Treatment of internal carotid artery aneurysms with a covered stent: experience in 24 patients with mid-term follow-up results

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We present our preliminary experience, including mid-term angiographic and clinical follow-up results, with an alternative technique for the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms in a series of patients. This new method, previously described in anecdotal case reports, consists of endovascular deployment of an artificial vessel graft (stent graft or covered stent) in the parent vessel to exclude the intracranial aneurysm sac from circulation. METHODS: Twenty-five internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms in 24 patients were successfully treated by using a Jostent coronary stent graft deployed in the parent artery across the aneurysm neck. All except four aneurysms were extradural, located in the petrous or cavernous portion of the ICA. The four intradural aneurysms were located in the carotico-ophthalmic region. Seventeen aneurysms in 16 patients occurred posttraumatically, secondary to motor vehicle accidents or surgical injury. RESULTS: Twenty-three aneurysms were immediately excluded from circulation after stent graft placement. In two aneurysms, a slow contrast material filling (endoleak) into the aneurysm cavity was observed immediately after treatment. One was thrombosed, as shown by late control angiography; in the other one, a second larger bare stent was used to appose the stent graft's distal end to the ICA wall, thus sealing the endoleak into the distal graft. No technical adverse event, including vessel dissection, vessel perforation, or thromboembolism, occurred with or without clinical consequence. No mortality or morbidity developed during or after the procedure, including the follow-up period. Two-year control angiography in one patient, 1.5-year control angiography in two patients, 1-year control angiography in six patients, and 6-month control angiography in 12 patients were performed, revealing reconstruction of the ICA with no aneurysm recanalization. All symptoms resolved after treatment in the patients who had initially presented with mass effect. CONCLUSION: Initial anatomic, clinical and mid-term follow-up results in this small series of patients are encouraging. This technique has been proved to have potential in the reconstructive treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Further research and development are needed to optimize the stent graft technology for the cerebrovascular system.     

The use of covered stents for the endovascular treatment of extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis: a prospective study with a 5-year follow-up

Objectives  

To evaluate the safety and feasibility of the use of covered stents for the treatment of extracranial carotid artery stenosis caused by highly embologenic plaques, and to study the long-term outcome of patients receiving such covered stents.     

症状性颅外颈动脉狭窄的血管内支架和药物治疗的临床疗效研究

目的　对比分析症状性颅外颈动脉狭窄的血管内支架和单纯药物治疗的疗效 ,评价两种治疗方法的有效性和安全性。方法　 2 0 0 1年到 2 0 0 3年我科门诊及病房治疗的症状性颅外颈动脉狭窄2 6 5例 ,其中支架治疗组 16 0例 ,单纯药物治疗组 10 5例。结果　颈动脉支架成形术 (CAS)手术的技术成功率 10 0 % ,血管狭窄由术前平均 79.5 %± 14 .6 %降至术后平均 11.2 %± 7.8% (P <0 .0 1) ,血管直径由术前 1.5± 0 .6mm恢复至 4 .1± 0 .4mm。治疗 30d内支架组和药物组各有 1例大卒中 (0 .6 3%、0 .95 % ,P >0 .0 5 ) ,药物组死亡 1例 (0 .95 % ) ,支架组无死亡。平均随访 13.5个月 ,支架组无死亡 ,同侧卒中 1例(0 .6 3% ) ,总的卒中和死亡 2例 (1.2 5 % ) ,药物组同侧卒中 4例 (3.81% ) ,死亡 1例 (0 .95 % ) ,总的卒中和死亡 5例 (4 .76 % )。支架组再狭窄 1例 (0 .6 3% ) ,因患者临床没有脑缺血症状 ,未进行再次治疗。结论　颈动脉支架成形术是治疗症状性颅外颈动脉狭窄和预防卒中安全而有效的方法 ,其围手术期总的卒中和死亡率低 ,1年随访卒中复发率和再狭窄率低 ,较单纯药物疗效更好。     

创伤性颈动脉假性动脉瘤行覆膜支架植入治疗1例

1 临床资料 患者男,45 岁.因"右侧颈部外伤后疼痛伴出血10 min"于2019 年9 月入院.查体:血压66/46 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),心率45 次/ min,神志清楚,面色苍白,右侧颈部近锁骨窝处可见约3 cm 不规则伤口,出血明显,中度污染,伴右侧颈部包块,气管受压左偏,呼吸轻度受限...     

左椎动脉-椎旁静脉瘘覆膜支架治疗一例

病历资料患者男,45岁。患者自述10年前车祸致下颌部外伤,5年前无明显诱因出现左上肢麻木,以颈椎病进行治疗2年余,症状未缓解。入院体检:仅发现左上肢较右上肢细肌肉相对萎缩,左臂肌张力减低。心肺腹等未见明显异常。MRI检查:轴位T2抑脂像示:椎管内迂曲蚓团状流空     

Willis覆膜支架治疗颅段颈内动脉动脉瘤的前瞻性研究

目的评价Willis覆膜支架治疗颅段颈内动脉(ICA)动脉瘤的柔顺性和疗效。方法31例患者33枚颅段ICA(CICA)动脉瘤患者接受Willis覆膜支架治疗。根据血管造影表现,分为完全栓塞和不完全栓塞。术后第1,3,6,12个月及之后每年1次随访复查并收集最初及最终造影结果、死亡率、致残率及最终临床结果等数据。结果42枚覆膜支架中41枚顺利通过ICA并成功释放,成功率97.6%(95%CI:93%～102%)。术后即刻造影显示,23例患者中25枚为完全栓塞,占78.1%(95%CI:63%～93%);7例患者7枚动脉瘤为不完全栓塞(21.9%)。随访血管造影示27例患者共31枚动脉瘤,其中29枚完全栓塞,占93.5%(95%CI:84%～103%);2例为不完全栓塞(6.5%),其中2例患者出现轻度支架内狭窄。临床随访显示15例患者痊愈,14例症状改善。结论初步结果显示,Willis覆膜支架治疗CICA动脉瘤有效且具有良好的柔顺性,但仍需长期随访及大样本临床研究。     

Intracranial cerebral artery stenosis with associated coronary artery and extracranial carotid artery stenosis in Turkish patients

Purpose

Although it has been demonstrated that there is a high prevalence of extracranial carotid artery stenosis (ECAS) in patients with severe coronary artery disease, intracranial cerebral artery stenosis (ICAS) is rarely mentioned. We evaluated the prevalence of ICAS in patients with ECAS having elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery to determine the relations between ICAS, ECAS and atherosclerotic risk factors.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the digital subtraction angiography findings of 183 patients with ECAS ≥ 50% preparing for CABG surgery. The analyses focused on the intracranial or extracranial location and degree of the stenosis. The degree of extracranial stenoses were categorized as normal, <50%, 50-69%, 70-89%, and 90-99% stenosis and occluded. The degree of intracranial stenosis was classified as normal or ≤25%, 25-49%, and ≥50% stenosis and occluded. Traditional atherosclerotic risk factors were recorded.

Results

ECAS < 70% in 42 patients and ECAS ≥ 70% in 141 patients. ICAS was found in 51 patients and ICAS ≥ 50% in 30 patients. Regarding risk factors, we found hypertension in 135 patients, diabetes mellitus in 91 patients, hyperlipidemia in 84 patients, and smoking in 81 patients. No risk factor was significant predictors of intracranial atherosclerosis. The severity of ICAS was not significantly associated with that of the ECAS.

Conclusions

We found ICAS in 27.8% of the patients with ECAS > 50% on digital subtraction angiography preparing for CABG. Therefore a complete evaluation of the neck vessels with magnetic resonance or catheter angiography seems to be indicated as well as intracranial circulation for the risk assessment of CABG.     

Life-threatening common carotid artery blowout: rescue treatment with a newly designed self-expanding covered nitinol stent

Carotid blowout is a devastating complication in patients with head and neck malignancy. A covered stent offers an alternative to treatment of a carotid blowout patient thought to be at high risk for surgery or carotid occlusion. Stent placement in the common carotid artery or carotid bulb is a technical challenge because of large luminal diameter and luminal calibre discrepancy between internal carotid artery and common carotid artery. We present four patients with common carotid rupture and massive bleeding who were treated with self-expanding covered stents, among them, two cases were treated with newly designed self-expanding polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered nitinol stents.     

Evaluation of distal extracranial internal carotid artery by transoral carotid ultrasonography in patients with severe carotid stenosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional ultrasonography techniques do not allow visualization of the distal cervical segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). In a study of patients with severe ICA stenosis, we performed transoral carotid ultrasonography (TOCU) to assess its ability to image this segment of the artery. METHODS: The study participants consisted of 20 consecutive patients who had severe carotid stenosis and who underwent carotid endarterectomy between 1999 and 2000. TOCU, conventional carotid ultrasonography, and cerebral angiography were prospectively performed before and after carotid endarterectomy. RESULTS: In all patients, the distal portion of the ICA could be clearly detected by B mode using TOCU and no plaque was observed. The diameter of the distal portion of the ICA significantly increased after carotid endarterectomy (3.9 +/- 0.5 mm [mean +/- SD]), compared with before (3.5 +/- 0.8 mm), when it was estimated by TOCU (P <.01). In seven patients, the postoperative diameter of the distal ICA increased >10%. The mean increase in the postoperative diameter was estimated to be 15.0 +/- 23.0% by TOCU, which significantly correlated with the findings (23.9 +/- 33.7%) based on cerebral angiography (P <.01). The diameter increased >10% postoperatively in 71% of the patients with the degree of cross-sectional stenosis >95% as shown by carotid ultrasonography and in 86% of the patients whose preoperative diameter was <3.0 mm. CONCLUSION: TOCU provides additional information regarding the characteristics of the distal ICA that can be obtained neither by conventional carotid ultrasonography nor by angiography.     

覆膜支架在治疗颈内动脉海绵窦段假性动脉瘤的应用

覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉瘤海绵窦段巨大创伤性假性动脉瘤5例,其中1例病情迅速恶化,视力丧失,急诊行覆膜支架血管内隔绝术,术后内镜经鼻视神经减压,疗效满意,尤其在颈内动脉假性动脉瘤膨大、急诊急救患者视力的过程中及时有效.     

影像学在诊断颅外颈动脉狭窄及内膜切除术后随访中的应用

目的：对一例颈内动脉狭窄进行内膜切除术前后影像学系列观察,结合文献复习,初步探讨磁共振血管造影（MRA）,CT血管造影（CTA）,CT仿真内窥镜（CTVE）技术在诊断颈动脉狭窄中的应用价值。材料与方法：MRA采用TOF法,2D移动预饱和序列（Travelsat)及3D最佳倾斜非饱和激励（TONE）序列。CTA：Hispeed CT/i扫描机,经最大密度投影（maximum intensity projection,MIP)及遮盖表面显示法（threshold shaded surface display,SSD)行血管3D重建。CTVE：应用导航（Navigator smooth)功能实施颈动脉CTVE成像。将上述检查结果与数字减影血管造影（DSA）,手术对照。结果：96年MRA显示左颈内动脉狭窄30％,99年呈重度狭窄约90－95％。CTA：血管狭窄部位及程度同MRA,狭窄段可见钙化斑块。CTVE获得颈内动脉狭窄腔内仿真内窥镜图像,显示管增厚,钙化。DSA诊断左颈内动脉重度狭窄,病理证实。术后MRA,CT提示狭窄基本解除,钙化斑块消失。结论：MRA可用于发现,诊断外颈动脉狭窄及术后随访,CTA与CTVE有利于观察管腔内病理改变。     

Willis覆膜支架治疗外伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤的中期随访

目的评价Willis覆膜支架治疗外伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤的疗效和中期预后。方法在38例头颈部外伤患者的脑血管造影中发现了13例、14枚延迟性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤,所有假性动脉瘤使用Willis覆膜支架治疗,术后1、3、6和12个月随访脑血管造影,分为完全闭塞和不完全闭塞;临床症状随访分为完全恢复、明显改善、无明显改善和恶化。结果所有病例成功植入Willis覆膜支架,术中无一例出现并发症。最初9例假性动脉瘤完全闭塞,4例不完全闭塞;3～12个月随访造影显示12例假性动脉瘤完全闭塞,所有病例颈内动脉通畅,无明显支架内狭窄。临床随访11例完全恢复,1例改善,1例无明显改善;无致残和致死病例。结论Willis覆膜支架治疗外伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤是切实可行的,能够很好地保留载瘤动脉。     

Willis覆膜支架治疗复杂颈内动脉病变的临床应用

目的 评价Willis覆膜支架治疗复杂颈内动脉病变中的可行性、安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2015年7月至2021年1月宜昌市中心人民医院采用Willis覆膜支架治疗的18例复杂颈内动脉病变患者临床资料。入院后均经脑血管DSA造影明确诊断,术前准备完成后行覆膜支架植入术。术后进行临床和DSA或CTA影像随访,改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分评估疗效。结果 18例患者中有6例未破裂囊状宽颈大动脉瘤,5例破裂的血泡样动脉瘤,6例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘,1例外伤性假性动脉瘤。共成功植入Willis覆膜支架19枚。13例患者支架释放后即刻造影显示病变消失;5例出现内漏,其中4例球囊扩张后内漏消失,病变封闭良好,1例出现支架塌陷,再植入1枚支架后病变消失。未发生手术操作相关并发症。随访3～18个月,所有患者无新发神经功能障碍,DSA或CTA复查显示病变完全消失,载瘤动脉通畅,无复发。1例术后6个月发生支架内狭窄,二次复查后狭窄好转。mRS评分0分17例,1分1例。结论 初步结果表明,Willis覆膜支架治疗复杂颈内动脉病变可行、安全,近中期疗效良好。     

应用Willis覆膜支架治疗脑池段动脉瘤的临床对照研究和长期随访结果

目的复杂性颈内动脉脑池段动脉瘤(ICA-CSA)治疗难度很高。本研究通过与弹簧圈填塞治疗疗效比较,探讨Willis覆膜支架治疗ICA-CSA的可行性。方法19枚和17枚ICA-CSA分别使用Willis覆膜支架植入(A组)和弹簧圈(B组)填塞治疗。即刻和随访血管造影评价动脉瘤复发,内漏和载瘤动脉狭窄情况。Kaplan-Meier生存分析曲线比较两组治疗动脉瘤的无复发率和载瘤动脉无再狭窄率。结果A组中,13枚ICA-CSA植入支架,即刻造影完全闭塞,有5枚ICA-CSA存在少量内漏;B组中,7枚ICA-CSA弹簧圈填塞即刻达到完全和次完全闭塞,8枚达到大部填塞,2枚部分填塞。在两组中各发生1例急性血栓形成,1例弹簧圈填塞后发生再出血。A组随访造影显示16枚ICA-CSA完全闭塞,2支载瘤动脉有轻度狭窄。Kaplan-Meier曲线分析表明术后18个月两组病例中分别有93.3%和50%动脉瘤治疗后无复发,分别有87.5%和100%载瘤动脉无狭窄。临床症状随访研究表明A组和B组病例中神经症状完全恢复分别为9例和9例,明显改善分别为3例和5例,无改变分别为2例和2例,恶化进展分别为1例和0例。结论应用Willis覆膜...     

MR angiography for the long-term follow-up of dissecting aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery

OBJECTIVE: We used MR angiography to examine and follow up the changes of dissecting aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 101 consecutive patients with dissecting aneurysms of the extracranial ICA. Twenty patients with 26 spontaneous dissecting aneurysms were followed up with MR angiography every 1-2 years (men, 16; women, four; age range, 28-67 years; mean age, 51 years). RESULTS: The mean duration of follow-up was 41 months (range, 10-93 months). At MR angiography follow-up, 20 aneurysms did not change, four decreased from their original size by 33-53% (mean, 43%), and two resolved. One patient had an asymptomatic recurrent dissecting aneurysm of the extracranial ICA. Clinically, no patient had a thromboembolic stroke or transient ischemic attack during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: MR angiography revealed that dissecting aneurysms of the extracranial ICA remain stable, decrease in size, or resolve--but they do not increase in size.     

Willis覆膜支架与弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅段颈内动脉瘤效果的比较

目的 比较Willis覆膜支架和弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅段颈内动脉瘤的临床效果.方法 89例经皮动脉穿刺行全脑选择性血管造影术证实的颅段颈内动脉瘤患者,根据其意愿分为A组43例,行Willis覆膜支架治疗;B组46例,行弹簧圈治疗.术后3、6、12个月及之后每年1次进行脑血管造影及临床随访,搜集血管造影及临床资料进行分析.对2组患者的手术成功率及并发症发生率进行x2检验,对即刻血管造影结果、手术时间、住院时间进行独立样本t检验.结果 A组患者支架成功置入42例,失败1例;B组46例弹簧圈栓塞均获成功,2组差异无统计学意义(Fisher精确概率法,P=0.999).即刻肭血管造影显示A组34例动脉瘤完全闭塞(81%),B组24例完全闭塞(52%);平均手术时间A组(103±13)min,B组(143±39)min,2组间差异有统计学意义(t=6.20,P＜0.01＝.并发症A组6例,B组8例,2组差异无统计学意义(x2=0.20,P＞0.05).A组41例随访6～41个月,脑血管造影显示39例动脉瘤完全闭塞(95%);B组45例随访7～47个月,22例完全闭塞(49%),2组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01＝.最后一次随访结果显示,完全康复A组22例、B组27例,2组间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.352,P＞0.05).结论 脑血管造影结果显示Willis覆膜支架置入术治疗颅段动脉瘤的结果优于弹簧圈栓塞术,而临床表现2组无明显差别.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical results of Willis covered stent implantation and coil embolization in the treatment of cranial internal carotid artery (CICA) aneurysm. Methods Eighty-nine patients with CICA aneurysms were selected for treatment with Willis covered stents (n = 43, group A) or coil embolization (n =46, group B) according to the patients'will. Data on the technical success, initial procedure time and in-hospital interval, initial and final angiographic results, mortality, morbidity, and final clinical outcomes were collected and analyzed for the two groups at 6 months post-procedure. Results Endovascular covered stent placement and coil embolization were technically successful in all patients,except for one patient in group A. The initial angiographic results showed complete occlusion in 34 patients of group A (81%, 95% CI: 69%, 93% ) and 24 patients of group B (52%, 95% CI: 37%, 67% ) ( P ＜0. 05). The final angiographic results indicated complete occlusion in 39 patients of group A (39/41,95%,95% CI: 88%, 102% ) and 22 patients of group B (22/45,49%, 95% CI: 34%, 64% ,P ＜0. 01 ). The average procedure time was(103 ± 13)min in group A and (143 + 39) min in group B (P＜0. 01). No significant differences were seen between the two groups in technique success, mortality, morbidity, or final clinical outcomes. Conclusion In this nonrandomized, prospective trial, CICA aneurysm treatment with covered stents yielded midterm angiographic results that were superior to those of coil embolization.     

Willis覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤疗效的Meta分析

【摘要】 目的 系统性分析Willis覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤的安全性和有效性。方法 使用计算机检索中国知网、维普中文期刊全文数据库、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、PubMed以及Embases数据库,筛选出Willis覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤相关文献,由两名评价员独立筛选、评价文献并提取资料,使用STATA 14软件对相关数据进行分析。结果 共16篇非随机自身前后对照研究文献被纳入,包括208例颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤。Meta分析显示,Willis覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤的最终完全闭塞率为99%［95%CI（0.96,1.00）］,存在内漏率3%（手术结束时）［95%CI（0.00,0.07）］,载瘤动脉通畅率100%（手术结束时）［95%CI（0.99,1）］ ,术中或术后出血率1%［95%CI（0.00,0.04）］,术后大面积脑梗死率0%［95%CI（0.00,0.00）］,随访期间出现载瘤动脉重度狭窄或闭塞率0%［95%CI（0.00,0.02）］,最后随访良好率99%［95%CI（0.97,1.00）］。结论 Willis覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤完全闭塞率、载瘤动脉通畅率、术后随访恢复良好率很高,术中内漏率、围手术期出血、大面积脑梗死、随访期间载瘤动脉重度狭窄或闭塞率很低,安全和有效性很高,具有很好的使用性。     

Preoperative extracranial carotid artery examination with ultrasonography in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting in Japan

Purpose We investigated the incidence, degree, and plaque characteristics of extracranial carotid stenosis with carotid ultrasonography (CUS) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Materials and methods Preoperative CUS was performed on 221 patients (442 carotid arteries) undergoing CABG. The degree of extracranial carotid stenosis was calculated based on the area stenosis, and it was classified into six grades as follows: grade (G) 0, G1 (1%–29%), G2 (30%–49%), G3 (50%–69%), G4 (70%–99%), and G5 (occlusion). Results The incidence of G4 was 4.1% and G5 1.6%. There were 48 arteries rated G3 or G4. Hypoechoic plaque was detected in 28 of the 48 arteries (58%), and heterogeneous plaque was detected in 37 arteries (73%). Ulcerative plaque was detected in 27 arteries (56%); when comparing the G3 and G4 groups, ulcerative plaque was found more frequently in G4 than in G3 (14/18 vs 13/30 arteries, P < 0.02). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that patients undergoing CABG with extracranial severe carotid stenosis tend to have heterogeneous, hypoechoic, and ulcerative plaque. We believe that preoperative CUS should be used to evaluate the plaque characteristics of extracranial carotid stenosis.     

颈动脉滤器在颈动脉狭窄内支架植入中的应用

目的 评价经皮血管内支架成形术联合应用颈动脉滤器对颈动脉狭窄的治疗效果。方法 21例具有临床症状的颅外颈动脉狭窄患者接受了血管内支架成形治疗，术中同时使用颈动脉滤器，并对颈动脉滤器所回收的物质进行病理学分析。结果 21例患者支架及滤器均成功置人，滤器均成功回收。所有患者的主要症状与体征都得到有效控制或明显改善。对滤器内的回收物质病理学分析表明，回收物质为微小血栓颗粒、泡沫细胞、胆固醇颗粒。结论 经皮血管内支架成形术联合应用颈动脉滤器，不仅可有效地缓解颈动脉狭窄所致的血流障碍，而且可有效地预防术中脱落的微小栓子进入脑内。