小鼠生后淋巴器官内T细胞分布的动态变化:用酸性非特异性酯酶活性为指标

本文采用了在石蜡切片上显示ANAE活性鉴别T、B淋巴细胞的方法,研究了24只不同年龄小鼠的胸腺、腹股沟淋巴结和脾内T细胞分布的动态变化。结果表明ANAE阳性和ANAE阴性淋巴细胞间的区别清楚。在胸腺内ANAE阳性淋巴细胞百分率从皮质外层到髓质递增。生后1～2天小鼠,在皮质特别在皮质外层,ANAE阳性淋巴细胞的百分率较高。自出生到生后43天逐渐下降,以后才趋于稳定。在生后1～2天小鼠脾白髓一些中央动脉小支周围主要是ANAE阴性淋巴细胞。这些ANAE阴性淋巴细胞到生后5～6天大部被ANAE阳性淋巴细胞所代替。     

新生乳鼠胸腺的超微结构研究

本文研究新生乳鼠胸腺形态学特点,结果表明:1.胸腺小叶尚未完好形成,皮、髓质分界不甚清晰;2.髓质常可见由上皮细胞构成的囊性结构;3.内皮质有少数淋巴细胞胞浆含有糖原颗粒;4.胸腺小体少而小。本文描述了胸腺淋巴细胞、上皮性网状细胞、巨噬细胞、指突细胞等细胞成分和血胸屏障等结构的超微结构特征。     

用显示非特异性酯酶的半透膜技术对小鼠胸腺基质细胞的观察

成年BALB/c小鼠胸腺,新鲜组织恒冷箱切片,用半透膜技术显示非特异性酯酶。由于该技术能保存全部酶活性,故可显示各类基质细胞及其分布。上皮网状细胞、胸腺哺育细胞及交错突细胞的酶活性呈弱阳性,巨噬细胞呈强阳性。胸腺T细胞呈微弱阳性或阴性。皮质的上皮网状细胞形成海绵状支架;髓质上皮网状细胞可分为低酶活性和高酶活性细胞两种类型,后者可呈灶状分布。皮、髓质内均可见巨噬细胞,皮-髓交界区尤多,并可见与胸腺T细胞形成玫瑰花环状。同时用大鼠抗小鼠基质细胞的单克隆抗体进行了免疫组织化学观察。本文结果有助于在光镜下研究胸腺微环境的结构和功能。     

小鼠脾发育分化的组织学及组织化学观察

观察了ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠胚胎至成年脾发育分化的组织学和组织化学变化。（１）胚胎１２天，胃背系膜内出现由间充质细胞形成的脾原基。此后，脾窦、网状细胞及淋巴细胞相继出现；生后１天出现动脉周围淋巴鞘；以后逐渐形成脾小结。（２）胚胎１３天时脾中出现糖原和ＲＮＡ颗粒，并渐增多，生后１周糖原量骤减，２周至成年为阴性。ＲＮＡ则在白髓中少，红髓中多。（３）碱性磷酸酶在１７天胚胎脾内出现阳性细胞，以后增多。（４）酸性     

小白鼠睾丸发育分化的组织学及组织化学观察

本文报道用组织学和组织化学方法观察小鼠睾丸胚胎天时睾丸即已有SDH活性,生后以间质细胞和精母细胞反应最强。4.AlP反应在胚胎时以生殖母细胞较强,生后以界膜反应较强。5.支持细胞、间质细胞AcP活性较强。6.生殖细胞和支持细胞5′-Nase呈阳性,间质反应极微。7.胚胎时,睾丸各种细胞ATPase反应均为阴性。生后界膜、支持细胞和生殖细胞渐出现活性且不断增强。8.胚胎14天睾丸内NSE即有微弱的反应,生后主要以间质细胞反应强烈。至生后的发育。结果表明:1.核糖核酸以代谢旺盛的生殖母细胞最为丰富,支持细胞也较多,精子细胞较少。2.胚胎14天时睾丸各种细胞均有丰富的糖原颗粒,16天起仅分布于间质,性索内糖原阴性。3.胚胎14     

老龄小鼠性腺摘除后胸腺的形态学变化

本文观察了15月龄雌雄ICR小鼠于性腺摘除后第25天胸腺的变化。与对照组相比,胸腺增大,重量增加,皮质增厚且皮髓质分界明显,细胞密度显著增大;皮质/髓质立体计量数值、细胞总数、胸腺细胞数/mm~2及ANAE阳性细胞、非淋巴细胞(NLC)、巨噬细胞(Mφ)一胸腺细胞花环的百分率均增高;电镜下胸腺细胞与明型上皮性网状细胞或Mφ形成的花环更多见。外周血ANAE阳性淋巴细胞明显增多。以上结果表明,老龄小鼠于性腺摘除后,胸腺呈现明显的形态学逆转变化。     

胚胎胸腺的替代治疗

目的 探索小鼠同种异体胚胎胸腺移植可否作为T淋巴细胞缺陷的治疗方法.方法 选择切除C57小鼠的胸腺作为制作细胞免疫缺陷的模型.30只小鼠被分为三组,每组10只.第一组为正常小鼠作为对照组;第二组行胸腺切除术,作为模型对照组;第三组是胚胎胸腺移植为实验组.检测脾脏总T细胞计数及其平均体重所含T细胞数;流式细胞术检测Th(helper T cell)细胞,Tc(cytotoxic T cell)细胞以及调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)的含量,并用简化的RT-PCR方法检测T细胞DNA删除环(TRECs).结果 三组小鼠分别剩余9只、8只,8只.T淋巴细胞总数三组分别为(16.24±2.98)×107、(4.58±1.29)×107、(9.92±2.24)×107.平均体重T淋巴细胞含量分别为(7.53±1.35)×106、(2.38±0.66)×106、(5.23±1.10)×106.两组都有统计学意义(P<0.05).对照组含量最高,胸腺切除组含量最少,胚胎胸腺移植组位于两者之间.T淋巴细胞亚群分析中,三组Th细胞分别为(7.19±0.38)%、(1.51±0.37)%、(3.33±0.40)%;Tc细胞为(7.21±0.41)%、(1.31±0.32)%、(3.41±0.48)%;Tregs为(2.17±0.21)%、(0.48±0.12)%、(1.12±0.12)%.Th,Tc以及Tregs含量在三组间有统计学意义(P<0.05),A组含量最高,B组含量最少,C组位于两者之间.RT-PCR分析中,ΔΔCT值进行统计分析及进行三组ΔΔCT值的总体趋势的比较.ΔΔCT值对照组为17.04±1.69,胸腺切除组为9.53±0.84;胚胎胸腺移植组为12.45±1.51,三组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 胚胎胸腺移植可以提高细胞免疫功能的恢复,但无法使其恢复到正常水平.     

人胎儿胸腺T细胞亚群抗原的表达及其定位—免疫组织化学研究

用免疫组织化学法和多种识别Ｔ细胞亚群的抗体，观察了１５例胎儿胸腺内Ｔ细胞亚群的抗原表达及其分布。结果表明，胸腺皮、髓质Ｔ细胞对Ｌｅｕ４抗体均呈阳性，但髓质部较强。Ｌｅｕ３ａ和Ｌｅｕ２ａ阳性细胞分布于胸腺皮持、髓质，但髓质部阳性数目少于皮质。ＡＩＧ３和ＮＫ阳性细胞均分布于髓质，皮质几乎为阴性，ＩＬ－２Ｒ细胞分布于被膜下、皮质和髓质。ＢｒｄＵ标记的细胞主要存在于皮质，特别是外皮质区。此外胸腺内还有γδ     

小鼠肾脏发生发育的形态计量学研究

目的　探讨小鼠肾脏胚胎及生后发生发育规律。方法　应用光镜连续切片技术结合体视学定量分析方法。结果　皮质出现的时间为胚龄 14日 ,早期髓质结构出现在胚龄第 18日。皮质生肾区在生后 7日消失 ,生后 2 1日出现髓质内带。体现学分析结果说明 :髓质主要在生后发育完善 ,皮质体积在生后快速增大 ,肾小球的数目在生后 7日前发育完毕。结论　小鼠肾脏单位的发育是从胚胎后期 ,即胚龄 14日开始进行的 ,至生后 7日完成。胚胎 18日始到生后 2 1日是髓质发育期     

阳山鸡出生后早期左卵巢组织结构发育的变化

目的：观察阳山鸡卵巢生后早期发育。方法：采用常规组织学方法,比较1 ～ 7 d 龄阳山鸡左卵巢组织结构 的发育变化过程。结果：出生时双侧卵巢已经显示左右明显的不对称,右侧卵巢于5 d 龄开始退化,而左侧卵巢持 续发育,形状为扁椭圆形,分为2 叶;颜色为灰白色。切片观察可见,出生时鸡左侧卵巢实质由皮质、外髓质和内 髓质构成。皮质主要由处于减数分裂前期的卵母细胞构成,3 d 龄时卵母细胞的染色体进一步凝缩;5 d 龄时皮质的 卵母细胞全部消失,外髓质已开始有成形的卵泡出现;大约7 d 龄时,外髓质的卵泡大而清晰,皮质几乎完全消失, 外髓质最终成为真正的皮质。结论：在生后1 周内,阳山鸡左卵巢皮质发生明显衰退、崩解和丢失,外髓质最终成 为真正的皮质。     

小白鼠心肌发育分化的组织学和组织化学观察

本文报道了小鼠胚胎至成年心肌发育分化的组织学和组织化学变化,包括心肌形态结构的电镜观察以及8种组织化学指标的光镜观察。实验结果表明,各种组织化学特征与心肌形态及机能分化有密切关系,生后2周末,各种指标均接近成年水平。心肌的结构和机能分化是逐渐形成和逐步完善化的,不同发育阶段的心肌,具有不同的组织学和组织化学特征,表现出心肌的发育分化既有连续性又有阶段性的特点,本文对此特点进行了讨论。     

Immunohistochemical analysis of the early ontogeny of the neuropeptide Y system in rat brain

The distribution of neuropeptide Y in the developing rat brain was studied with immunocytochemistry, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Immunoreactive perikarya were first seen on embryonic day 13 and staining of fibres appeared from embryonic day 15 onwards: perikaryal staining was generally more intense prenatally than after birth. Areas rich in neuropeptide Y immunostaining included the monoaminergic regions of the brain stem from embryonic day 13 (especially the lateral reticular nucleus and the medullary reticular formation), the dorsal mesencephalon (with spots of immunoreactivity in the outer subventricular zone at embryonic days 13 or 14 and many cells and fibres in the inferior colliculus from embryonic days 16-20) and the olfactory tubercle/ventral striatum from embryonic day 15 until birth. The period of development of cortical neurones extended from embryonic day 19 until postnatal day 21. A hitherto unreported feature unique to neuropeptide Y was the presence in certain parts of the cerebral cortex of transient cells at the base of the cortical plate bearing radial processes which transverse its width. They were present from embryonic day 17 until postnatal day 4 and were maximally developed at embryonic days 20 or 21, contributing at this age a substantial fibre projection through the immature corpus callosum. The abundance of neuropeptide Y in the prenatal rat brain suggests it may play an important role in development.     

The histogenesis of lymph nodes in rat and rabbit

The histogenesis of the popliteal lymph node in the rat and the popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes in the rabbit was examined by light microscopy. Special emphasis has been laid on the initial lymphocyte population in the lymph node anlage. In the rat on the seventeenth day of gestation lymphoid cells populate a limited mesenchymal area along the vein wall. The next day the mesenchyme shows a bulb-shaped outgrowth causing an indentation in the wall of a lymph vessel, running parallel to the vein and having a saccular widening at this place. The bulb-shaped lymphoid outgrowth fills up the widened lymph vessel; the subcapsular sinus originates from the remaining parts of the lymph vessel. At birth the lymph node can be divided into a primitive cortex consisting of an area with evenly scattered lymphocytes among the basic network of reticular cells and a medulla. About three days after birth an ovoid area containing a dense concentration of lymphocytes is observed in the inner cortex. In the next days it expands in both lateral and medullary direction but not into the outer cortex. Primary follicles appear in the outer cortex 18 days after birth. The development of the inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes in the rabbit shows the same characteristics as the histogenesis of the popliteal lymph node in the rat. The morphogenesis of the lymph node is summarized in a schematic diagram.     

Susceptibility of thymocytes for infection by chicken anemia virus is related to pre- and posthatching development.

To investigate the age-dependent mechanism of susceptibility for chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection, we inoculated embryos and chickens of ages between day 9 of embryonic development and day 28 after hatching with CAV. Chicken embryos inoculated at days 9 and 11 of development showed no CAV-infected cells in the thymus, nor in other lymphoid organs. Many CAV-infected cells were detected in the thymic cortex of all chicken embryos inoculated at days 13 and 16 of development and of all chickens inoculated 1, 3, and 7 days after hatching. All embryos and chickens that contained CAV-infected cells in the thymus also contained CAV-infected cells in the bone marrow, but not in the bursa of Fabricius or the spleen. In chickens inoculated at days 14 and 21, only few CAV-infected cells were detected in the thymus, whereas these cells were not detected in thymi of 28-day-old inoculated chickens. Depletion of the thymic cortex was only detected in chickens inoculated from day 16 of embryonic development till day 21 after hatching. Only hematocrit values of the chickens inoculated 1 and 3 days after hatching were below normal. The rationale for the simultaneous susceptibility of cells of the T-cell lineage and cells of the erythrocyte lineage is discussed. As far as the thymus is concerned, the absence of clinical and microscopical signs of CAV infection in older chickens and the inability of CAV to infect embryos at days 9 and 11 of embryonic development may be caused by a lack of susceptible thymocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Histochemistry of glycogen deposition in perinatal rat brain: importance of radial glial cells

Summary Changes in the glycogen content and patterns of deposition in the developing rat brain were studied using a light microscopic periodic acid-Schiff method on embryonic days (ED) 14, 16, 18, 20 and postnatal days (PD) 1, 3, 7, 12, 16 and 21. Regional and temporal differences were quantified with an automatic image analyser by estimation of stained material in subpial regions of cerebral cortex, thalamus, superior colliculus and medulla. The cellular localization of glycogen particles was investigated by electron microscopy on ED 18, ED 20 and PD 2. On ED 14 the first signs of glycogen storage were found in parts of the immature choroid plexus and in radial glial cells in the midbrain and medullary raphé. With advancing foetal age these structures retained their high capacity for glycogen storage but, in addition, an increasing number of radial fibres in most of the brain stem regions and in the cerebral cortex of older foetuses (ED 18–20) showed significant amounts of glycogen. The storage of glycogen in cerebral cortex was relatively low at all foetal age intervals studied. In new born animals the distribution of glycogen particles was similar to that found in the late foetal brain. A decrease of glycogen content commenced from PD 1 to 3 and reached the pattern of the adult brain between PD 7 and 21.Glycogen storage by radial glial cells in the developing rat brain might indicate their possible role as an energy source in perinatal carbohydrate metabolism.     

Studies on the thymus of the mammal XV. Sites of aminopeptidase activity in the thymus of the mouse

Sites of aminopeptidase activity in the thymus of the mouse were compared in material incubated in L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide and in L-leucyl-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide hydrochlorides as substrates. Sites of activity were most clearly demonstrated in frozen sections, postfixed in cold acetone, incubated in L-leucyl-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide hydrochloride with Naphthanil Diazo Blue B and mounted in glycerogel. In thymuses of young mice, septa, medullary arteries and arterial capillaries were most strongly stained. Cortical lymphocytes and most medullary lymphocytes lacked aminopeptidase activity. In older mice, the high reactivity of the medulla contrasted sharply with the mostly unreactive cortex. In the medulla, the walls of the blood vessels, mesenchymal reticular cells and lymphocytes in the region of blood vessels were reactive. In the cortex, capsule, septa, and arterial capillaries were reactive; mesenchymal reticular cells, weakly so, and lymphocytes, unreactive. It would appear that much of the activity demonstrated by biochemical methods applied to thymic homogenates is a measure of reactive blood vessels and medullae. The general reaction of the medulla and the presence there of scattered, highly reactive cells lends added weight to the conclusion that the metabolic activities within the medulla are not the same as in the cortex.     

小白鼠甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞发育的组织化学与立体计量学研究

对ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小白鼠甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞从胚胎１４ｄ（Ｅ１４ｄ）至成年期的发育过程，进行了组织化学与立体计量学研究。结果表明：（１）Ｅ１４ｄ～１５ｄ，细胞排列成不规则的团和索状。Ｅ１６ｄ～Ｅ１７ｄ，细胞围成原始的甲状腺滤泡。Ｅ１８ｄ，滤泡腔内出现ＰＡＳ反应阳性胶体，成熟的甲状腺滤泡结构基本形成。（２）胚胎期滤泡上皮细胞核较大，核／质比大于１．０，分裂像易见。出生后２１ｄ，核／质比稳定在０．３５，滤泡上皮细胞形态结构接近成年期状态。（３）Ｅ１６ｄ，ＡｃＰ、ＡＴＰａｓｅ、ＭＡＯ和ＳＤＨ均呈阳性反应，随后酶活性逐步增强，至生后２１ｄ均达强阳性反应。     

Peculiarity of small lymphocytes in the thymic medulla in neonatal mice

Summary Karyometric studies were made of lymphocytes for the cortex and medulla of the thymus of mice at various ages from birth to adulthood. From the results obtained it was evident that in early neonate mice, medullary small lymphocytes were characterized by having larger nuclei than cortical small lymphocytes. On the basis of cytological features, such medullary lymphocytes could reasonably be classified as small lymphocytes rather than medium lymphocytes, although they had larger nuclei than typical small lymphocytes. Such peculiar small lymphocytes with larger nuclei were preponderant in the medulla during early neonatal life, but they rapidly decreased in number with advancing age, although they were present in a small proportion even in adults. The findings on the occurrence of such peculiar small lymphocytes in the medulla were discussed in relation to the maturation pathway of lymphocytes in the thymus.Supported by research grant from the Education Ministry (No. 748046, 1972).     

The uterine progestational response in cats: Ultrastructural changes during chronic administration of progesterone to estradiol-primed and nonprimed animals

The development of a progestational response in the glandular epithelium of the cat uterus was studied using electron microscopy and special glycogen staining techniques. In ovariectomized and adrenalectomized animals, the epithelial cells were low cuboidal and lacked an active secretory apparatus. Estradiol treatment induced hypertrophy and the formation of secretory cells which contained numerous profiles of RER, an enlarged Golgi apparatus and apical electron-opaque secretory granules. The chronic administration of progesterone to estradiol-primed animals resulted in antagonism of estradiol-induced cytodifferentiation and the development of a progestational response in the glandular epithelium. After 1 day of estradiol plus progesterone treatment fewer secretory granules were observed, the RER was constricted, and the Golgi apparatus appeared less active; after 2 days, very few secretory granules were observed. Coincident with this antiestrogenic action, progesterone induced additional hypertrophy and the differentiation of cytoplasmic organelles associated with glycogen synthesis. Glycogen deposition occurred between days 2 and 4 of estradiol-plus-progesterone treatment. Numerous polyribosomes and circular profiles of membrane appeared to be associated with glycogen deposition. These membranes frequently had glycogen around their perimeter, and sometimes they were found embedded in large glycogen deposits. With continued progesterone treatment, glycogen processing occurred. The RER became extremely dilated, and a few halo granules were observed. Both the dilated RER and the halo granules appeared to be surrounding glycogen, and glycogen was frequently found bound by membrane as well as within the electron-lucent portion of the halo granule. As glycogen processing continued, the glycogen deposits began to disappear, and some cells appeared to die. The remainder differentiated into shorter residual cells which, after 10–14 days, contained numerous halo granules and constricted RER. The chronic administration of progesterone to nonprimed ovariectomized and adrenalectomized animals resulted in a cytodifferentiation sequence similar to that in the estradiol-primed animals, except that the response was delayed and was not as uniform between cells from the same animal. Thus, within each epithelial cell of the endometrial glands of the cat, the principal responses induced by progesterone in both estradiol-primed and nonprimed animals were the synthesis, deposition, and eventual disappearance of glycogen.