Sudden infant death syndrome and sleeping position in pre-term and low birth weight infants: an opportunity for targeted intervention.

AIMS: To determine the combined effects of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) risk factors in the sleeping environment for infants who were "small at birth" (pre-term (<37 weeks), low birth weight (<2500 g), or both). METHODS: A three year population based, case-control study in five former health regions in England (population 17.7 million) with 325 cases and 1300 controls. Parental interviews were carried out after each death and reference sleep of age matched controls. RESULTS: Of the SIDS infants, 26% were "small at birth" compared to 8% of the controls. The most common sleeping position was supine, for both controls (69%) and those SIDS infants (48%) born at term or > or =2500 g, but for "small at birth" SIDS infants the commonest sleeping position was side (48%). The combined effect of the risk associated with being "small at birth" and factors in the infant sleeping environment remained multiplicative despite controlling for possible confounding in the multivariate model. This effect was more than multiplicative for those infants placed to sleep on their side or who shared the bed with parents who habitually smoked, while for those "small at birth" SIDS who slept in a room separate from the parents, the large combined effect showed evidence of a significant interaction. No excess risk was identified from bed sharing with non-smoking parents for infants born at term or birth weight > or =2500 g. CONCLUSION: The combined effects of SIDS risk factors in the sleeping environment and being pre-term or low birth weight generate high risks for these infants. Their longer postnatal stay allows an opportunity to target parents and staff with risk reduction messages.     

Sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): effect of an intervention programme to avoid prone sleeping

The proportion of prone sleeping among sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) victims and infants in general, and the rate of SIDS were prospectively studied in the county of Hordaland, Norway, three years before (1987–89) and three years after (1990–92) a campaign to discourage prone sleeping. Before the campaign, 64% of random reference infants were put prone versus 8% after (p < 0.0001). Concurrently, the rate of SIDS decreased from 3.5 to 1.6 per 1000 live births (63 infants before and 30 after the campaign, p = 0.0002). Prone sleeping was not considered a statistically significant risk factor for SIDS before (OR 2.0,95% CI 0.8–4.5), but was highly significant (OR 11.3,95% CI 3.6–36.5) after the campaign. Prone sleeping is an important risk factor for SIDS, but the association may be missed in epidemiological studies if prone is the predominant sleeping position. Behaviour with regard to sleeping position may be changed rapidly by means of a simple campaign.     

极低及超低出生体重儿的预后因素分析

目的 分析极低及超低出生体重儿（出生体重≤ 1 200 g）的临床资料,为其预后及临床干预提供预警指标。方法 回顾性分析108 例极低及超低出生体重儿的母孕期病史、新生儿出生时情况、诊治经过及预后,采用非条件logistic 回归分析筛选预后的影响因素。结果 108 例极低及超低出生体重儿,出生体重范围在结论 极低及超低出生体重儿的病死率较高,且随着日龄的增加,影响早产儿生存的预后因素不同,临床上应针对这些因素制定合理的管理方案,提高早产儿生存率。     

极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症发生情况及其危险因素分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症(LOS)的发生情况及危险因素。方法收集2011年1月至2013年12月入住NICU的极低或超低出生体重儿的临床资料,根据是否合并LOS分为两组:LOS组和无LOS组。回顾性分析LOS的发生率、病死率、常见病原菌及危险因素。结果纳入的226例极低/超低出生体重儿中,117例(51.8%)发生了LOS,其中45例为确诊LOS,72例为临床诊断LOS。LOS组患儿病死率为13.7%(16/117),明显高于无LOS组(5/109,4.6%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。共培养出51株病原菌,其中32株(63%)为革兰阴性细菌,16株(31%)为革兰阳性细菌,3株(6%)为真菌。多因素logistic回归分析显示,胎龄、小于胎龄儿、肠外营养持续时间、经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)、机械通气是极低/超低出生体重儿LOS发生的独立影响因素(OR分别为:0.84、1.59、1.34、3.11、4.55,均P0.05)。结论极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生率及病死率较高。LOS常见病原菌为革兰阴性细菌。胎龄低、肠外营养持续时间长、小于胎龄儿、PICC或机械通气的极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生危险可能增加。     

超低出生体重儿的心血管支持治疗

早产儿循环系统在出生时发育不成熟,常发生早产儿低血压和动脉导管未闭,其处理方法不同,常会影响患儿存活率和预后.扩容药物、血管活性药物、环氧化酶抑制剂以及肾上腺皮质激素等是较常用的药物,但对超低出生体重儿发生的心血管系统问题何时需要处理和如何处理一直困扰着临床医生.     

母乳喂养质量改进对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响

目的 探讨NICU 中母乳喂养质量改进措施对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响。方法 回顾性调查收集2014 年7 月至2015 年7 月收治的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进前组）以及实施母乳质量改进措施后的2015 年8 月至2016 年6 月的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进后组）资料。对两组患儿住院期间亲母母乳喂养情况（喂养率、喂养量、喂养时间）、静脉营养持续时间、达到全肠道喂养的时间,喂养不耐受发生率等指标进行比较。结果 实施质量改进后,亲母母乳喂养率和喂养量均明显增高,母乳强化剂添加时间、静脉营养时间、达全肠道喂养时间均较改进前提前,喂养不耐受的发生率较改进前有所改善,差异有统计学意义。结论 亲母母乳喂养质量改进措施可提高NICU 亲母母乳喂养率,改善早产儿消化系统相关并发症。     

超低和极低出生体重儿神经发育结局及影响因素分析

目的 评估超低/极低出生体重儿 （ELBWI和VLBWI） 在纠正年龄 （CA） 18月时神经发育结局,探讨影响神经发育结局的因素。方法 收集2013年1月至2014年6月入住新生儿重症监护病房并存活出院的ELBWI和VLBWI病例,在CA40周、1、3、6、12、18月定期随访,评估神经发育结局。按神经发育状况分为神经发育正常组和神经发育异常组,比较两组临床资料的差异,分析ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育的危险因素。结果 共338例ELBWI和VLBWI纳入研究,15例在住院期间死亡。CA18月时,145例 （44.9%） 存活且随访资料完整,75例 （23.2%） 死亡,失访103例 （31.9%）。CA18月时,145例患儿中神经发育损伤71例 （49.0%）,3例 （2.1%） 脑性瘫痪;未发现单眼或双眼失明的视觉损伤及需要助听器的听觉损伤。Logistic回归分析发现BPD和败血症是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的独立危险因素 （OR=3.530,P < 0.001;OR=2.528,P=0.035）,BPD发生程度越重,神经发育异常的发生率越高。结论 败血症、BPD （尤其是重度BPD） 是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的危险因素。     

超低出生体重儿的呼吸支持策略

随着科学知识及技术进步,超低出生体重儿生存率显著提高.这些新生儿出生后常需呼吸支持,合理的肺保护通气策略有助于减轻肺损伤、降低支气管肺发育不良的发生率.呼吸支持形式取决于生后状况,重要的是如何正确应用机械通气,达到理想的气体交换,避免通气损伤.无创性呼吸支持作为出生时最初的干预措施及其在向气管插管或机械通气治疗转变过程中的应用具有较高的研究价值.     

超低出生体重儿的护理方案

超低出生体重儿由于各系统发育极不成熟,临床上病死率很高.提高超低出生体重儿的存活率离不开科学的护理,本文从体温管理、建立静脉、动脉通路、液体疗法护理、呼吸道管理、喂养护理、感染的预防、环境管理、健康教育等方面阐述关于超低出生体重儿的护理方案.     

Unusual site for oesophageal perforation in an extremely low birth weight infant

A male infant born at 26 weeks gestation became unwell at 10 days of age with blood-stained pharyngeal aspirates. The chest radiograph revealed a feeding tube in the right pleural cavity, indicating a perforation of the thoracic oesophagus. The infant had had a chest drain inserted on the right side on two previous occasions. These had been allowed to remain across the mediastinum at the site of the subsequent perforation. The infant was successfully managed conservatively with no long-term sequelae The unusual site of the perforation led us to conclude that pressure necrosis from the drains was a contributing factor in the aetiology. Conclusion Oesophageal perforations in the neonate, in contrast to the adult, can be managed conservatively. Received: 11 March 1997 and in revised form 24 February 1998 / Accepted: 3 March 1998     

超低出生体重儿的营养管理

超低出生体重儿是NICU中最具风险的一组早产儿,除了必要的生命支持技术以外,营养管理成为直接影响到其生存和预后的关键因素.本文从超低出生体重儿的营养需求、肠内外营养和出院后喂养几个方面阐述了其营养管理的特点.超低出生体重儿营养支持的理想目标是使其生长速率及与之相关的功能发育和体重增长的成分接近正常胎儿.     

超低出生体质量儿常见并发症的防治

目的 分析超低出生体质量儿(ELBW)常见并发症的发生率及防治措施。方法 对16例ELBW和26例极低出生体质量儿(VLBW)的并发症[肺透明膜病(NRDS)、支气管肺发育不良(BPD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)、脑室内出血(IVH)、脑室周围白质软化(PVL)、早产儿视网膜病(ROP)]进行分析。结果 ELBW并NRDS、BPD、PDA、IVH、PVL、ROP发生率分别为81％、81％、25％、50％、13％、63％;VLBW并NRDS、BPD、PDA、IVH、PVL、ROP的发生率分别为88％、42％、42％、50％、12％、54％。BPD发生率ELBW较VLBW显著增高(P<0.05)。NRDS、BPD、PDA均治愈,ROP无致盲病例。ELBW组2例PVL并Ⅲ、Ⅳ度IVH,随诊出现脑瘫。结论 ELBW并发症中NRDS、BPD、ROP、IVH发生率高,Ⅲ度以上IVH和PVL是影响ELBW远期预后重要因素。     

极低出生体重儿的呼吸管理

出生前胎儿肺组织的发育可分为4个时期：①假腺期：胎儿5～17周,因此期的肺组织切片与腺体相似而得名。此期支气管分支已形成,通气系统逐渐建立,但气体交换部分尚未建立,故无气体交换功能。②小管期：胚胎17～25周,肺组织、毛细血管和肺的呼吸部分生长为本期的特点。此期支气管树进一步发育完善,肺组织也有了丰富的血液供应,肺的呼吸部分快速发育,肺组织分叶形态逐渐消失,上皮细胞较间质增殖迅速,腺泡上皮已演变为扁平上皮,Ⅱ型上皮细胞已形成,间质中毛细血管逐渐增多,形成原始的气体交换单位,此期已基本具备了呼吸功能。③原始肺泡期：指胎儿24周至新生儿阶段,又称终末囊泡期。此期原始肺泡数目较少,肺泡囊逐渐成熟,间质组织减少,毛细血管增生,肺泡气体交换能力及表面活性物质仍不足,至第34～35周才迅速上升。④肺泡发育期：指胎儿后期到生后8岁。肺泡的发育主要在生后肺泡体积增加,主要由原始肺泡数日增加和每个原始肺泡体积的增大,足月时为小而浅的原始肺泡,直径约150μm,至8岁时肺泡直径约300μm,数量较出生时增加12．5倍。     

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随着我国医学科学的进步和新生儿重症监护水平的提高,超低出生体重儿(extremely low birth weight infant,ELBWI)的抢救成功率也在逐年上升,如何保证ELBWI从宫内至宫外的平稳过渡,适时合理地提供类似于宫内的营养,使其达到理想的生长状态,成为新生儿科医生面临的挑战。     

超低出生体重儿救治的国内外近况

近几十年来新生儿医学的快速发展使得超低出生体重儿（ELBWI）病死率和并发症发生率明显下降。然而存活ELBWI发生近远期并发症风险显著增加,包括严重脑室内出血、脑室旁白质软化、院内感染和坏死性小肠结肠炎、支气管肺发育不良、早产儿视网膜病变以及远期神经发育后遗症等。目前国内ELBWI救治水平不断提高,但与国外差距仍较大。本文将近年国内外ELBWI救治存活率、伦理学问题、近远期并发症情况等作一综述。     

妊高征对极低出生体重早产儿并发症的影响

目的研究妊娠高血压综合征(妊高征)对极低出生体重早产儿并发症的影响。方法收集极低出生体重早产儿作为研究对象,根据母亲是否患有妊高征分为两组,比较两组患儿主要并发症发生率及住院时间。结果 (1)两组患儿间胎龄、出生体重、性别、母亲糖尿病发生率、产前激素使用率的差异均无统计学意义,妊高征组SGA发生率明显高于非妊高征组。(2)妊高征组支气管肺发育不良(BPD)发生率明显低于非妊高征组,而早产儿呼吸暂停(AOP)、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)、早产儿颅内出血-脑白质病变(IVH-PVL)发生率及住院天数的差异均无统计学意义。(3)两组间NRDS发生率无差异,但妊高征组NRDS患儿PS使用率明显低于非妊高征组。结论妊高征可减轻早产儿呼吸系统并发症,降低PS使用率,减少BPD发生率。     

极低出生体重儿颅内出血危险因素的分析

目的：颅内出血是造成极低出生体重（VLBW）儿智力及运动障碍主要原因之一,了解其发病的危险因素、及早预防,可减少残疾、提高生存质量。方法研究169例极低出生体重儿,对产前因素及生后因素进行分析,采用SPSS12.0对数据进行卡方检验,有意义因素再进行logistic回归分析,得出回归方程。结果胎膜早破、1分钟Apgar评分≤7分、使用PS及呼吸机治疗、上机时间＞3 d、入院时PT＞20 s、生后1 d和2 d低钠血症及生后1 d pH值＜7.25为VLBW颅内出血危险因素。结论1分钟Apgar评分≤7分和使用呼吸机治疗是VLBW儿颅内出血的主要危险因素,而凝血功能和内环境紊乱均与缺氧窒息有关。因此,作好产前保健,减少窒息及生后合并症发生,有利于降低VLBW儿颅内出血发生率,提高患儿生存质量。 ［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（4）：297-300］     

超低出生体重儿经幽门喂养的回顾性研究(英文)

目的：反复呼吸暂停和心率减慢是超出生体重儿(ELBWI)特别是有患有慢性肺部疾病的ELBWI的常见问题。胃食道返流是反复呼吸暂停和心动过缓的诱因。本研究的目的是评价持续经幽门喂养对不能耐受胃管喂养的超低出生体重儿的治疗意义,并与间歇经胃管喂养作比较。方法：回顾性分析81例ELBWI的临床资料。分两组：经幽门喂养(TP)组(n=30)及经胃管喂养组(IG组)(n=49)。TP组：比较TP前,与TP期间呼吸暂停及心率减慢的发生情况,喂养耐受性,营养摄入及体重增长速度,并与NG组的患儿做比较。TP组：患儿TP期间与TP前比较,每日呼吸暂停(0.66次vs 1.64次)及心率减慢次数(B1 2.06次 vs 3.32次、B2 1.66次 vs 3.18次)明显减少(P<0.05),未再出现呕吐及腹胀,在摄入蛋白及能量相似的情况下,每日体重增长速度比TP前慢(13.3±2.6 g/kg vs 15.3±3.9g/kg)(P<0.05)。TP组在TP期间与IG组蛋白能量摄入和体重增长速度无显著差异。TP组ELBWI均未发生坏死性小肠结肠炎和肠穿孔。结论：对于不能耐受胃管喂养的超低出生体重儿,经幽门喂养能显著减少呼吸暂停及心率减慢的发生率及改善喂养的耐受性。［中国当代儿科杂志,2004, 6(5): 360-364］     

Clinical characteristics and risk factors for early-onset necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with very/extremely low birth weight北大核心CSCD

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for early-onset necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants with very/extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 194 VLBW/ELBW preterm infants with NEC who were admitted to Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2014 to December 2021. These infants were divided into early-onset group (onset in the first two weeks of life; n=62) and late-onset group (onset two weeks after birth; n=132) based on their onset time. The two groups were compared in terms of perinatal conditions, clinical characteristics, laboratory examination results, and clinical outcomes. Sixty-two non-NEC infants with similar gestational age and birth weight who were hospitalized at the same period as these NEC preterm infants were selected as the control group. The risk factors for the development of early-onset NEC were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Compared with the late-onset group, the early-onset group had significantly higher proportions of infants with 1-minute Apgar score ≤3, stage III NEC, surgical intervention, grade ≥3 intraventricular hemorrhage, apnea, and fever or hypothermia (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that feeding intolerance, blood culture-positive early-onset sepsis, severe anemia, and hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus were independent risk factors for the development of early-onset NEC in VLBW/ELBW preterm infants (P<0.05). Conclusions VLBW/ELBW preterm infants with early-onset NEC have more severe conditions compared with those with late-onset NEC. Neonates with feeding intolerance, blood culture-positive early-onset sepsis, severe anemia, or hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus have a higher risk of early-onset NEC. © 2023 Xiangya Hospital of CSU. All rights reserved.     

极低出生体质量儿胎粪钙卫蛋白水平及影响因素分析

目的 了解极低出生体质量儿胎粪钙卫蛋白(FC)水平及其影响因素.方法 收集2018年6月—2019年5月住院的极低出生体质量儿出生后第1次胎粪,采用免疫荧光法定量检测胎粪钙卫蛋白水平,并收集患儿一般资料及母孕期资料.结果 共纳入87例极低出生体质量儿,男45例、女42例,中位胎龄30.3周(29.1～31.1周),中位...