富阳市滥用新型毒品羁押人群的相关行为特征分析

目的了解富阳市滥用新型毒品的羁押人群的相关危险行为情况。方法于2012年1月至2013年11月,对富阳市公安机关查获的273名新型毒品滥用者进行问卷调查,并抽血检测梅毒、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体等。结果 273名新型毒品滥用者使用新型毒品以"烫吸"方式为主,存在注射毒品和共用针头现象。39.19%的被调查者承认在使用新型毒品后1小时内发生性行为,5.16%承认有同性性行为,男性发生性行为的比例高于女性,达41.53%。被调查人群性交方式以阴道性交为主,性伴以临时性伴和男/女朋友为主,安全套使用率较低,24.30%的被调查对象近三个月中每次都不使用安全套。273名调查对象的梅毒感染率为9.16%(25/273),HCV感染率为9.89%(27/273),未发现HIV感染者(检验数据来源于中心实验室)。结论吸食新型毒品者的高危性行为比例较高,性别是使用新型毒品后即发生性行为的影响因素,为防控艾滋病等传染病在吸毒人群中的感染和可能的流行,应重点加强男性新型毒品吸食者的健康教育及高危行为干预和提高新型毒品吸食者的安全套使用率。     

沈阳市男男性行为人群HIV感染率及其影响因素分析

目的了解沈阳市男男性行为人群（MSM）艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染率及其影响因素,进一步做好MSM的艾滋病防治工作。方法采用同伴推动法（RDS）招募900名MSM,由经过专业培训的调查员进行面对面的问卷调查,主要内容包括社会人口学特征、艾滋病知识知晓水平、性行为状况、接受干预服务情况和HIV/梅毒感染状况,并抽取静脉血检测HIV及梅毒,对影响HIV感染的相关因素进行χ2检验。结果调查了900名MSM,艾滋病知识知晓率达到91.3%。86.9%的调查对象最近6个月有同性肛交性行为,最近6个月与男性发生肛交性行为时每次都使用安全套的比例为57.5%。HIV感染率为9.3%,梅毒感染率为11.0%。分析显示,年龄较大、文化程度在初中及以下、最近6个月与男性发生肛交性行为时未坚持使用安全套、梅毒感染是感染HIV的危险因素。结论 MSM人群高危性行为发生率、HIV和梅毒感染率均高,可能成为当前HIV流行的重要人群和重要因素,应采取积极有效的宣传教育和行为干预活动。     

淄博市中心城区男男性行为者的HIV和梅毒感染状况及危险因素分析

目的了解淄博市中心城区男男性行为者(MSM)艾滋病病毒(HIV)与梅毒感染状况及影响因素,为制定防治策略提供依据。方法对淄博市中心城区2011-2015年MSM监测数据进行HIV和梅毒感染的单因素χ2检验和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果共调查MSM 1350例,HIV、梅毒现症感染率分别为7.48%(101例)和7.26%(98例),2011-2015年HIV感染率从6.57%上升到14.53%,梅毒累积感染率波动在8.80%~21.32%,HIV与梅毒混合感染率为2.00%。肛交性行为安全套坚持使用率仅32.75%。多因素分析结果表明,HIV感染与不同样本来源、最近一次同性肛交行为不使用安全套和未接受同伴教育有关;梅毒感染与年龄、最近一年诊断过性病和感染HIV有关。结论 2011-2015年,淄博市中心城区MSM中HIV和梅毒感染率上升趋势明显,同性肛交行为安全套使用率不高,高危性行为普遍存在,应将梅毒与艾滋病防治有机结合,加强干预,遏制HIV与梅毒在该人群中传播。     

北京地区部分新型毒品滥用者HIV／STIs感染现状调查

目的了解北京地区新型毒品滥用者艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒、单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（HSV-2）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）和乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）的感染情况。方法采用横断面设计的方法,于2009年10-12月,在北京市某强制戒毒所对其收治的主要吸食冰毒等新型毒品者进行问卷调查,采集血液标本,检测HIV、梅毒、HSV-2、HCV和HBV表面抗原（HBsAg）。结果 151名新型毒品滥用者中,分别有39.1%、10.5%的人多药使用和混合用药,无人注射新型毒品;承认新型毒品使用后发生性行为的人占55.6%;在过去1年中,性伴数在180人不等;仅27.4%的人每次性行为时都使用安全套;HIV、梅毒、HSV-2、HCV和HBV的感染率分别是0.7%、13.9%、60.3%、19.2%和11.5%。结论新型毒品滥用者仍是以非注射吸食为主,在毒品作用下易发生无保护性行为,是艾滋病性传播感染（STIs）的潜在高危人群。     

广州市1315名男男性行为人群的行为特征及艾滋病流行状况

目的了解广州地区男男性行为人群(MSM)艾滋病及其相关高危行为流行情况,为开展艾滋病防治提供依据。方法对2009年参加艾滋病自愿咨询检测的MSM人群的行为进行调查,并对艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒检测相关资料进行分析。结果共调查1 315名MSM,平均年龄27岁,其中20~30岁的占60.61%;首次与男性发生性行为平均年龄23岁,25岁以下的占65.20%;最近3个月有多个性伴的占41.22%,最近一次与男性发生性行为时使用安全套的只有66.68%;56.20%最近一个月与男性发生性行为时每次都使用安全套。HIV感染率为5.40%,梅毒检出率为6.77%。被动肛交者安全套使用率显著低于主动者,文化程度低者HIV感染率和梅毒感染率更高。结论广州地区MSM中艾滋病流行比较严重,不安全性行为较高,艾滋病有通过MSM向普通人群扩散的危险。     

庆阳市疾病预防控制中心性病门诊艾滋病自愿咨询检测结果分析

目的分析甘肃省庆阳市疾病预防控制中心性病门诊艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)数据,掌握VCT求询者基本特征及艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒感染情况,为制定防治措施提供依据。方法收集2011─2013年庆阳市疾病预防控制中心艾滋病VCT门诊980名就诊者的人口学、行为学等信息,采用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果求询者980人,男性占57.86%、女性占42.14%,男女性别比1.37∶1,20~49岁为主要人群占82.43%,初中文化程度占46.94%,以高危行为外展干预为主、占55.00%;求询原因以性行为为主、占88.57%,男男同性行为史占40.71%;求询者因性别、年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、求询原因不同,梅毒感染率均有差异(P0.05),异性性行为者梅毒感染率高于同性性行为者(χ2=14.65,P0.05);不同年份求询者HIV感染率为0.92%、差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.46,P0.05),梅毒感染率为9.18%、差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.83,P0.05)。结论甘肃省庆阳市VCT人群呈现年轻化、文化程度偏低、主动求询比例低、男男同性性行为为主要求询者的特征,艾滋病、梅毒感染率未出现上升趋势,应有针对性地开展高危人群干预,依托VCT是提高艾滋病/性病发现率的重要途径。     

深圳市男性性工作者HIV/梅毒感染状况及行为调查

目的了解深圳市向女性提供性服务的男性性工作者(MSW)的艾滋病相关知识知晓率、行为及艾滋病病毒(HIV)/梅毒感染状况,探索适合该人群的艾滋病宣传教育和行为干预措施。方法通过以场所为基础的抽样方法,对深圳市MSW进行问卷调查,并抽血检测其HIV/梅毒感染状况。结果本次调查206名MSW,平均年龄(24.1±3.98)岁,HIV阳性率1.5%(3人),梅毒阳性率2.9%(6人)。外省户籍占85.4%(176人);自我性取向评价为异性恋占87.9%(181例)。与女性客人发生无保护性行为的占49.5%(102人);最近一次与女性客人发生性行为的安全套使用率为85.9%(177人);艾滋病知识知晓率为57.3%(118人)。自我性取向评价、与女性客人发生无保护性行为、最近一次与女性客人安全套使用情况,与HIV/梅毒感染有关(P0.05)。多因素分析显示,自我性取向评价为同性恋[比值比(OR)=53.604]、与女性客人有无保护性行为(OR=13.185)是MSW HIV/梅毒感染的危险因素。结论深圳市MSW的流动性大,HIV、梅毒感染率低,艾滋病知识知晓率低,无保护商业性行为发生率高,应加强宣传教育及行为干预,提高安全套使用率。     

深圳市男性性工作者HIV/梅毒感染状况及行为调查北大核心

目的了解深圳市向女性提供性服务的男性性工作者(MSW)的艾滋病相关知识知晓率、行为及艾滋病病毒(HIV)/梅毒感染状况,探索适合该人群的艾滋病宣传教育和行为干预措施。方法通过以场所为基础的抽样方法,对深圳市MSW进行问卷调查,并抽血检测其HIV/梅毒感染状况。结果本次调查206名MSW,平均年龄(24.1±3.98)岁,HIV阳性率1.5%(3人),梅毒阳性率2.9%(6人)。外省户籍占85.4%(176人);自我性取向评价为异性恋占87.9%(181例)。与女性客人发生无保护性行为的占49.5%(102人);最近一次与女性客人发生性行为的安全套使用率为85.9%(177人);艾滋病知识知晓率为57.3%(118人)。自我性取向评价、与女性客人发生无保护性行为、最近一次与女性客人安全套使用情况,与HIV/梅毒感染有关(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,自我性取向评价为同性恋[比值比(OR)=53.604]、与女性客人有无保护性行为(OR=13.185)是MSW HIV/梅毒感染的危险因素。结论深圳市MSW的流动性大,HIV、梅毒感染率低,艾滋病知识知晓率低,无保护商业性行为发生率高,应加强宣传教育及行为干预,提高安全套使用率。     

青岛市吸食新型毒品人群的行为调查及性病感染情况

目的 了解吸食新型毒品人群的艾滋病知识、态度、行为及感染状况,探索针对该人群的有效干预措施。方法 采用同伴推动抽样方法(RDS)招募新型毒品吸食者进行问卷调查。结果 共调查新型毒品吸食者324人,未发现艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性者,梅毒感染率为16.0%(52人)。艾滋病知识知晓率为36.1%,79.6%认为自己没有感染艾滋病的危险,66.0%首次吸毒原因为同伴影响;70.2%选择在自己或朋友家吸食毒品,29.3%选择在宾馆或娱乐场所吸食毒品。吸食毒品后31.7%选择商业性伴,59.1%选择临时性伴;最近一次与商业性伴和临时性伴性行为安全套使用率分别为7.3%和2.5%;40.3%有过群交性行为,其中59.5%发生群交性行为从不使用安全套。最近一年只有9.4%接受过HIV抗体检测,6.8%接受过同伴教育。结论 吸食新型毒品人群艾滋病相关高危行为广泛存在,梅毒感染率高,接受干预和艾滋病检测率极低,需要开展有针对性的干预措施。     

北京市大学生男男性行为人群HIV与梅毒感染相关流行病学调查

目的了解北京市大学生男男性行为人群(MSM)的艾滋病病毒(HIV)与梅毒的现患状况、艾滋病相关认知与行为。方法采用自填式问卷,调查社会人口学信息、艾滋病相关知识、同/异性性行为等,并进行HIV和梅毒的血清学检测。结果 157位调查对象,HIV、梅毒以及合并感染率分别为2.5%、7.0%和1.3%。由于同性性取向,5.1%有过自杀行为。近6个月曾与偶遇性伴发生过性行为者("419")约占到45%,其HIV和梅毒的感染率均高于无"419"行为者。不足20%曾发生异性性行为。结论大学生MSM中普遍存在HIV高危同性性行为,也存在异性性行为,亟须开展有效的健康教育和行为干预。     

新疆喀什地区2004年艾滋病综合调查分析

目的摸清各类人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染率和行为学指标,弥补监测数据不足,掌握喀什地区艾滋病（AIDS）流行现状,为制定可行的防治策略提供科学依据.方法随机抽取吸毒者、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、孕产妇和调查时医院就诊者等5类人群,进行行为危险因素问卷调查和HIV抗体、梅毒和吸毒人群的丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）抗体检测.结果调查的400名吸毒者中,注射吸毒者占36.75%,近1个月内的共用针具率为15%.吸毒者最近一次与其配偶或性伴有性行为时安全套的使用率仅为10.78%,其HIV、HCV和梅毒感染率分别为24.25%、42.00%和42.25%,共用注射器吸毒者的HIV、HCV感染率均高于非共用者.暗娼、性病患者、孕产妇和调查时医院就诊者的HIV和梅毒感染率分别为0.67%和8.00%、0和5.75%、0.12%和4.61%、0.19%和1.45%.被调查人群艾滋病知识水平较低,普遍存在高风险行为.结论当地吸毒人群艾滋病的流行处于较高水平,流行的危险因素广泛存在,扩大流行的可行性极大.     

HIV Among Injection Drug Users and Their Intimate Partners in Almaty, Kazakhstan

This paper examines prevalence rates of HIV, HCV, and syphilis among a sample of injecting drug users (IDUs) and their heterosexual intimate partners (N = 728) from Almaty, Kazakhstan. The study uses baseline data from Project Renaissance, a couple-based HIV prevention intervention delivered to a couple where one or both partners are IDUs. HIV prevalence rates among female and male IDUs were 28 %. Among the full sample, 75 % had HCV, and 13 % tested positive for the syphilis antibody test. Only 10 % of the sample ever visited a needle exchange program. One-fourth (25.3 %) had never been tested for HIV. One-quarter of those who tested positive were unaware of their status. Being HIV positive was associated with a history of incarceration, being an IDU, and having access to needle exchange programs. The findings call for increasing efforts to improve access to HIV testing, prevention, treatment, and care for IDUs in Almaty, Kazakhstan.     

Predictors of HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors in a Community Sample of Injection Drug-Using Men and Women

Injection risk practices and unprotected sex between injection drug users (IDUs) and their sexual partners are responsible for a high proportion of AIDS cases and new HIV infections in the United States. The purpose of this study was to investigate the links between drug use behaviors and psychosocial factors with high-risk sexual behaviors among male and female IDUs. Understanding the determinants of sexual risk practices among drug users can lead to the development of more effective programs to prevent sexual HIV and STD transmission. This study enrolled a community sample of 101 IDUs (males = 65, females = 36), primarily African American and unemployed, who injected drugs and had unprotected sex in the past 3 months. The sample was categorized into highest sexual risk (multiple partners and intercourse without condoms) and lower sexual risk subgroups. Univariate analyses showed that IDUs at highest sexual risk had lower sexual risk reduction self-efficacy (p =.01) and were more likely to be African American (p =.02). Drug users at highest sexual risk also used noninjected cocaine and crack more frequently (p =.05), were less likely to inject heroin (p =.04), and tended to more often inject cocaine (p =.05). IDUs at highest sexual risk also tended to more often use crack and methamphetamines. Logistic regression analyses showed that injecting cocaine or crack, sexual risk reduction self-efficacy, and race were independent predictors of sexual risk behavior levels. Sexual risk reduction programs for this population are needed, with HIV prevention programs tailored to specific IDU risk reduction needs.     

新疆库尔勒市少数民族静脉吸毒者高危行为与HIV感染的关系

目的 探讨少数民族静脉吸毒者(IDUs)高危行为与艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染之间的关系,为在少数民族静脉吸毒人群中开展干预提供科学依据.方法 采用自行设计的调查问卷,对新疆库尔勒市4个社区的少数民族静脉吸毒者进行了面对面的问卷调查.结果 共调查了静脉吸毒者202人,其中最近一次共针率为22.8%,HIV感染率为19.3%...     

沈阳市高危人群艾滋病、梅毒、肝炎的调查分析

目的 了解辽宁省高危人群艾滋病、梅毒和肝炎的感染现状。方法 应用固相酶免疫测定（ELISA）法或间接血凝法分别检测了488名吸毒者、暗娼和 STD门诊患者及2 000例普通患者血清中 HIV抗体、HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HCV、抗梅毒抗体。结果 吸毒者丙型肝炎感染率为47.5％,显著高于暗娼（6.8％）和 STD门诊患者（1.4％）（P<0.01）;吸毒者、暗娼、STD门诊患者梅毒感染率均高于普通患者,且STD门诊梅毒感染率显著高于吸毒者（P<0.01）;吸毒者、暗娼、STD人群和普通患者各组间抗-HBs阳性率无显著差异（P>0.05）;本次调查未发现AIDS患者/HIV感染者。结论 辽宁省高危人群梅毒、丙型肝炎感染率较高,应加强高危人群管理,防止艾滋病在辽宁省的流行。     

Bangladesh moves from being a low-prevalence nation for HIV to one with a concentrated epidemic in injecting drug users

Bangladesh has been conducting annual serological surveillance for HIV and syphilis since 1998 among most at-risk populations including sex workers, males having sex with males, injecting drug users (IDUs) and heroin smokers. During the seventh round conducted between January and June 2006, 10,368 people were sampled and the overall HIV prevalence was 0.9%. The highest HIV rate was recorded in male IDUs from the capital city Dhaka (7%), and the rates have risen significantly over the rounds (P < 0.001). In Dhaka, most of the HIV-positive IDUs (10.5%) were localized in one neighbourhood, while in the remaining neighbourhoods 1% were positive (P < 0.001). In all other groups, HIV prevalence was <1%. Active syphilis rates were highest in female IDUs (9.9%) followed by female street-based sex workers (8.6%). However, rates in female sex workers in Dhaka declined significantly over the years (P < 0.001). Bangladesh has to act urgently to prevent escalation of the epidemic.     

2012年天津市性病门诊男性就诊者HIV/梅毒感染现状及影响因素分析

目的了解性病门诊男性就诊者中,艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒（SP）的感染状况及危险因素,为在该人群中开展相关防控措施提供依据。方法对天津市2家性病门诊中符合条件的男性就诊者开展问卷调查,同时抽取血样检测梅毒和HIV抗体。结果800例性病门诊男性就诊者中,HIV抗体阳性16例,阳性率为2．0％。多因素分析表明,最近3个月有同性性行为[比值比（OR）=21．642,95％可信区间（CI）：7．211～64．946]、感染梅毒（OR=3．097,95％CI：1．059～9．055）与HIV感染关系有统计学意义。梅毒阳性129例,阳性率为16．1％。多因素分析表明,最近3个月有商业性行为（OR=6．306,95％CI：3．930～10．118）、最近3个月有同性性行为（OR=5．948,95％CI：3．017～11．725）与梅毒感染关系有统计学意义。结论性病门诊男性就诊者HIV、梅毒感染率较高,危险行为普遍存在,急需采取有效措施来控制性病艾滋病的传播蔓延。     

Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and syphilis among injecting drug users in Russia: a multi-city study

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis in injecting drug users (IDUs) in Russia. METHODS: Unlinked anonymous cross-sectional survey of 1473 IDUs recruited from non-treatment settings in Moscow, Volgograd and Barnaul (Siberia), with oral fluid sample collection for HIV, HCV antibody (anti-HIV, anti-HCV) and syphilis testing. RESULTS: Prevalence of antibody to HIV was 14% in Moscow, 3% in Volgograd and 9% in Barnaul. HCV prevalence was 67% in Moscow, 70% in Volgograd and 54% in Barnaul. Prevalence of positive syphilis serology was 8% in Moscow, 20% in Volgograd and 6% in Barnaul. Half of those HIV positive and a third of those HCV positive were unaware of their positive status. Common risk factors associated with HIV and HCV infection across the cities included both direct and indirect sharing of injecting equipment and injection of home-produced drugs. Among environmental risk factors, we found increased odds of anti-HIV associated with being in prison in Moscow, and some association between official registration as a drug user and anti-HIV and anti-HCV. No associations were found between sexual risk behaviours and anti-HIV in any city. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevalence among IDUs was markedly higher than city routine surveillance data suggests and at potentially critical levels in terms of HIV prevention in two cities. HCV prevalence was high in all cities. Syphilis prevalence highlights the potential for sexual risk and sexual HIV transmission. Despite large-scale testing programmes, knowledge of positive status was poor. The scaling-up of harm reduction for IDUs in Russia, including sexual risk reduction, is an urgent priority.     

Drug Network Characteristics and HIV Risk Among Injection Drug Users in Russia: The roles of Trust,Size, and Stability

We investigated the influence of drug network characteristics including trust, size, and stability on HIV risk behaviors and HIV testing among injection drug users (IDUs) in St. Petersburg, Russia. Overall, male and female IDUs who reported having high levels of trust in their drug networks were significantly more likely to share syringes than those with lower levels of trust (OR [95% CI]) 2.87 [1.06, 7.81] and 4.89 [1.05, 21.94], respectively). Male and female IDUs in larger drug networks were more likely to share syringes than those in smaller networks (4.21 [1.54, 11.51] and 4.80 [1.20, 19.94], respectively). Characteristics that were significantly associated with not having been HIV tested included drug network instability among men and larger network size among women. High trust, large size, and instability were positively and significantly associated with syringe sharing and not having been HIV tested. Effectiveness of interventions in Russia to reduce the risk of HIV infection may be enhanced if network characteristics are addressed.     

2011年桂林市艾滋病高危人群哨点监测分析

目的了解桂林市艾滋病高危人群(Most-at-risk population(s),MARP)的行为特征、艾滋病知晓情况及艾滋病/性病感染状况,为开展有效的干预工作提供依据。方法在桂林市城区对男男性行为人群(MSM)、吸毒人群(DUs)、暗娼(FSW)、男性性病患者(STD)4个群体,进行面对面的问卷调查,并采集静脉血样进行艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)等抗体检测。结果 2011年3-7月共调查1 480名MARP,其中MSM 408人,DUs 403人,FSW 400人,STD 269人,平均年龄(33.90±11.35)岁,未婚32.70%,在婚53.78%,同居5.41%,离异或丧偶8.11%;文化程度以初中和高中(中专)为主,分别为41.12%、35.09%;汉族居多,占76.28%。MSM群体安全套使用率较高(97.56%),DUs群体安全套使用率最低(27.15%)。1 480名高危人群的HIV、梅毒、HCV感染率分别为1.62%、3.51%、17.03%。其中MSM群体HIV和梅毒感染率最高,分别达到2.45%、4.90%;DUs群体HCV感染率最高,达到60.55%。24名HIV阳性者中,12人(50.0%)合并感染梅毒或/和HCV。结论桂林市高危人群HIV感染率较高,应加强该人群的行为干预,遏制艾滋病传播。