三种手术方法治疗脑血管意外后偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折的比较

目的 比较空心钉内同定、双动人工股骨头置换和人工全髋关节置换术对偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折的治疗效果.方法 2002年9月至2007年2月间收治脑血管意外偏瘫后股骨颈骨折患者共67例,回顾性分析患者的一般资料、伤前状况、骨折与偏瘫侧的父系、骨折距离腩血管意外发生的时间等.对其中偏瘫侧骨折的65例患者分别进行闭合复位空心螺钉内固定(11例)、双动人工股骨头置换(37例)和人工全髋关节置换术(17例).比较三种治疗方法在手术时间、出血量、下地行走时间、住院时间、围手术期并发症等方面的差异,观察早期并发症的发生以及随访期内死亡病例的情况. 结果本组患者中97.0%(65/67)的股骨颈骨折发生在偏瘫侧;所有患者伤前均能行走;除1例外,致伤原因均为跌倒摔伤;骨折距离脑血管意外发生的时间平均为1年3个月.三组的手术时间(F=45.952,P=0.000)、出血量(F=47.795,P=0.000)和下地时间(F=331.922.P:0.000)间差异均有统计学意义.与人工股骨头置换和全髋关节置换组相比,内固定组的手术时间短、手术出血量低、下地行走时间长,差异均有统汁学意义(P<0.05).人工股骨头置换组的手术时间短于全髋关节置换组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但下地时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).三组的住院时间(F=0.217,P=0.806)和围于术期并发症的发生率(χ<'2>=2.090,P=0.352)差异无统计学意义.术后平均随访2年2个月(6个月～4年5个月),无严重早期并发症发生,随访期内9例患者死亡.结论 脑血管意外后股骨颈骨折多发生于能够行走的偏瘫患者的偏瘫侧,致伤原凶主要是跌倒摔伤.闭合复位内同定、人工股骨头置换和全髋火节胃换术对偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折的治疗各有其优势,应根据骨折类型和患者具体情况进行个体化治疗.     

老年人工髋关节置换临床分析

目的了解评价人工股骨头置换与全髋关节置换术治疗股骨颈骨折的价值和选择。方法从1999-2004年住院治疗的股骨颈骨折病例中，选择年龄、性别、随访时间相仿的人工股骨头置换患者52例，全髋关节置换患者31例，试行回顾性分析。结果发现两种术式的住院时间相仿，早期并发症均较低；人工股骨头置换远、中期并发症如疼痛、松动发生率较高，有的需翻修；全髋关节置换，创伤大，疼痛、松动相对较少，随访优良率较高，翻修无。结论人工关节置换术适合70岁以上高龄并伴全身情况较差的患者，全髋关节置换术适合60～70岁有移位的头下或颈中型骨折。     

人工股骨头置换与全髋关节置换术治疗股骨颈骨折

目的了解、评价人工股骨头置换与全髋关节置换术治疗股骨颈骨折的价值和选择。方法从１９９０年１月～１９９６年１２月住院治疗的股骨颈骨折病例中,选择年龄、性别、随访时间均相仿的人工股骨头置换术患者５４例,全髋置换术患者６０例,进行回顾性分析。结果发现两种术式的住院时间相仿,早期并发症均较低;人工股骨头置换组的中、远期并发症、再手术率较高,全髋置换组手术创伤。假体费用较大,随访功能优良率较高。结论全髋置换术适合于５５岁以上、有移位的头下型患者,人工股骨头置换术适合高龄或全身情况较差者。     

高龄股骨颈骨折患者的手术治疗分析

目的评价70岁以上高龄股骨颈骨折患者AO中空加压螺钉内固定和人工股骨头置换的治疗效果。方法对54例70岁以上高龄股骨颈骨折患者分别进行AO中空加压螺钉内固定和人工股骨头置换治疗,其中AO中空加压螺钉内固定20例、人工股骨头置换治疗34例,术后平均随访时间2.8年,分别比较两组麻醉时间、手术时间、出血量、术后引流量、术后并发症和Harris评分。结果人工股骨头置换组术后优良率76.5%显著高于内固定术组65.0%(P<0.05),术后并发症少、关节功能好。内固定组麻醉时间短,出血量、术后引流量均少于人工股骨头置换组(均P<0.05)。结论高龄股骨颈骨折的术式选择应结合患者的年龄、骨折类型、全身状况等综合考虑,70岁以上老年股骨颈骨折患者应优先选择人工股骨头置换术。     

双动人工股骨头与全髋关节置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较双动人工股骨头置换与全髋关节置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折的疗效，明确双动人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折的优越性。方法 对1996年1月-2000年1月采用人工髋关节置换治疗的高龄股骨颈骨折87例进行回顾性分析，其中双动人工股骨头置换(FHR)56例，平均随访4年1个月，全髋关节置换(THR)31例，平均随访4年3个月。结果 FHR组术中出血量明显少于THR组，手术时间明显短于THR组，术后早期并发症的发生率明显少于THR组，且两组Harris功能评分无明显差异。结论 高龄股骨颈骨折采用双动人工股骨头置换的手术安全性高，术后并发症少，关节功能好，疗效满意，应优先选用。     

全髋关节置换与人工股骨头置换术治疗老年不稳定股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨全髋关节置换与人工股骨头置换术治疗老年不稳定股骨颈骨折对患者髋关节功能恢复及术后并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析自2013-04—2015-04诊治的110例老年不稳定股骨颈骨折,55例采用全髋关节置换术治疗(全髋置换组),55例采用人工股骨头置换术治疗(股骨头置换组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量及住院总时间,术后12、24个月髋关节功能Harris评分,以及随访期间并发症情况。结果 110例均获得至少2年随访。股骨头置换组手术时间、术中出血量及术后引流量明显少于全髋置换组,而全髋置换组术后24个月髋关节功能Harris评分优于股骨头置换组,术后并发症发生率低于股骨头置换组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组住院总时间、术后12个月髋关节功能Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论全髋关节置换与人工股骨头置换术治疗老年不稳定股骨颈骨折临床应用广泛,人工股骨头置换术具有创伤小、操作简便的优点,而全髋关节置换术能更有效维持患者远期良好的髋关节功能,并降低术后远期并发症发生的风险。     

全髋关节和人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折的比较

目的比较全髋关节置换及人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法将56例老年股骨颈骨折患者随机分为A、B两组,分别行全髋关节置换和人工股骨头置换术。分别记录手术时间、术中出血量、并发症。结果 A组的手术时间、术中出血量高于B组,A、B组术后Harris评分均较术前有明显改善,随访3年时A组Harris评分优于B组。结论髋关节置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折可达到较满意的效果,全髋关节置换远期效果优于人工股骨头置换。     

老年新鲜移位股骨颈骨折的手术治疗分析

[目的]探讨内固定、人工股骨头置换和全髋置换在治疗老年人移位性股骨颈骨折中的价值.[方法]对2003年6月-2008年5月收治的95例65岁以上新鲜移位性股骨颈骨折患者进行随访研究,比较闭合复位内固定、人工股骨头置换和全髋置换术在手术时间、出血量、住院时间、术后1年和3年的功能评价、并发症以及二次手术率方面的差异.[结果]随访时间12～36个月,平均26个月.闭合复位内固定组的手术时间、失血量、住院时间均为最低(P<0.05),但卧床时间最长,并发症和手术翻修率最高,术后3年随访功能最差.全髋置换术卧床时间短,并发症和手术翻修率低,术后髋关节功能最好,但手术创伤较大,对患者身体一般状况要求较高.人工股骨头置换的手术创伤比全髋置换稍小,但并发症发生率、手术翻修率较高,术后功能比全髋置换差.[结论]关节置换是治疗老年移位性股骨颈骨折的有效手术方法.     

人工髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨颈骨折

目的探讨人工双极股骨头置换和人工全髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法对149例高龄(平均81.2岁)股骨颈骨折行人工髋关节置换手术,其中人工双极股骨头置换术101例,人工全髋关节置换术48例。结果 133例获随访8～62个月,平均38个月,人工双极股骨头置换组Harris评分>80分者95例,占94.1%;人工全髋关节置换组Harris评分>80分者46例,占95.8%。结论在积极有效治疗内科并发症、严格麻醉监护和规范手术操作的前提下,人工髋关节置换术是治疗高龄股骨颈骨折的首选方法。     

人工髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折

目的探讨人工髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法对124例老年股骨颈骨折采用人工髋关节置换术治疗,随访观察术后治疗效果并根据Harris评分进行疗效评定。结果本组随访18～72个月,平均34个月。全髋关节置换术后假体松动翻修1例,人工股骨头置换术后髋部轻度酸痛22例。全髋关节置换组Harris评分优良率为94.3%,人工股骨头置换组Harris评分优良率为89.9%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年股骨颈骨折行人工髋关节置换能早期进行功能锻炼及下床行走,减少并发症的发生,髋关节功能恢复好,可明显提高患者生活质量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.