生物化学失败(biochemical failure).结果粒子治疗前后PSA分别为(7.53±7.64)ng/mL 和(1.25±1.19)ng/mL,统计学处理明显下降,t=2.297,P=0.038.2例生物化学失败,生物化学控制率(biochemical control rate)为6/8例,1例出现1级泌尿道并发症,1例出现2级泌尿道并发症.1/8例患者粒子发生移位,但是并没有引起临床相关并发症,没有粒子移位到肺.结论超声引导经会阴放射性 125 I粒子植入治疗复发前列腺癌具有安全、微创、并发症发生率低和疗效肯定,是一种较理想的补救治疗手段.     

The use of linked seeds eliminates lung embolization following permanent seed implantation for prostate cancer

PURPOSE: A number of reports of (125)I seed migration to the lungs after prostate brachytherapy have been published. There are, however, very limited data available on how to reduce the risk of this event. The purpose of the present report is to determine whether seed embolization to the lungs can be minimized by using stranded seeds alone for brachytherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between December 2001 and December 2002, 238 patients with early prostate cancer were treated with prostate brachytherapy as monotherapy using (125)I stranded seeds (RAPIDStrand) exclusively. All patients had fluoroscopy during the implant and immediate postimplant radiographs of the pelvis. A sample of 100 patients had chest radiographs performed, on average, 55 days after implant. To determine the ease, or lack of ease, with which these (125)I seeds could be visualized, 4 patients who did not have prostate cancer and who were having routine chest radiographs as part of their management for other cancers consented to have posteroanterior and lateral radiographs performed with inactive (125)I seeds taped to the skin of the thorax. All radiographs were reviewed by a single radiologist. RESULTS: The number of seeds noted on the postimplant radiographs corresponded to the number of implanted seeds in all 238 cases: There was, therefore, no evidence of seed embolization immediately postimplant. On review of the 100 chest radiographs, no embolized seeds were found. CONCLUSION: No evidence of seed embolization was observed with the use of stranded (125)I seeds as used for prostate brachytherapy.     

Brachytherapy with transperineal (125)Iodine seeds for localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To analyze the treatment results of transperineal (125)Iodine seeds in localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1985 and 1996, 102 patients with T1-T2 N0 prostate cancer were treated with transperineal (125)Iodine seed implants at the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam. Tumours were classified as T1c in four patients, T2a in 73 patients and T2b in 25 patients. The mean pre-treatment PSA was 17 ng/ml. The (125)Iodine seeds were implanted transperineally under transrectal ultrasound guidance. The mean prostate volume was 31 ml (range 15-48 ml). An average of 49 seeds (range 29-74) was implanted. The dose to the periphery of the prostate was 160 Gy. Until 1988, 27 patients had additional external pelvic irradiation to a dose of 40 Gy in 20 daily fractions of 2 Gy. RESULTS: The 5- and 7-year actuarial survival rates were 77 and 63%, respectively (median 102 months). Ten patients (9.5%) died from prostate cancer. The 5- and 7-year clinical progression rates were 12 and 17%, respectively. Biochemical failure rates at 5 and 7 years were 39 and 44%, respectively. Age, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, differentiation grade, additional treatment, staging procedure, number of seeds, prostate volume, treatment period and PSA were analyzed as prognostic factors. Only pre-treatment PSA was a prognosticator of clinical and biochemical outcome but not of survival. Biochemical control at 6 years varied from 30% for pre-treatment PSA values higher than 20 ng/ml to 95% for values < or =8 ng/ml. Forty-one out of 49 patients who were sexually active before brachytherapy maintained sexual function during the follow-up. Complete urinary incontinence occurred in one patient. No rectal complications were seen in patients receiving brachytherapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Transperineal (125)Iodine seeds brachytherapy in localized prostate cancer achieves a good clinical control and overall survival with acceptable late toxicity. Biochemical failure was strongly correlated to the pre-treatment PSA value.     

^125I对比^103Pd治疗低危前列腺癌的系统评价

背景与目的：粒子植入近距离放射治疗是早期前列腺癌的主要治疗手段．常用核素粒子为^125I或^103Pd,二者在前列腺癌治疗的并发症和结果方面存有差异。本文用系统评价的方法分析^125I或^103Pd近距离放射治疗低危前列腺癌的疗效和副作用,为临床决策提供指导性依据。方法：采用文献检索和手工检索的方式搜集2008年5月以前有关^125I或^103Pd治疗低危前列腺癌的随机对照试验的文献资料,根据Cochrane Handbook4．2．6质量评价标准进行评价,由两位研究者交叉核对纳入试验的结果,用RevMan5．0进行统计学分析。结果：共纳入6个随机对照研究．1406例患者。^125I或^103Pd治疗低危前列腺癌生物学无进展生存率差异没有统计学意义（RR=0．97,95％CI=0．93～1．01）;治疗后1个月^103Pd组副作用较^125I组明显,治疗后6个月^125I组副作用较^103Pd明显,治疗后12个月两种核素副作用无差别。结论：使用^125I或^103Pd治疗低危前列腺癌疗效相似,副作用在治疗后不同时间点有差异。     

Prostate Brachytherapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Purpose: There are minimal data to support the perceived contraindication of radiation therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because of widespread concern about the possibility of radiation-related morbidity in IBD patients, the posttreatment course for 6 patients with a history of IBD who were treated with ¹²⁵I prostate implantation for early stage prostate cancer are reported here.Materials and Methods: Six patients with a prior history of IBD and Stage T1c–T2c prostatic carcinoma underwent ¹²⁵I prostate brachytherapy from 1991–1996. Three patients had Crohn’s disease and three had ulcerative colitis. The treatment plans were designed to treat the preimplant prostatic margin, as defined on planning CT scan, to 150 Gy. No special effort was made to minimize the rectal surface dose. Detailed records were available for all patients, and all patients were interviewed for this report. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 6 years (median: 3.7 years).Results: None of the 6 patients experienced unusual or significant gastrointestinal side effects following implantation. All 6 patients remain free of GI complications. The rectal surface area that received >100 Gy was kept below 10 mm² in all patients, in accordance with previously published guidelines.Conclusions: Based on the limited information available, it appears that prostate brachytherapy is safe in patients with a history of IBD.     

Salvage reimplantation in patient with local recurrent prostate carcinoma after brachytherapy with three dimensional computed tomography-guided permanent pararectal implant

Thirty-one [31] patients with local recurrent or residual adenocarcinoma of the prostate, with no evidence of distant metastases, were treated with second permanent implant using a stereotactic three dimensional system and posterior pararectal CT-guided method. All patients had extensive under local anesthesia or IV sedation pararectal CT-guided biopsy of the prostate and seminal vesicles. All patients except one had 3 month neoadjuvant androgen ablation prior to salvage reimplantation. Twenty [20] of these patients had local recurrence in the prostate and eleven [11] patients had seminal vesicle invasion which was not diagnosed nor treated with the initial brachytherapy. In addition, the patients had PSA failure or local palpable disease, "cold spots" with CT imaging or areas of dosage less than 80% of the prescribed dose with DVH (dose volume histogram). Initial prescribed dose was 120 Gy with (103)Pd loose seeds in 26 patients and 144 Gy with (125)I loose seeds in 5 patients. For the reimplant the dosage in the recurrent site was 100-144 Gy with (125)I seeds in strand in 24 patients (77%) and 100-120 Gy with (103)Pd loose seeds in 7 patients (23%). The preference of (125)I seeds in the second treatment was because only (125)I in strand was available at the time of the reimplant. Eleven [11] patients had second implant twelve to twenty-four months after the initial implant and 20 patients had after twenty-five to eighty-seven months and median follow-up was thirty months. A high level of biochemical control (87%) was achieved in all of these patients who are recognized as high risk due to local recurrence. Four [4] patients experienced grade 2 or 3 GI or GU complications and two [2] patients experienced grade 4 GI complications. Patients with local recurrent prostate cancer following initial brachytherapy including those with seminal vesicle invasion can be successfully treated with pararectal stereotactic CT-guided reimplantation. Assessment of seminal vesicle status is an essential part of staging for local recurrence.     

Seed fixity in the prostate/periprostatic region following brachytherapy

PURPOSE: Although postoperative dosimetric analyses of prostate brachytherapy are commonly reported, the long-term persistence, or fixity, of seeds implanted in the prostate gland and periprostatic region remains unclear, with only a few reports regarding the loss or migration of the seeds in the implanted region and none which correlate lung embolization to pelvic seed loss. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study population consisted of 175 consecutive patients implanted with either 125I (95 patients) or 103Pd (80 patients) using a mean of 136 seeds in a modified uniform loading approach to cover a planning volume that was 1.64 times the ultrasound prostate volume. An average of 64% of 125I seeds were embedded in braided vicryl suture, and these seeds were used on the periphery and extra prostatic regions. Following CT-based dosimetric analysis on day 0, all patients had orthogonal plain films of the pelvis obtained from day 0 to day 502, with an average of 2.3 film pairs per patient. Routine diagnostic PA and lateral chest X rays were obtained for 156 patients over the same time period. RESULTS: The mean pelvic seed fixity was greater than 98% throughout the time covered by this study. The seed fixity rates for 125I and 103Pd, although nearly equal, were significantly different up to 60 days post implant. The median 125I seed loss per patient was only 1 seed through 180 days while for 103Pd, the median seed loss was 2 seeds at 28 and 60 days and 3 seeds at 180 days. The fraction of patients experiencing no seed loss decreased from 40% at 28 days to 20% at 180 days for 125I and from 24% to 7% for 103Pd over the same time interval. Patient and treatment parameters closely correlated to local seed loss include the number of seeds implanted, the planning volume, and the number of loose seeds, and for 125I, the fraction of seeds in suture. The fraction of seeds placed outside the gland was not correlated with seed loss. Of the seeds lost from the pelvis, about 10% were found to embolize to the lungs. Among the 156 patients with post-implant chest X rays, the fraction of patients with pulmonary seed embolization was 34/156 (21.8%). Of the 20 patients who had post-implant chest X rays obtained within 14 days of brachytherapy, none had seeds detected in the lungs, while of the 136 patients who had chest X rays obtained greater than 30 days following implantation, 25.0% (34 patients) were noted to have seeds visualized in the lungs. CONCLUSIONS: With a median follow-up of 9 months, 125I seeds embedded in a vicryl suture or 103Pd seeds can be safely implanted in the prostate and periprostatic tissue with a high probability of prostate bed seed fixity and a low incidence of radioactive seed embolization to the lungs.     

超声引导^125I粒子植入治疗前列腺癌方法的建立与近期疗效

目的探讨超声引导放射性^125I粒子治疗前列腺癌方法建立和近期疗效。方法26例前列腺癌全身或硬膜外麻醉下行经直肠超声引导粒子植入治疗。经直肠超声获取前列腺图像,将图像直接传输到计算机治疗计划系统,术中适时计算机计划,肿瘤周边匹配剂量（matched peripheral doses,MPD）145～160Gy。根据治疗计划插植粒子针,利用Mick植入器植入粒子,粒子植入总数为19—90颗,粒子活度0．35～0．4mCi。术后1个月行盆腔CT扫描,质量验证。结果26例患者成功实施会阴超声和模板引导放射性^125I粒子组织间近距离治疗前列腺癌手术。手术历时1—1．5h。术后验MPD为（137．73±36．5014）Gy。26例前列腺癌患者^125I粒子治疗后生物化学控制率92．3％,2例患者术后6个月出现骨转移。^125I粒子植入治疗,34．6％无尿道副反应,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ级尿道副反应分别为38．5％、11．5％、11．5％、0和0。Ⅰ级直肠副反应发生率为3．9％。1例患者1颗粒子移位,没有引起临床相关并发症,无粒子移位到肺。结论经会阴超声引导放射性粒子治疗前列腺癌具有微创、精确度高和副反应发生率低等优势。     

Incidence and clinical course of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis after iodine-125 prostate brachytherapy

PURPOSE: Hemorrhagic radiation proctitis (HRP) is a potential complication of prostate brachytherapy. We sought to determine the incidence and clinical course of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis after iodine-125 (125I) prostate brachytherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1995 and 2003, 221 consecutive patients were treated at the Barrett Cancer Center with permanent 125I seed implantation for presumed localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. No patients received EBRT. All cases of HRP were confirmed by colonoscopy. Median follow-up was 52 months. All patients were evaluated for HRP using a 5-grade rectal bleeding scale developed by the Radiation Therapeutic Oncology Group. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients experienced grade>or=1 toxicity at some point after treatment. Twenty patients developed grade 2 toxicity, 9 developed grade 3, and 2 developed grade 4. The median time to onset of symptoms of HRP was 14 months. The incidence of HRP had a bimodal temporal onset, with a peak seen at 4 months and a second larger peak at 16 months. Peak toxicity occurred at 18 months after the onset of rectal bleeding, after which there was a sharp decline in toxicity. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates tolerable rectal morbidity after transperineal prostate brachytherapy of the prostate. Hemorrhagic radiation proctitis occurring after brachytherapy for prostate cancer is usually self-limiting and frequently resolves without treatment or with minor medical treatment. Patients develop HRP soon after treatment or after a delay in treatment. Symptoms appear to peak 18 months after the onset of HRP.