Th17淋巴细胞在哮喘小鼠气道炎症中的初步研究

目的:初步探索Th17细胞及其分泌的炎症介质在哮喘小鼠气道炎症中的作用机制。方法:20只小鼠随机均分为哮喘组和正常对照组。哮喘组用卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏与激发建立小鼠哮喘模型。正常对照组致敏与激发均以生理盐水代替。HE染色观察小鼠气道及肺组织病理变化;光学显微镜下观察小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中细胞分类及计数;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测小鼠BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IFN-γ及IL-17的含量,流式细胞技术(FCM)检测小鼠外周血Th1、Th2及Th17淋巴细胞占CD4+T淋巴细胞百分率情况。结果:哮喘组小鼠BALF中细胞总数和中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、淋巴细胞百分率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13及IL-17的水平显著增高(P<0.05),而IFN-γ差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),外周血Th2、Th17细胞明显增高(P<0.05),而Th1细胞无明显变化。结论:Th17细胞及其分泌的炎症介质可促进中性粒细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞在气道内聚集,加重哮喘气道炎症,可能与哮喘气道重塑密切相关。     

OVA特异性免疫治疗对哮喘小鼠IL-23/Th17轴的影响及机制研究

目的腹部皮下注射大剂量卵白蛋白(OVA)建立小鼠哮喘免疫治疗模型,探讨IL-23/Th17轴在小鼠哮喘模型经皮免疫治疗过程中的作用。方法选择18只BALB/c小鼠为建模研究对象,按随机数字表法分为3组:空白对照组、哮喘对照组和哮喘免疫治疗组,每组6只小鼠。哮喘免疫治疗组予10μg OVA于0、7 d腹腔注射致敏,21~27 d持续1周予1 mg OVA腹部皮下注射诱导免疫耐受,35~41 d予1%OVA雾化激发;哮喘对照组在21~27 d OVA皮下注射等量生理盐水,其余处置同哮喘免疫治疗组;空白对照组采用等量生理盐水致敏及激发。50 d予10%OVA加强激发1次。末次激发24 h内检测气道反应性;收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)计数细胞总数及细胞分类计数;ELISA法检测血清OVA特异性Ig E、BALF中IL-5、IFN-γ、IL-23、IL-10的表达;HE染色观察肺组织病理改变;流式细胞仪检测各组脾、肺组织Treg、Th17细胞比例;q-PCR检测肺组织转录因子。结果哮喘免疫治疗组气道反应性、BALF中嗜酸性粒细胞计数、IL-23水平及血清OVA特异性Ig E水平明显低于哮喘对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而BALF中IFN-γ水平与哮喘对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);同时HE染色发现哮喘免疫治疗组肺组织炎症较哮喘对照组明显减轻;流式细胞技术检测发现外周血Treg细胞百分比明显高于哮喘对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);q-PCR检测肺组织转录因子表明免疫治疗组Foxp3明显高于哮喘对照组,而RORγt明显低于哮喘对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大剂量OVA特异性免疫治疗能够减轻哮喘小鼠气道慢性炎症反应,同时引起Th17细胞下降伴随IL-23表达降低;其机制可能与纠正肺部IL-23/Th17轴有关。     

T-bet重组腺病毒对哮喘小鼠Thl/Th2免疫平衡的调节

目的探讨静脉应用T-bet重组腺病毒（AdT-bet）对哮喘模型小鼠过敏性气道炎症及Th1／Th2免疫失衡的影响。方法36只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为AdT-bet治疗组（A组）、模型对照组（B组）、正常组（C组）。以卵蛋白（OVA）、氢氧化铝免疫建立哮喘模型，A组激发前尾静脉注射100μL的AdT-bet（1×10^8 PFU/μL），各组激发后肺泡灌洗分析细胞组份，分离肺淋巴细胞测定细胞因子分泌水平，以流式细胞仪检测CD3^＋、CD4^＋ T细胞比例及表达IFNγ和IL-4的比例，比较各组肺组织学改变。结果静脉应用AdT-bet组与对照组相比：①可明显抑制抗原激发后气道内嗜酸性粒细胞的浸润（P〈0．01）；②明显抑制肺淋巴细胞产生IL-4、IL-5，增加了IFNγ的产生；③肺脏淋巴细胞CD4^＋ IFNγ百分比及IFNγ^＋/IL-4^＋明显升高（P〈0．01），而CD4^＋ IL-4^＋百分比则明显下降；④明显抑制哮喘鼠气道内及肺泡内的过敏性炎症反应。结论激发前静脉用AdT-bet对哮喘小鼠过敏性气道炎症有明显的防治作用，其机制可能与表达的T-bet上调Th1／Th2比值，从而调整了免疫平衡有关。     

T-bet基因转染对哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响

目的： 观察气道内T-bet基因转染对哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响。方法: C57BL/6小鼠40只,随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为正常对照组（A组）、哮喘模型组（B组）、空质粒干预组(C组) 和T-bet质粒干预组(D组)。卵白蛋白(OVA) 抗原溶液腹腔注射致敏,滴鼻造模。正常对照组用生理盐水代替OVA,空质粒干预组和T-bet质粒干预组OVA激发48 h前,分别经鼻滴入50 μg空质粒和重组T-bet质粒。观察各组实验小鼠的肺组织炎症以及BALF中各类炎症细胞以及IL-4、IFN-γ水平的变化。 结果: Western blotting检测发现,小鼠气道转染pcDNA3-T-bet质粒48 h后肺组织T-bet蛋白表达显著增加。pcDNA3-T-bet质粒转染能较好抑制给药后48 h OVA激发的哮喘小鼠气道炎症（包括炎症细胞浸润,上皮细胞损伤、黏液分泌、血管壁水肿及管腔缩窄）;下调小鼠BALF中Th2因子IL-4并上调Th1因子IFN-γ水平。 结论: 气道内转染T-bet质粒能有效改善哮喘小鼠的气道炎症。     

Thl7淋巴细胞在哮喘小鼠气道炎症中的初步研究

目的:初步探索Th17细胞及其分泌的炎症介质在哮喘小鼠气道炎症中的作用机制.方法:20只小鼠随机均分为哮喘组和正常对照组.哮喘组用卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏与激发建立小鼠哮喘模型.正常对照组致敏与激发均以生理盐水代替.HE染色观察小鼠气道及肺组织病理变化;光学显微镜下观察小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中细胞分类及计数;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测小鼠BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IFN-γ及IL-17的含量,流式细胞技术(FCM)检测小鼠外周血Th1、Th2及Th17淋巴细胞占CD4+T淋巴细胞百分率情况.结果:哮喘组小鼠BALF中细胞总数和中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、淋巴细胞百分率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13及IL-17的水平显著增高(P<0.05),而IFN-γ差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),外周血Th2、Th17细胞明显增高(P<0.05),而Th1细胞无明显变化.结论:Th17细胞及其分泌的炎症介质可促进中性粒细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞在气道内聚集,加重哮喘气道炎症,可能与哮喘气道重塑密切相关.     

锌通过调节Th1/Th2平衡及抗氧化降低哮喘大鼠气道炎症

目的 探讨锌对哮喘大鼠气道炎症的影响及机制。方法 建立哮喘大鼠模型,SD大鼠32只,按体重随机分为4组,A组为缺锌饲料+卵清蛋白（OVA）激发组;B组为补锌饲料+ OVA激发组;C组为正常锌饲料+ OVA激发组;D组为正常锌饲料+生理盐水激发组。诱喘后24 h取右肺HE染色,观察气道壁细胞成分;取左肺制备肺组织匀浆检测γ干扰素（IFN-γ）、白细胞介素4（IL-4）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）水平。结果 与C组相比,A组大鼠支气管壁中嗜酸粒细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞数及肺组织匀浆中MDA均明显增加（P<0.05）,而IFN-γ、IFN-γ/IL-4、SOD及GPX均明显减少（P<0.05）;B组大鼠上述炎性细胞及MDA均明显减少（P<0.05）,而IFN-γ、IFN-γ/IL-4、SOD及GPX均明显增加（P<0.05）;IL-4含量两组无明显变化。结论 锌可能通过调节Th1/Th2平衡及抗氧化降低哮喘大鼠气道炎症。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素对小鼠慢性哮喘模型的抗炎作用

目的：用金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A（SEA）和肠毒素B（SEB）干预幼年小鼠,观察它们对小鼠慢性哮喘气道炎症的影响以及对气道内相关细胞因子水平的调节作用。方法：实验组中BALB/c小鼠在出生后1周开始腹腔注射0.1 mL SEA或SEB（浓度1 mg/L）,隔天注射,共7次。其它小组注射相同剂量生理盐水对照。BALB/c 小鼠出生后4周建立哮喘模型,实验组和模型组分别在0、7和14 d用卵白蛋白（OVA）腹腔注射致敏,在28 d开始隔天OVA雾化激发哮喘,共7次,末次激发后24-48 h内取支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）,进行嗜酸性粒细胞和总白细胞计数,其余BALF离心-70 ℃冻存检测细胞因子,固定肺组织做病理切片分析。结果:SEA组和SEB组小鼠肺组织炎症反应轻于模型组,BALF中嗜酸性粒细胞数量少于模型组 (P＜0.05);SEA、SEB组BALF中Th1细胞因子干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）高于模型组(P＜0.05);而Th2细胞因子白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、白细胞介素-5（IL-5）和嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子（eotaxin）均低于模型组(P＜0.01)。结论:早期感染 SEA、SEB可以减少小鼠慢性哮喘支气管肺泡灌洗液中嗜酸性粒细胞的数量,可能通过调节Th1/Th2细胞因子比值减轻气道中的哮喘炎症反应。     

PLGA为佐剂的OVA纳米疫苗皮下注射可预防小鼠过敏反应性气道炎症和调节Th1/Th2反应

目的 探讨聚乳酸.羟基乙酸共聚物[poly（D,L-lactic-co-glycolic）acid,PLGA]包裹的卵清蛋白（OVA）纳米癌苗（POM）对哮喘小鼠的免疫治疗效果.方法 包裹不同剂量（低、中、高）的OVA纳米粒子和对照（OVA、空白纳米粒子、PBS）通过皮下注射给予小鼠,再用OVA进行致敏和激发,通过肺组织学、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细胞计数、测定BALF和脾细胞培养上清液中细胞因子的含量,观察小鼠呼吸道炎症和免疫学改变.结果 肺部组织学和BALF中细胞计数结果显示,与PBS对照组相比,OVA治疗组、中剂量和高剂量OVA纳米组的肺部嗜酸性浸润显著减轻,BALF中总细胞和嗜酸性细胞显著减少.卸胞因子测定结果显示,与PBS对照组相比,中、高剂量OVA纳米组的BALF和脾细胞培养上清液中IFN-γ显著升高,Ⅱ,4水平显著降低.OVA治疗组中IL-4水平显著下降,而IFN-γ水平无显著差异.结论 OVA纳米疫苗可预防哮喘嗜酸性气道炎症,其可能的机制之一是调节了过敏性哮喘的Th1/Th2失平衡反应.     

抗IgE抗体对哮喘模型小鼠的气道高反应和Th2类细胞因子的影响

目的探讨抗IgE抗体在哮喘小鼠模型中对气道高反应及Th2类细胞因子变化的影响及其可能机制。方法雌性Balb/c小鼠30只随机分成3组,即正常对照组、哮喘模型组和抗IgE抗体干预组。分别采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和蛋白质印迹检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺组织中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IL-10、TGF-β1含量以及蛋白表达。应用小鼠肺功能仪检测气道阻力的变化。结果抗IgE抗体治疗组与哮喘模型组比较气道阻力明显降低。哮喘模型组小鼠BALF和肺组织中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IL-10、TGF-β1含量和蛋白表达明显升高,与正常对照组比较,显著差异(P<0.05)。抗IgE抗体干预组小鼠BALF和肺组织中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13含量和蛋白表达水平均明显降低;IL-10、TGF-β1含量和蛋白表达水平上升不明显,与哮喘模型组比较,没有显著差异(P>0.05)。结论抗IgE抗体对哮喘小鼠的治疗作用,其机制可能与调节Th2细胞所分泌的炎症细胞因子有关。     

川芎嗪对小鼠哮喘模型Th17细胞的调控作用以及对Th17、Treg细胞平衡的影响

目的：研究川芎嗪对小鼠哮喘模型外周血中Th17、Treg细胞比例以及特征性细胞因子IL-17、IL-10水平的影响。方法：雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分成四组：正常对照组、哮喘模型组、川芎嗪治疗组以及激素治疗组。 OVA诱导激发哮喘,治疗组小鼠在第0、7、14天以及每次雾化吸入前30 min腹腔注射川芎嗪或地塞米松注射液,正常对照组用生理盐水替代OVA进行腹腔注射以及雾化吸入。小鼠的肺组织HE染色,分离外周血淋巴细胞做流式细胞学检测并ELISA法检测血清中IL-17、IL-10的水平。结果：哮喘模型组造模成功,川芎嗪治疗组及激素治疗组哮喘表现较轻微。 HE染色显示哮喘模型组小鼠肺组织在支气管以及小血管周围发现大量的嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等炎性细胞浸润;而川芎嗪治疗组和激素治疗组小鼠的肺组织切片中仅发现少量的炎性细胞。流式细胞仪检测显示哮喘组小鼠的Treg细胞较正常组小鼠比例明显降低,而Th17细胞占CD4＋T细胞显著升高;川芎嗪治疗组小鼠以及激素治疗组小鼠的变化趋势一致,Treg细胞和Th17细胞的比例趋于正常。 ELISA结果显示哮喘组小鼠的IL-17的水平显著高于正常组,IL-10的水平较正常组显著降低,川芎嗪治疗组小鼠的IL-17水平较哮喘模型组明显降低,而IL-10的水平显著升高,激素治疗组小鼠的变化趋势与川芎嗪治疗组一致。结论：在OVA诱导小鼠哮喘模型中,川芎嗪可以通过增强Treg细胞的功能,增加Treg细胞的数量,进而抑制Th17细胞的数量以及功能,减轻Th17细胞的应答,降低IL-17细胞因子的分泌,从而起到预防/控制哮喘发作的作用。     

Stability of Th1 and Th2 populations

Using an in vitro model for the development of IFN-y-producIng(Th1) and IL-4-produclng (Th1) cells from CD4 T lymphocytesexpressing a transgenlc TCR, we show that IL-12 and IL-4 arethe most potent stimuli for the differentiation of naive T cellsto effector populations. When combinations of cytokines arepresent during T cell priming, the effect of IL-4 Is dominant.Furthermore, differentiated Th1 cells can be converted intoIL-4 producers by exposure to IL-4, but the Th2 phenotype Isnot reversible. The stability of Th2 populations may limit theability to regulate Th2-domlnant responses In pathologic situations.     

The Th1/Th2 paradigm

The Th1/Th2 paradigm provides a useful model for understanding the pathogenesis of several diseases, as well as for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Here, Sergio Romagnani examines Th1/Th2 polarization in the context of associated pathophysiological conditions.     

Development of Neonatal Th1/Th2 Function

Newborn animals generally mount poor T cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. As a result, neonates fall prey to infectious agents and diseases which have little impact on immunocompetent adult animals. For some time, it was believed that this phenomenon was due to an intrinsic inability of newborns to mount developmentally mature Th1 responses. Recent studies in mice have challenged that view; under certain conditions, adult-level Th1 function has been achieved in newborns. More often, however, neonates develop Th2-dominant responses. A major challenge in the field of developmental immunology is to understand why the ‘default’ response for neonates is Th2 function. Cell intrinsic as well as environmental influences may contribute to Th2 skewing in neonates.     

Distribution of Th1, Th2, and Th0 and the Th1/Th2 cell ratios in human peripheral and endometrial T cells

PROBLEM: To examine whether normal pregnancy involves type 2 T-helper (Th2) immune condition or not. METHOD OF STUDY: We measured the percentage of Th0, Th1, and Th2 and the Th1/Th2 cell ratios of human peripheral blood and endometrial T cells using flow cytometry, which can analyze both the surface marker CD3, and intracellular cytokines, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma). RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the percentages of Th1, Th2, and Th0 and the Th1/Th2 cell ratios in the peripheral blood T cells of nonpregnant women and women in early pregnancy. On the other hand, the percentage of Th1 cells was highest during the proliferative phase of the endometrium, followed by the secretory phase and early pregnancy decidua. The percentage of Th2 cells was highest in early pregnancy decidua and lowest during the proliferative phase of the endometrium. The Th1/Th2 ratio was 147.48+/-96.68 during the proliferative phase of the endometrium, 37.74+/-21.33 during the secretory phase, and 1.31+/-0.48 in the early pregnancy decidua. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that Th1 cells predominate in the nonpregnant endometrium, especially during the proliferative phase, while Th2 cells predominate in early pregnancy decidua.     

The paradigm of Th1 and Th2 cytokines

In the past few years, considerable evidence has accumulated to suggest the existence of functionally polarized responses by the CD4⁺ T helper (Th)—and the CD8⁺ T cytotoxic (Tc)—cell subsets that depend on the cytokines they produce. The Th1 and Th2 cellular immune response provide a useful model for explaining not only the different types of protection, but also the pathogenic mechanisms of several immunopathological disorders. The factors responsible for the polarization of specific immune response into a predominant Th1 or Th2 profile have been extensively investigated in mice and humans. Evidence has accumulated from animal models to suggest that Th1type lymphokines are involved in the genesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune uveitis, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, data so far available in human diseases favor a prevalent Th1 lymphokine profile in target organs of patients with organ-specific autoimmunity. By contrast, Th2-cell predominance was found in the skin of patients with chronic graft-versus host disease, progressive systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and allergic diseases. The Th1/Th2 concept suggests that modulation of relative contribution of Th1 or Th2-type cytokines regulate the balance between protection and immunopathology, as well as the development and/or the severity of some immunologie disorders. In this review, we have discussed the paradigm of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in relation to autoimmunity and allergy.     

Development of neonatal Th1/Th2 function

Newborn animals generally mount poor T cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. As a result, neonates fall prey to infectious agents and diseases which have little impact on immunocompetent adult animals. For some time, it was believed that this phenomenon was due to an intrinsic inability of newborns to mount developmentally mature Th1 responses. Recent studies in mice have challenged that view; under certain conditions, adult-level Th1 function has been achieved in newborns. More often, however, neonates develop Th2-dominant responses. A major challenge in the field of developmental immunology is to understand why the 'default' response for neonates is Th2 function. Cell intrinsic as well as environmental influences may contribute to Th2 skewing in neonates.     

Th细胞及其分化调节

幼稚CD4^＋T细胞可分化为Th1和Th2细胞，Th1主要产生IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF，增强吞噬细胞介导的抗感染机制，促进细胞免疫，也在器官特异性自身免疫疾病中起作用；Th2细胞主要产生IL-4、IL-5、IL-10、IL-13，促进B细胞增殖、分化和产生抗体，增强B细胞介导的体液免疫应答，在变态反应和机体抗寄生虫免疫中发挥作用。Th细胞分化主要由局部环境中的细胞因子及细胞内关键转录因子调控。转录因子STAT1、STAT4、IRF1和T—bet促使Th1细胞分化；转录因子STAT6、IRF4和GATA-3促使Th2细胞分化。