围手术期FFP输注对脊柱侧弯后路矫形术患者预后的影响

目的了解输注新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)是否可以改善脊柱侧弯后路矫形手术的患者预后。方法采用配对研究方法,分为FFP组:回顾行脊柱侧弯后路矫形手术且围手术期输注FFP的病例52例;对照组:选取同期行同样手术但未输注FFP,具有相近出血量、年龄、性别、身高、体重及术前基础Hb的病例52例。记录并比较2组患者的术前一般资料、术前及术后d3的Hb及凝血指标、术中及术后出血量、手术时间、止血药物、围手术期血制品输注情况及术后住院时间。结果 2组脊柱侧弯后路矫形手术患者的术前一般资料、术前及术后d3的Hb水平及凝血指标、术中及术后出血量、手术时间、止血药物使用及术后住院时间基本相似(P0.05)。FFP组与对照组术中自体血回输率(%)为92.31%(48/52)vs 71.15%(37/52)(P0.01);围术期异体悬浮红细胞输注量为400.00(400.00,800.00)vs 0.00(0.00,400.00)(P0.01)。结论行脊柱侧弯后路矫形手术患者围术期输注FFP并未减少其术后引流量、改善凝血功能或缩短术后住院时间,而自体血回输量,异体红细胞输注量却上升。     

围手术期FFP和RBC输注比例对大量输血患者生存状况的影响

目的研究围手术期新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)和红细胞(RBC)输注比例对大量输血患者生存状况的影响。方法选取2015年1月至2016年8月新疆维吾尔自治区职业病医院收治的围手术期大量输血患者120例为研究对象,根据FFP与RBC输注比例将所有患者分为低比例组(FFP与RBC输注比例小于1∶2,n=66)、中比例组[FFP与RBC输注比例为(1∶2)~(1∶1),n=37]、高比例组(FFP与RBC输注比例大于1∶1,n=17)。比较3组的一般资料,输血前后的凝血功能指标、血常规、血气分析、电解质水平,FFP、RBC、血小板血小板的输注量及预后。结果中比例组输血后的凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)明显低于低比例组,纤维蛋白原(FIB)水平明显高于另外2组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。低比例组输血后的血红蛋白(Hb)水平明显高于另外2组,钙离子(Ca2+)水平明显高于中比例组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。低比例组围手术期FFP、RBC、血小板的输注量均明显低于另外2组,中比例组FFP的输注量明显低于高比例组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3组的总住院时间、治愈率和病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对围手术期需要大量输血的患者,按照FFP与RBC输注比例为(1∶2)~(1∶1)进行输血,有助于预防凝血功能障碍的发生,减少输注总量,节约医疗资源,值得临床推广应用。     

优化冠状动脉旁路移植术患者术前血红蛋白水平对改善手术预后的研究

目的 探讨优化冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)手术患者术前血红蛋白(Hb)水平对临床转归的影响。方法 回顾性分析本院2020年4月至2021年8月择期行CABG的患者。收集符合入选标准患者术前的基础资料以及围术期的输血量、输血率、急性肝功能损害、急性肾功能损害(AKI)、ICU停留时间、住院时间及住院死亡率。根据患者围术期是否输注红细胞,利用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)计算术前Hb最佳阈值,依据阈值将所有患者分为两组,比较两组的输血量及临床结局,评估Hb最佳阈值的预测价值。结果 共有915名符合入选标准的患者被纳入研究,通过ROC曲线计算术前Hb值预测红细胞输注率的最佳阈值为男性118 g/L、女性116 g/L。A组：Hb≤阈值(n=293)分为红细胞输注组A1与红细胞未输注组A2;B组：Hb>阈值(n=622)分为红细胞输注组B1与红细胞未输注组B2。导致围手术期红细胞输注的危险因素有年龄(OR=1.033 874,95%CI1.000 4～1.068 3,P<0.01)、性别(女)(OR=3.268 5,95%CI2.353 1～4.540 0,P<0.01)、BM...     

心脏移植患者围术期输血情况及大量输注红细胞影响因素分析

目的 通过分析心脏移植患者围术期的输血情况及大量输注红细胞的影响因素,为临床预测用血和备血提供参考依据。方法 回顾性收集本院心外科2014年3月～2022年1月完成的44例心脏移植患者的输血情况,统计患者信息包括年龄、性别、术前诊断、相关病史、心脏手术史、抗栓用药史、转流及主动脉阻断时间等,应用单因素分析方法和多因素Logistics回归方法分析心脏移植患者围术期大量输注红细胞的危险因素。结果 44例心脏移植患者围术期成分输血率为100%。平均输注红细胞3.75(0,7.5)U(72.73%,32/44),血浆1 140(597.5,1 782.5)mL、(97.73%,43/44),冷沉淀10(9.5±10)U、(88.64%,39/44),血小板1(1,1.25)治疗量(86.36%,38/44)。其中大量输注红细胞率45.45%(20/44)。单因素分析：输红细胞≤4 U组(n=24)与输红细胞>4 U组(n=20)比较,包括术前使用抗栓治疗药物、出血量、体外循环时间都存在明显差异(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析：术前使用抗栓药物治疗者(n=15)为O...     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者术中大量输注红细胞的预测模型构建与验证

目的 分析Stanford A型主动脉夹层(TAAD)患者术中大量输注红细胞(RBC)的危险因素，建立风险预测模型并对其预测效果进行验证。方法 回顾性分析2018年7月～2021年6月本院收治的233例TAAD患者的临床资料(建模集),分为常规输注(RBC≤8 U)组128例和大量输注(RBC>8 U)组105例。通过多因素Logistic回归分析TAAD患者术中大量输注RBC的危险因素，并建立风险预测模型，采用校准曲线、受试者工作曲线(ROC)评估模型的准确度、区分度。另以2021年7月～2022年5月本院收治的61例TAAD患者(验证集)进行外部验证。结果 233例TAAD患者术中大量输注RBC率为45.06%(95%CI:38.59%～51.69%)。Logistic分析显示，女性、年龄>50岁、术前Hb≤131.50 g/L、术中出血量>720 mL、CPB时间>155 min为术中大量输注RBC的独立危险因素(P<0.05),术中大量输注RBC风险预测模型公式为：-4.427+0.925×性别+1.461×年龄+2.081×术前Hb+1.573×...     

腹膜后肿瘤切除术患者围手术期临床用血分析

目的分析腹膜后肿瘤切除术围手术期临床用血,加强围手术期血液输注管理。方法回顾分析108例腹膜后肿瘤切除术患者围手术期临床用血情况,分析腹膜后肿瘤切除术围手术期临床用血合理性和特点。结果 108名患者围手术期输注异体血患者80名,异体血输血率74.00%;RBC、血浆、血小板输注率分别为74.00%、69.40%、12.04%;手术例均RBC、血浆、血小板输注量分别为10.30 U、953.70 mL、0.42 U;总自体输血率38.90%,例均自体采血量795.00 mL;108例腹膜后肿瘤患者围手术期不合理异体RBC输注9例,不合理异体RBC输注率为8.33%;术中出血量>500 mL"RBC过量输注"25例,占比23.15%;"RBC过量输注"患者术前Hb、Hct及术后1dHb、Hct水平明显高于无"RBC过量输注"患者,2组结果比较,P<0.01。结论腹膜后肿瘤切除术围手术期不合理RBC输注比例为8.33%;"RBC过量输注"率为23.15%,术前高Hb、Hct患者更易导致"RBC过量输注";外科围手术期临床用血管理需进一步加强。     

高危冠心病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后发生院内主要不良事件的危险因素

目的探讨行冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG)高危冠心病患者院内主要不良事件发生的危险因素。方法 560例行CABG高危冠心病患者,院内发生主要不良事件者103例为观察组,未发生主要不良事件者457例为对照组。比较2组一般资料,术前左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF),血肌酐水平,欧洲心脏手术风险评分系统(European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation, EuroSCORE)评分,围术期红细胞输注量及NYHA心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、心律失常、术前90 d内发生心肌梗死、冠状动脉病变血管、颈动脉狭窄≥50%、应用正性肌力药物、体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB)比率;多因素logistic回归分析高危冠心病患者CABG后发生院内主要不良事件的危险因素。结果观察组术前LVEF[58(52,61)%]低于对照组[59(55,62)%],术前EuroSCORE评分[7(7,8)分]、术前应用正性肌力药物比率(12.61%)、围术期红细胞输注量[6(2,10)u]、CPB比率(42.72%)高于对照组[7(6,8)分、5.03%、2(0,4)u、10.72%](P0.05);2组年龄,性别比例,吸烟比率,合并糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、慢性阻塞性肺疾病及心功能NYHAⅢ～Ⅳ级、心律失常、术前90 d内发生心肌梗死、左主干病变、多支血管病变、颈动脉狭窄≥50%比率,血肌酐水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,CPB(OR=2.577,95%CI:1.340～4.957,P=0.005)、围术期红细胞输注量(OR=1.170, 95%CI:1.089～1.257,P0.001)是高危冠心病患者CABG后发生院内主要不良事件的危险因素,LVEF(OR=0.951, 95%CI:0.910～0.994,P=0.026)是其保护因素。结论高危冠心病患者行CABG前调整LVEF,术中尽可能减少CPB应用,围术期减少红细胞输注,可能会降低院内主要不良事件发生率。     

体外循环冠脉搭桥患者围术期输红细胞量的评估及其对术后肺部并发症的影响分析简

本研究旨在明确围术期红细胞输注量对体外循环冠脉搭桥患者术后肺部并发症的影响并对输红细胞量的影响因素进行评估.根据红细胞输注量不同,将292名患者分为未榆红细胞组（n=71）、输1-4U红细胞组（n=144）和输＞4U红细胞组（n-77）.用逐步增加变量的多元logistic回归方法分析围术期红细胞输注量与术后肺部并发症的关系;用多元线性回归方法分析围术期红细胞输注量的影响因素.结果发现：3组比较,术后肺部并发症的发生率有显著差异（1.4％ vs 14.6％ vs24.7％,P＜0.001）;红细胞输注量以逐级递增的趋势体现其与肺部并发症的相关性,OR值从回归分析模型1中1.205到模型2中1.241,直到模型3中的1.251（95％ CI：1.120-1.398,P＜0.001）;多元线性分析影响红细胞输注量的因素包括：年龄（B：0.102; 95％ CI：0.046-0.157,P＜0.001）、性别（B：1.825;95％ CI：0.692-2.957,P=0.002）、术前Hct（B：-36.044;95％ CI：-47.724--25.163,P＜0.001）、体外循环时间（B：0.031;95％ CI：0.013-0.050,P=0.001）和急性心肌梗塞（B：2.769;95％CI：1.295-4.243,P＜0.001）.结论：体外循环冠脉搭桥患者术后肺部并发症的发生与围术期红细胞输注量显著相关,影响围术期红细胞输注量的因素主要有：术前HCT、年龄、急性心肌梗塞、性别和体外循环时间.     

体外循环与非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗老年冠心病的对比

目的对比分析非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump CABG)和体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(on-pump CABG)对老年冠心病的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2005年至2009年间39例off-pump CABG手术与21例on-pump CABG手术患者的临床资料。结果围术期死亡1例,病死率为1.67%。59例出院患者随访6个月~4年,随访期间无死亡病例。绝大多数患者无心绞痛复发。结论与on-pump CABG相比,70岁以上冠心病患者行off-pump CABG是安全可行的,更利于术后的早期恢复。     

不同手术方式对冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者早期康复的影响

目的:通过对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者实施心脏停跳(on-pump)CABG或心脏不停跳(off-pump)CABG,评估两种手术方式对患者术后早期康复的影响。方法:将60例患者随机分为on-pump CABG组及off-pump CABG组各30例。比较两组患者术前临床资料和主要手术危险因素、术后ICU早期护理观察指标和并发症。结果:两组患者术前临床资料及主要手术危险因素比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者术后器械通气时间、拔管后进食时间、引流量、输血量、入住ICU时间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者术后呼吸系统并发症比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。on-pump CABG组术后因并发肺部感染、呼吸衰竭在住院期间死亡1例。结论:off-pump CABG具有术后出血少、输血少、拔管早、进食早、并发症少、恢复快等优势,值得临床推广。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.