Th17与慢性气道炎症性疾病

最近的研究发现了一种新的活化的CD4 T细胞亚群——Th17细胞亚群,它在慢性气道炎症性疾病的发生发展中发挥着重要的作用。Th17细胞亚群分泌产生的细胞因子IL-17可以通过诱导趋化因子CXCL8(IL-8)的释放,促进气道内中性粒细胞募集和激活,与慢性气道炎症性疾病的气道重塑密切相关。另外,Th17细胞亚群是一个与Th1和Th2细胞亚群不同的独立的分支,其分化不依赖于调节传统的Th1和Th2细胞亚群分化的细胞因子和转录因子。鉴于Th17细胞及其细胞因子在气道重塑及慢性气道炎症中的重要作用,本文就Th17与慢性气道炎症性疾病的研究作一综述。     

Th2／Th17细胞群与支气管哮喘机制研究

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是一种由多种细胞（如嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞、T淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞和气道上皮细胞等）和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病。经典的Th1／Th2细胞失衡被认为是过敏性哮喘的主要发病机制,Th17／IL-17轴被证实与重症哮喘、激素抵抗型哮喘、以中性粒细胞浸润为主的哮喘有关。近年来研究发现,机体内存在一种不同于目前已知的Thl、Th2、Thl7、Th9等的新型CD4＋T细胞,被称为Th2／Th17双表型记忆性CD4＋T细胞群（简称Th2／Th17细胞群）。在哮喘发病机制的探讨中发现,Th2／Th17细胞群既能分泌Th2表型细胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13,也可以分泌Th17型细胞因子IL-17、IL-8、IL-22等;且在不同的微环境下发生不一样的生物学效应,这显示了Th2／Th17细胞群可能在哮喘发生发展（特别是重症哮喘）及各亚型相互转化过程中起着决定性作用。现就Th2／Th17细胞群的生物学功能及其与哮喘的相关性进行如下综述。     

影响支气管哮喘Th1/Th2失衡的因素及治疗的新视点

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是由嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞和T细胞等多种炎性细胞参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,其发病机制极为复杂,近来研究发现Th1/Th2失衡是哮喘免疫学发病机制中的一个重要环节,本文就Th1/Th2失衡与哮喘的关系,Th1/Th2平衡的调节及其在哮喘治疗中的价值作一综述.     

CD4+T细胞与支气管哮喘治疗研究新进展

在支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)中,Th2细胞及其细胞因子促使气道嗜酸粒细胞炎症浸润和气道高反应产生,是哮喘治疗的重要靶点.越来越多的研究结果显示,除Th2细胞外,其他CD4+T细胞[包括Th1、Th17及调节性T细胞(Treg)]也可以被招募至气道,共同参与哮喘发病.哮喘的免疫学治疗复杂,现将各亚群CD4+T细胞在哮喘治疗中的研究进展综述如下.     

MBD2调控Th17优势分化与非Th2优势型哮喘

辅助性T细胞17(Th17)是近年发现的新CD4 ＋T细胞亚群,主要通过分泌细胞因子白细胞介素17趋化中性粒细胞在气道募集而促进非Th2优势型哮喘的发生。甲基化-CpG结合域蛋白在DNA甲基化中具有调控作用,且能通过调控Th17分化而影响哮喘的进展。文中主要综述了近年甲基化-CpG结合域蛋白2调控Th17优势...     

转录因子T-bet和支气管哮喘

支气管哮喘是一种以嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞、T淋巴细胞浸润为特征的慢性气道炎症，同时一系列细胞因子对这种气道炎症起到加强或消弱的作用。气道炎症是气道高反应性的基础,也是气道重塑的重要原因。Th淋巴细胞可以分化成Th1、Th2两种细胞亚群，每种细胞亚群均有特异的功能和细胞因子。Th1细胞与细胞免疫有关，介导迟发性超敏反应，保护机体不受细胞内病原体和病毒的侵袭。     

Th17/IL-17在气道炎症疾病中的研究进展

辅助性 T 细胞简称 Th 细胞,其中 Th1/Th2失衡被认为是气道炎症性疾病发生、发展的重要因素。但近年来发现,Th17是一种不同于 Th1、Th2新的 Th 细胞亚群,具有独立的分化和发育调节机制,其分化不依赖于传统的 Th1、Th2细胞亚群分化的细胞因子及其转录因子。目前研究发现 Th17细胞与 IL-17 在呼吸系统疾病的发生、发展中起着重要的作用。本文对 Th17 细胞及 IL-17 在气道炎症疾病中的作用进行综述。     

γδT细胞与支气管哮喘关系的研究进展

支气管哮喘（哮喘）是以气道嗜酸粒细胞、淋巴细胞等炎症细胞浸润为主、气道高反应性增高为特征、Th1/Th2反应失衡并表现为Th2优势应答的疾病.关于淋巴细胞与哮喘的关系大部分研究仅限于αβT细胞,对γδT细胞在支气管哮喘发生发展中的作用是近十多年来才开始关注的.本文就γδT细胞的免疫学特性及与哮喘的关系作一综述.     

白介素17与支气管哮喘气道炎症的研究进展

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是一种慢性呼吸道炎症性疾病,这种疾病在免疫病理学、临床表型、对治疗的反应、自然史方面存在异型却是越来越明显.曾经被视为纯粹的辅助性T细胞(Th)2型淋巴细胞、免疫球蛋白E、肥大细胞、嗜酸粒细胞、巨噬细胞和细胞因子主导的过敏性疾病,疾病还涉及局部上皮细胞、间质、血管、神经系统指挥的Th2细胞表型,以及通过异常损伤修复机制的气道壁重塑.近年发现IL-17在哮喘免疫过程起着重要作用,本文就哮喘气道炎症与IL-17研究进展综述如下.     

白细胞介素25在支气管哮喘中的作用

正支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是严重危害人类健康的慢性气道炎症性疾病~([1]),哮喘的主要特征包括慢性嗜酸性粒细胞性气道炎症、气道高反应性、气道重塑和黏液过度分泌~([2])。近年来,我国哮喘的发病率逐年上升,带来巨大的社会和经济负担。尽管国内外已有大量关于支气管哮喘发病机制的临床和动物研究,但哮喘气道慢性炎症和气道重塑的机制仍尚未完全阐明~([3])。Th1/Th2免疫调节失衡是哮喘的主要发病机制之一,Th2细胞被认为是嗜酸性粒细胞     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.