蝶窦和视神经管多层螺旋CT的测量

目的 为经鼻内镜蝶窦手术、视神经管减压术提供影像解剖学基础.方法 利用螺旋CT多平面重建技术对40例鼻及鼻窦正常病例行蝶窦、视神经管有关解剖数据的影像学测量.结果 两侧视神经管各壁长度均值:内侧壁(12.08±0.62)mm,外侧壁(10.16±1.73)mm,上壁(9.16±1.17)mm,下壁(10.24±1.35)mm;两侧视神经管及蝶窦有关径线均值:视神经管颅口处左右径(5.57±0.95)mm,上下径(4.53±0.78)mm;中部左右径(4.40±0.67)mm,上下径(4.36±0.67)mm;眶口处左右径(5.09±0.85)mm;上下径(5.90±0.98)mm;鼻小柱前缘中点到蝶窦前壁中点的距离(70.8±5.4)mm;蝶窦最大左右径(17.83±4.38)mm,最大上下径(18.40±3.76)mm,最大前后径(23.19±6.73)mm.结论利用螺旋CT多平面重建技术可以准确方便的测量蝶窦和视神经管的解剖结构,对该部位的经鼻内镜手术具有重要指导价值.     

健康人视神经管的CT测量及临床意义

目的　探讨健康人视神经管的CT解剖结构及临床意义。方法　对 2 0 0例 (40 0侧 )健康成人行视神经管区轴位和冠状位薄层CT扫描 ,测量视神经管的有关径线 ,并观察其与周围结构的解剖关系。结果　①双侧视神经管径线均值 :左右径 (3 5 7± 0 6 1)mm( x±s,下同 ) ,上下径 (4 82±0 38)mm ;内侧壁长度 (12 6 2± 2 5 9)mm ,外侧壁长度 (10 18± 2 19)mm ,视神经管长度 (11 46± 2 35 )mm ;与颅正中线夹角 34 34°± 6 48° ,与眶内段视神经夹角 10 6 9°± 6 48° ;内侧壁厚度 (0 6 8± 0 46 )mm。双侧间差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;②视神经管、眶上裂、眶下裂在CT轴位像上分别表现为“轨道状”、“裂隙状”和“狭谷状” ,在冠状位像上分别表现为“蝶眼状”、水平状裂隙和垂直状裂隙 ;③后组筛窦与视神经管的位置关系为 :管前型占 42 0 0 %、半管型占 2 7 5 0 %、全管型占 18 75 %、蝶鞍型占9 75 %和管周型占 2 0 0 % ;④蝶窦气化度与视神经管的位置关系为 :Ι度蝶窦占 2 0 %、Π度蝶窦占6 3%和Ш度蝶窦占 17% ;⑤视神经管内侧壁骨质缺损发生率为 2 5 5 % ,缺损平均长度为 (5 0 7±2 5 2 )mm。结论　CT是显示视神经管正常解剖结构及其与周围器官毗邻关系的可靠手段 ,对内窥镜鼻窦手术     

鼻内镜蝶窦开放术的薄层断层解剖学研究

目的 为安全的进行鼻内镜下蝶窦开放术提供薄层断层解剖学资料。方法 通过冰冻铣切技术获得层厚为0．1mm的连续横断面断层解剖图像,对蝶窦及其重要毗邻结构进行观察和测量。结果 46.7%视神经管以及70%颈内动脉在蝶窦外侧壁处形成突起。蝶窦口上下径为（3.41±0.56）mm,左右径为（2.24±0.35）mm,蝶窦口与颈内动脉、视神经管间的距离分别为（19.63±2.26）mm、（8.83±1.42）mm。结论 通过对蝶窦连续横断面薄层断层解剖图像的追踪观察,可以获得蝶窦及其重要毗邻结构的相关数据。     

鼻内镜下蝶窦外侧壁的应用解剖学研究

目的:通过经鼻内镜行蝶窦外侧壁尸头解剖,为临床鼻内镜下蝶窦外侧壁相关手术提供解剖学参考.方法:选取经10%甲醛防腐处理的国人成人湿性尸头10具(20侧),鼻内镜下经鼻-蝶窦手术入路,暴露蝶窦腔,在0°和30°鼻内镜下确认蝶窦外侧壁骨性隆起,观察视神经和颈内动脉与毗邻结构的关系,以直尺、量角器等测量工具分别测量视神经管和颈内动脉骨性隆起与鼻小柱、鞍底中线的距离和角度.结果:鼻内镜下可见蝶窦外侧壁上视神经管与颈内动脉骨性隆起呈"八"字形关系,向蝶窦腔凸入的程度及两者间距离因人而异,沿颈内动脉追踪可暴露海绵窦外侧壁;测得视神经管眶口内壁中点、颈内动脉骨性隆起前端到鼻小柱的平均距离分别为(75.33±5.59)mm和(81.02±5.29)mm,到鞍底中线的平均距离分别为(5.81±1.52)mm和(5.53±1.47)mm;视神经管眶口内壁中点到鼻小柱连线与鼻底的夹角平均为(53.4±4.1)°.结论:以鼻小柱及鞍底中线为参考点,在鼻内镜下经鼻-蝶窦手术径路进行的蝶窦外侧壁解剖学形态观察和相关测量数据可为临床医生提供相应指导.     

鼻内镜下视神经管的局部解剖与临床应用

目的：为鼻内镜下视神经管减压术的临床运用提供解剖学依据。方法：成人尸头湿性标本15例（30侧）视神经管,经鼻内镜下观察视神经管的局部解剖情况。结果：鼻内镜下测得前鼻棘到视神经管眶口内侧壁中点距离为（61．02±5．83）mm,前鼻棘到视神经管眶口内侧壁中点的角度为（45．1±4．81）°,视神经管的内侧壁最长,平均为（11．61±1．58）mm;视神经管外侧壁骨质最厚,内侧壁骨质最薄,内侧壁中又以眶口最厚。并且将观察所见应用于10例外伤性失明患者,效果满意。结论：鼻内镜下了解视神经管的局部解剖情况,对临床开展鼻内镜下视神经管减压术具有非常重要的意义。鼻内镜下视神经管减压术具有手术范围小,组织损伤轻,视野清晰,进路直接,术后处理简单,面部不留瘢痕等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

鼻内镜中鼻甲腋区进路行额窦手术的影像解剖学研究

目的:通过影像学观测影响鼻内镜中鼻甲腋区进路行额窦手术的解剖因素。方法:选择无额窦病变患者30例,行鼻窦螺旋CT检查,观察和测量额窦相关影像学解剖数据。结果:中鼻甲前缘在鼻腔外侧壁上的附着点为起点,其到筛顶的垂直距离为(13.88±2.59)mm,到额窦引流通道前壁水平距离为(5.77±2.32)mm。到鼻腔前壁的水平距离为(13.67±2.54)mm,到眶纸板的水平距离为(5.89±1.69)mm。各径值左右两侧差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:16排螺旋CT结合三维重建技术能为鼻内镜中鼻甲腋区进路额窦手术提供有价值的影像信息。     

视神经管局部解剖与鼻内镜下解剖的结合研究

目的:为鼻内镜下视神经管减压术的临床运用提供解剖学依据。方法:10具(20侧)成人湿性尸头,从正中矢状位锯开,以直尺、量角器等测量工具测量视神经管与前鼻棘间的距离和角度;5具(10侧)(含儿童尸头2具)湿性尸头经鼻腔行鼻内镜下视神经管眶口至颅口段解剖,观察视神经管及其相关解剖标志。结果:大体标本观察,均可见到视神经管与颈内动脉呈“八”字形关系,测得视神经管内侧壁长度平均(9.12±1.89)mm,视神经管眶口直径平均(4.12±0.53)mm,前鼻棘到视神经管眶口内壁中点距离平均(61.22±6.23)mm,前鼻棘到视神经管眶口内壁中点的角度平均(45.3±4.5)°。鼻内镜下观察,沿视神经管眶口向后,可见到不同程度的一条反光带,即视神经管,7侧(70%)可见到明显的隆起,3侧(30%)无明显隆起,无法按照隆起形状判断视神经管。结论:结合大体解剖观察与鼻内镜下解剖观察,有助于准确识别鼻内镜下的视神经管,从而提高鼻内镜下视神经管手术的准确性。     

视神经管区多层螺旋CT三维成像研究

目的：验证多层螺旋CT三维成像的真实性与临床应用价值。方法：对40具完整的成年国人尸体头颅标本,利用多层螺旋CT三维成像技术及解剖技术,对视神经管内壁毗邻关系与蝶窦发育关系进行影像学与实体解剖学观察;对视神经管内壁隆起与视神经管毗邻关系进行影像学与实体解剖学观察;对视神经管内壁不同隆起形态的厚度和长度进行影像学与实体解剖学数据测量,并对比观察结果与测量数据。结果：①空间处理技术重建的整体空间分辨率高,可同时清晰显示视神经管及其周围的解剖结构;②仿真内镜技术进行的视神经管的内部重建,可清晰显示视神经管的内部结构,重建影像与健康国人视神经管的解剖形态一致;③多层螺旋CT成像的测量数据与解剖测量的数据比较,差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论：联合应用空间处理技术和仿真内镜技术,不仅可显示和测量视神经管的细微结构,还可从空间毗邻关系方面,为鼻内镜下经鼻蝶入路行视神经管减压术提供准确信息。     

蝶窦鼻内镜外科的放射解剖

蝶窦鼻内镜外科手术能否成功与术者对蝶窦解剖关系的了解情况密切相关,尤其是对蝶窦外侧壁,包括颈内动脉和视神经骨管的了解。该作者研究了69例正常人的蝶窦区轴位高分辨率CT,女性46例,男性23例,年龄20～73岁,层厚1.5mm。对下列结构进行了测量:①双侧蝶窦口之间距离;②双侧蝶窦前壁的宽度;③每侧蝶窦口到同侧蝶窦外侧壁距离;④蝶窦前后壁之间距离;⑤蝶窦宽度;⑥蝶窦入口与蝶窦底板间的     

内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖的解剖研究

目的通过影像学、内镜手术两种方法对内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖这一手术入路进行研究,为临床应用提供依据。方法选取24具国人成人尸头标本,进行轴位、冠状位及矢状位高分辨率CT扫描,观察与内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖的相关解剖标志,并测量其距离。选择5例10%甲醛固定、动脉灌注染料的尸头标本,模拟内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖（10侧）。记录内镜下解剖图像,描述其相关解剖关系。结果通过影像学资料可了解蝶窦发育情况并测量一系列颅底骨性解剖标志的距离,蝶骨嵴至两侧视神经管眶口直线距离相比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。所有标本通过内镜经鼻入路均从颈内动脉内侧到达岩尖,翼管及翼管动脉可作为寻找颈内动脉的重要解剖标志。结论影像学资料应作为内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖手术的术前常规参考;蝶骨嵴位于两侧视神经管眶口的中点,为术中可靠的解剖标志。从解剖学角度内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖具有可行性,该入路径路短,副损伤小,可作为临床治疗岩尖病变的重要术式之一。     

鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛解剖研究

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛(PNNP)的构成及分布特点,为后续行鼻内镜下高选择性PNNP切断术提供解剖学参考。方法 利用5具(10侧)冰鲜尸头灌注标本,经内镜下中鼻道入路,解剖蝶腭孔周围区域内结构;利用5具人体标本解剖前接受的鼻窦CT扫描结果,经影像学工具测量相应结构间距离。利用内镜系统采集解剖图像,影像测量软件获取影像学数据,并由资深放射科医师盲法测量。在解剖过程中,寻找蝶腭孔周围区域重要解剖标志及各结构间的毗邻关系。去除腭骨蝶突及蝶骨鞘突骨质,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露PNNP咽支,在腭鞘管前口外侧探查定位翼管神经。结果 PNNP出蝶腭孔后均存在3个主要分支与蝶腭动脉分支血管伴行,前下方有与蝶腭鼻后外侧支伴行的鼻腔外侧壁支,后上方有与上鼻甲动脉伴行的上鼻甲支,后内侧有与鼻后中隔动脉伴行的鼻中隔支,蝶腭神经节在翼腭窝内即发出咽支,未穿出蝶腭孔,通过腭鞘管进入鼻咽部,且翼管前口均位于腭鞘管前口的外侧。腭鞘管前口外侧壁至翼管前口内侧壁间距,内镜下测量值(5.90±1.12)mm,影像学测量值(6.30±1.06)mm。结论 通过解剖定位腭鞘管,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露其中的PNNP咽支,探讨腭鞘管前口与翼管前口之间的位置关系及术中规避翼管神经及蝶腭神经节的安全操作范围,为变应性鼻炎精准手术治疗提供解剖依据。     

Surgical anatomy of the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery in the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus. An anatomic study of the cranial base]

The optic nerve and the internal carotid artery lying in the cavernous sinus contact the bony wall of the sphenoid sinus, and can easily be injured during surgery. The maxillary sinus, the sphenoid sinus and the ethmoid cells were opened on both sides during ten resections of the skull base. After removing the bony part of the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus the following measurements were performed: the distance between the optic nerve and the frontal dura; the distance between the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery; the length and width of the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery in the area contacting the bony wall of the sphenoid sinus. This study illustrates the regularity of the structures of the posterior nasal wall. Landmarks are offered for finding the orbital aperture of the optic canal. The necessity of orientation by landmarks is emphasized.     

翼管的高分辨率CT(HRCT)研究

目的：探讨翼管高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）正常及病理的表现。方法：回顾性分析１００例正常成年人翼管和７２例病变累及翼管的病例。结果：正常成年人右侧翼管长度１４．００ｍｍ（１７．０１～１１．００ｍｍ）,左侧翼管长度 １４．００ｍｍ（１８． ０５～１１． ０３ｍｍ）,男女两者无明显差异（ Ｐ＞０． ０５）;翼管前口宽度 ２．００ｍｍ（０．８０～４．００ｍｍ）,后口宽度１．４０ｍｍ（０．５０～２．８０ｍｍ）;８５％翼管向前内走向,两侧翼管前部距离２５ｍｍ（１７～３１ｍｍ）,后部距离２７ｍｍ（１９～３５ｍｍ）;翼管与蝶窦下壁前后的距离分别为２．４ｍｍ和３．０ｍｍ,以上三组数值均有显著差异（ Ｐ＜ ０． ０５）,但男女之间无明显差异（ Ｐ＞０． ０５）。正常成人翼管与鼻窦关系：位于有完整分隔的蝶窦下５５％,蝶窦内３１％,不对称分隔或无分隔下８％,上壁缺如与蝶窦交通６％。病变累及翼管病理改变分三种类型：扩大１０例（１３．９％）;狭窄１７例（２３,６％）。消失４５例（９９．５％）。结论：ＨＲＣＴ能很好显示翼管骨性结构,准确认识翼管正常表现及与邻近结构关系,可以发现翼管早期病变并指导临床治疗。     

蝶窦外侧壁相关结构的CT和MRI对比研究

目的 :对正常人蝶窦外侧壁相关结构的CT和MRI进行对比研究 ,为该区域疾病诊断和鉴别诊断提供理论依据。方法 :对 2 5例正常人行冠状和水平位高分辨率CT扫描。对 2 0例正常人行MRI冠状、水平位SET1 WI和FSET2 WI扫描。结果 :①蝶窦气化分为蝶骨体气化类型和蝶骨体突起气化类型。前者分 3型 :甲介型 (2 % ) ,鞍前型 (2 0 % ) ,鞍型 (78% )。后者分 4型 :蝶骨小翼气化型 (38% ) ,蝶骨大翼气化型 (40 % ) ,翼突气化型(34% ) ,鞍背气化型 (6 % )。②蝶骨外侧骨壁最薄 (<1mm)处位于视神经管内壁 (96 % )、蝶筛隐窝层面骨壁(86 % )、颈内动脉管层面骨壁 (6 6 % )。③过度气化的蝶窦可使圆孔 (6 4 % )和翼管 (44 % )突入蝶窦腔内。结论 :临床应对视神经管周围不同气化类型给予充分重视     

Surgical anatomy of the sphenoid sinus--relationship to the internal carotid artery]

HRCT images in axial sections obtained from various otologic lesions were used for morphological studies of the sphenoid sinus. 412 cases including 224 males and 188 females, with an average age of 47.5 years were included in the study. None of the cases showed any evidence of sinus lesions. The internal carotid artery, at its close connection with the sphenoid sinus, was classified into five portions: I, the second turn; II, between the second and third turns; III, the third turn, IV, between the third and fourth turns, and V, ascending portion of the fourth turn. Protrusion into the sphenoid sinus was seen at I in 30.4% of the cases, at II in 39.8%, at III in 34.3%, at IV in 22.3%, and at V in 11.2%. The second turn, where the internal carotid artery emerges from the carotid canal in the petrous bone and turns upward into the cavernous sinus, showed the highest incidence of the carotid eminence. The incidence of protrusion increases as the sinus grows larger. The average distance between the natural orifice and the carotid canal was 19.3mm on the right and 18.9mm on the left. The distance between the posterior end of the nasal septum and the natural orifice was, on average, 3.6mm on the right and 3.6mm on the left.     

Analysis of sphenoid sinus in the operative plane of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery using computed tomography

Recently, the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for sphenoid sinus or intracranial lesion has gained more popularity and the study of the surgical anatomy and relationships of the sphenoid sinus has gained increased significance. The aim of this study was to clarify the anatomical features of the sphenoid sinus including surrounding structures as seen in the operative view of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. The various distances in the sphenoid sinus as well as the relationships between the sphenoid sinus ostium (SO) and important structures such as the optic canal (OC) and carotid artery (CA) according to the presence of Onodi cell (sphenoethmoidal cell; Onodi group vs. non-Onodi group) were assessed using multiplanar and three-dimensional model of CT scans in 100 patients. The SO was more inferior in Onodi group and located superior to the lowest point of the sella. The horizontal distance from the SO to sella was approximately 13 or 14 mm depending on the existence of Onodi cells. Regardless of Onodi cell, the whole course of the OC in the sinus ran superolaterally to inferomedially in the endoscopic view. However, Onodi cell made the angles from the SO to OC larger. In Onodi group, the CA was located from the SO in a superolateral direction, but in non-Onodi group, the CA was located from the SO in the inferolateral direction. This study provides anatomical information about the sphenoid sinus, with important surgical distances between the SO and surrounding structures measured, which is essential to avoid complications during transsphenoidal surgery.     

CT anatomic measurement of the optic canal and its clinical significance]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the normal anatomy of the optic canal and its clinical significance. METHODS: The optic canals of 200 normal subjects were examined by thin layer CT scan in axial nd coronal positions. The distance and anatomic relationship with circumferentral structure were measured. RESULTS: In average: (1) The transverse diameter of the optic canal was (3.57 +/- 0.61) mm, the longitudinal diameter was (4.82 +/- 0.38) mm, the length of the inner wall was (12.62 +/- 2.59) mm, the length of the outer wall was (10.18 +/- 2.19) mm, and the length of the optic canal was (11.46 +/- 2.35) mm. The angle between optic canal and the middle line of the skull was 34.34 degrees +/- 6.48 degrees, the angle between optic canal and the intraorbital optic was 10.69 degrees +/- 6.48 degrees. The thickness of the inner wall was (0.68 +/- 0.46) mm. It showed no significant difference between the two sides of the optic canal in diameters(P > 0.05). (2) The optic canal, the superior orbital fissure and the inferior orbital fissure were respectively shown as track, crack and gorge type in CT axial pictures, while in the coronal pictures, they were respectively shown as butterfly eyes, horizontal fissure and vertical fissure type. (3) The relationship of the posterior ethmoid sinus and the optic canal was: anterocanal(42.00%), semicanal(27.5%), whole-canal(18.75%), sella turcica(9.75%) and circumcanal(2.00%). (4) The relationship of the position of the sphenoidal sinus and the optic canal was: I degree sphenoidal sinus(20%), II degree (63%) and III degree (17%). (5) The incidence of the bony defect of the inner optic canal wall was 25.5%. The range of the defect was (5.07 +/- 2.52) mm. CONCLUSION: It's a reliable way to show the relation of the optic canal and circumcanal by CT, and it is of important value in operation.     

嗅相关神经的临床解剖学观测

目的:了解嗅神经的正常走行及其与视神经、鼻窦之间的关系,为临床开展相关手术提供解剖学资 料,并为预防鼻窦手术中嗅神经损伤提供解剖学依据。方法:在16例32侧成人尸头上对嗅神经、嗅束、嗅球进行 解剖测量,并观察其与视神经、鼻窦之间的关系。结果:嗅束的长度为(29.32±2.11)mm,中点处宽度为(3.36± 0.83)mm,嗅束中点内侧距前颅底中线垂直距离为(5.48±1.02)mm,嗅束与矢状线之间夹角为(21.32±3.28)°, 嗅球长度为(10.43±2.35)mm,宽度为(5.12±0.62)mm;84.4%(27/32)的嗅束后端与蝶窦、前中部与筛窦顶相 邻,9.4%(3/32)嗅束仅与筛窦顶相邻,6.3%(2/32)嗅束与额窦顶相邻,所有嗅束都在视神经管内口处与视神经 交叉向前内行走,嗅球前缘与筛泡前缘基本在同一水平。结论:嗅束基本都在眶内侧颅底行走,鼻内手术时应注 意不要损伤鼻窦顶部,术中可以筛泡来定位嗅球位置,结合嗅束与矢状线之间夹角可以大致给嗅束定位,对于防 止手术损伤嗅神经具有一定意义。行前颅底手术上抬大脑额叶时应注意防止拉断嗅丝。