珠海市青少年吸烟行为现况及影响因素分析

目的 了解珠海市青少年吸烟行为及其影响因素，为制定有效的控烟措施提供科学依据。方法 采取多阶段分层整群抽样法、应用世界卫生组织（WHO）／中国卫生部提供的《全球青少年烟草调查中国问卷》，对珠海市25所中学初二至高一年级的学生2480名进行问卷调查。结果 尝试过吸烟（包括只吸1口）的学生占29．4％，其中男生为42．0％，女生为14．6％，差异有显著性；第一次吸烟时年龄小于12岁的学生占49．7％；吸烟的学生中62．9％的香烟来自于商店或烟摊，84．9％的学生能从商店或烟摊买到香烟；父母都吸烟或其中一人吸烟的高达65．5％，父母吸烟的子女吸烟的比例明显高于父母不吸烟的子女，差异有显著性（X^2=21．576，P〈0．01）；44．5％的学生认为学校没有组织过控烟活动；96．2％的学生对吸烟有害健康有正确的认识，但呈现出知识、信念、行为的分离。结论 珠海市青少年尝试吸烟现象较为普遍，父母吸烟对子女吸烟行为产生严重影响。应在家庭、学校、社区形成良好的控烟支持环境。     

用logistic回归方法分析珠海市青少年吸烟行为的影响因素

目的：了解珠海市青少年吸烟行为的影响因素，为制定有效的控烟措施提供科学依据。方法：采取多阶段分层整群抽样法。采用世界卫生组织（WHO）／中国卫生部提供的“全球青少年烟草调查（Global Youth Tobacco Survey，GYTS）中国问卷”，对全市25所中学，初二至高一的47个班，2480名学生进行问卷调查。结果：青少年尝试吸烟率为29．4％（包括只吸一口）。经非条件logistic逐步回归分析，父母亲中有人吸烟的、同伴好友中有人吸烟的、看到教师吸烟的青少年，其吸烟行为发生的危险性分别是其他青少年的1．35倍。2．911倍和1．320倍。其中同伴好友吸烟是影响青少年吸烟行为的最显著因子。结论：珠海市青少年尝试吸烟现象较为普遍，同伴好友、父母吸烟对青少年吸烟行为产生严重影响，应在家庭、学校、社区开展创建无烟家庭、无烟学校活动。加强青少年控烟能力的建设。在全社会形成良好的控烟青少年吸烟的支持性环境。     

郸城县青少年吸烟行为状况分析

目的了解郸城县青少年吸烟行为及其影响因素,为制定有效地控烟措施提供科学依据。方法 采取分层整群抽样法,应用中国青少年健康相关行为调查组编制的《中国青少年健康相关行为调查问卷(初中)》,对郸城县6所初中18个班1 250名进行问卷调查。结果 尝试过吸烟(包括只吸一口)的学生占24.1%,其中男生为36.2%,女生为10.3%;农村为33.2%,县直为22.3%,差异有统计学意义。第一次吸烟时年龄小于13岁的学生占17.5%;吸烟的学生中29.2%的香烟来自于商店或者烟摊,68.0%的学生能从商店或烟摊买到香烟;在过去7天里,45.6%学生在同一房间或同一交通工具里属二手烟暴露,其中男生为26.1%,女生为19.5%;农村学生为52.5%,县直学生44.2%,差异有统计学意义。结论郸城县青少年尝试吸烟现象比较普遍,使用烟草情况依然严峻,商店向未成年人售烟普遍存在,学生二手烟暴露严重。     

北京市顺义区初中生吸烟行为和烟草知识与大众传媒关系的多因素分析

目的了解北京市顺义区初中生吸烟行为、烟草相关知识与大众传媒之间的关系,为今后有效开展青少年控烟工作提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,使用全球青少年烟草流行调查问卷对顺义区3所初中学校1528名学生进行匿名问卷调查。结果收回有效问卷1520份,吸烟率为10．9％,其中男生为17．1％,女生为5．0％,差异有统计学意义（χ2=58．143,P〈0．01）;从大众传播媒介中或社交活动等场合获得过控烟信息是初中生吸烟行为的保护因素（OR=0．946和0．830）;从大众传媒中看到或听到过烟草名称、广告、促销、以及看到有人吸烟的电影／视频等是吸烟的危险因素（OR为1．029—2．140）。结论大众传媒对初中生吸烟行为和烟草知识有重要影响,应建立青少年控烟的综合体系。     

南昌市高中学生吸烟现状及相关因素

目的 了解在校高中生吸烟现状、影响因素及对控烟态度,为更有效地在青少年中开展控烟提供依据。方法 现况调查。结果 总吸烟率为８．１４％,其中男生吸烟率（１１．９０％）高于女生（２．３５％）;职高学生吸烟率最高（１３．８８％）。与吸烟有关的主要因素为好奇和社交需要等;家庭经济收入、父母职业与化程度;主课教师吸烟、父母吸烟或母亲吸烟与学生吸烟关系尤为显;对控烟行动有６０％￣８５％持积极态度。结论 高     

上海市青少年控烟态度状况及相关因素分析

目的了解上海市青少年控烟态度状况及相关因素。方法采用分层随机抽样方法在上海市19个区县抽取辖区内初中、高中、中等职业学校各1所，每所学校随机抽取164名学生进行控烟态度问卷调查，共调查9347人。结果收回有效问卷9239份，有效率为98．8％。学生吸烟率为19．5％，现在吸烟率为2．5％，尝试吸烟率为17．0％。学生普遍不支持“年轻女性吸烟”（88．2％）和“父母可以吸烟”（80．6％）；对”教育学生停止吸烟是教师的责任”（83．0％）和“教师做不吸烟的榜样”（82．5％）普遍认同；支持“在香烟盒上印警语”（80．4％）、“公共场所禁烟”（81．0％）和“禁止向未成年人出售烟草制品”（84．0％）的比例较高。职校学生控烟正确态度持有率低于初中和高中学生，女生正确态度持有率高于男生；吸烟学生正确态度持有率明显低于尝试吸烟和不吸烟的学生。结论上海市青少年对于吸烟行为的态度仍存在不少误区，应开展有针对性的、多元化的健康教育工作，健康教育的重点人群是男生、职校学生和吸烟学生。     

北京市顺义区中学生吸烟相关行为流行现状

目的了解北京市顺义区中学生吸烟相关行为流行现状,为开展中学生控烟干预提供依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,随机抽取初中生904名,高中生1026名进行问卷调查。结果中学生现在吸烟率为8．1％,男生（13．8％）高于女生（2．9％）（P〈0．01）;高中生（9．5％）高于初中生（6．5％）（P〈0．05）。尝试吸烟率为27．0％,男生（35．1％）高于女生（19．6％）（P〈0．01）;高中生（33．1％）高于初中生（20．1％）（P〈0．05）。从商店或小商贩处购买是学生获得香烟的的最主要途径。结论顺义区中学生现在吸烟率略低于北京市平均水平,但尝试吸烟率高于北京市平均水平,而且呈现年轻化趋势。因此应重视中学生的吸烟行为,尽早采取科学合理的措施预防中学生吸烟,同时加强行业管理,切实做到不向未成年人出售香烟。     

广东省城市学生吸烟与被动吸烟现状及吸烟危害认知调查

目的了解城市青少年吸烟与被动吸烟状况及吸烟相关认知状况，了解学校控烟措施开展情况，为进一步开展针对性的控烟工作提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法，在广州市、江门市抽取大学、中学、小学各1所，各调查100名学生，在增城市抽取中学、小学各1所，各调查100名学生，采用中国疾病预防控制中心控烟办公室统一设计的《学生被动吸烟调查问卷》对学生吸烟、被动吸烟情况、吸烟相关知识等进行调查。结果共调查学生800人，其中男生474人，女生326人。学生现在吸烟率为6．3％，男生为8．4％，女生为3．1％，大、中、小学生分别为8．0％、7．3％、4．0％。学生在家里和家外遭受被动吸烟的比例分别为32．4％和36．1％。学生中父母、朋友、老师吸烟，学生自身尝试吸烟率较高。学生对吸烟与被动吸烟损害健康的知晓率分别为95．9％和91．1％。小学生控烟相关教育开展较好，大学校园内控烟宣传栏和组织控烟为主题的活动较少。结论青少年吸烟和被动吸烟情况较为严重，要通过大力开展学校控烟健康教育工作，提供控烟与戒烟相关服务与资讯，来预防青少年吸烟和减少二手烟的危害。     

青少年吸烟行为影响因素和干预对策

对青少年吸烟行为的影响因素和干扰措施进行了讨论。重点介绍了父母、同伴、大众传媒及香烟可及性等因素对青少年吸烟行为的影响，以及各种形式的干预措施的控烟效果，如：学校控烟项目、社区控烟项目和综合控烟措施等。     

我国青少年被动吸烟现状及其影响因素分析

目的了解我国青少年被动吸烟现状及影响因素，为今后开展青少年控烟工作提供依据。方法在全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆生产建设兵团共32个项目地区对大、中、小学生进行问卷调查，每个地区调查800人，收集青少年人群吸烟及被动吸烟情况、烟草危害知识知晓率等相关信息。结果青少年尝试吸烟率为23．1％，吸烟率为6．3％，被动吸烟率为57．5％。不吸烟的青少年中，94．9％知道吸烟危害健康，88．8％了解被动吸烟有害，53．7％支持在公共场所禁烟。56．5％的青少年表示学校从来没有开展过讨论烟草和健康问题的活动。多因素Logistic回归分析显示8～12岁的青少年相对而言不容易被动吸烟，而父母及好朋友吸烟、看见过老师在学校吸烟、允许别人在自己面前吸烟以及学校没有组织过控烟主题活动的青少年更倾向遭受被动吸烟的危害。结论我国青少年被动吸烟形势严峻，青少年烟草危害的健康教育存在很大的不足。     

Reducing underage cigarette sales in an isolated community: the effect on adolescent cigarette supplies

OBJECTIVE: The current study explored the practicality of preventing underage retail cigarette sales and the relationship to cigarette supplies among adolescents. METHOD: In Fort Morgan, Colorado, an isolated rural community with below-average socioeconomic status and a large Latino population, supervised teenaged employees repeatedly attempted to buy cigarettes from every store over a 9-month period in 2005. Repeated violations were penalized. Cigarette acquisition and exchange among community adolescents were assessed before and after intervention using a high school student survey. RESULTS: The measured violation rate declined from 47% in the first week to 3.4% during the final three months, and high school student reliance on retail cigarette purchases declined. Adolescent cigarette supplies declined by approximately 15%. CONCLUSION: Isolated rural communities can reduce adolescent cigarette supplies by conducting consistent enforcement against retail cigarette sales to minors. Previous research suggests that reducing these sales may help reduce adolescent smoking. The current study demonstrates that enforcement is practical and effective.     

Middle school students' sources of acquiring cigarettes and requests for proof of age.

OBJECTIVES: To identify where and how middle school students acquire cigarettes and to describe factors associated with being asked for identification during their purchase. METHODS: A modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to 2227 sixth- through eighth-grade students attending 53 randomly selected middle schools in North Carolina in 1995. Data were analyzed with Chi-square tests, Cramer V, Kruskal-Wallis nalysis of variance, and multiple logistic regression using the likelihood ratio approach. RESULTS: Of the students who had smoked during the previous 30 days, 497 (22.8%) were the focus of the analyses. Fifty-eight percent of current smokers were male and 69% were white. The most frequent source of cigarettes was borrowing (32.1%). Only 16.9% of the students had purchased cigarettes from a store, and 3.9% had purchased cigarettes from a vending machine. Females were more likely (p < .006) than males to borrow or to have someone else buy cigarettes for them. Males were more likely (p < .006) than females to buy cigarettes from a store or vending machine or to steal them. Students who purchased cigarettes from a store or vending machine were more likely (p < .032) than other smokers to be 21 year older than expected for their school grade. Among the 197 students who had purchased cigarettes during the previous 30 days, only 14.2% had been asked for proof of age. Students who acquired cigarettes from a store were more likely than students who acquired them by other means not to have been asked for proof of age; while having been asked for proof of age was associated with acquiring cigarettes by other means (V = .44, p < .0001). Having been asked for proof of age was associated with earlier age of onset of smoking (V = .34, p < .0001), greater number of smoking days, and number of cigarettes smoked per day (V = .35, p < .0001). When analyzed with multiple logistic regression, only earlier age of onset of smoking remained a significant correlate of not having been asked for proof of age. CONCLUSION: In North Carolina, it was easy for young adolescents to purchase cigarettes illegally, especially for more experienced smokers. However, being asked for proof of age forced these youth to acquire cigarettes using other methods, and this was associated with less smoking. Prevention efforts should include enforcing existing laws requiring youth to provide proof of age when attempting to buy cigarettes.     

广州市越秀区中学生对吸烟行为的认知和态度

目的 了解广州市中学生的吸烟情况和对吸烟行为的认知和态度。方法 用集中调查对象独立填写调查表的方法,对广州市越秀区中学生1260人进行了抽样调查。结果 19．3％的中学生至少吸过一口烟,且吸烟率随着年龄的增长而上升。通常得到香烟的途径是朋友给和自己用零用钱买。5．5％的人认为吸烟有好处,主要是能解除疲劳和调解情绪;94．5％的人承认吸烟有害,主要是污染环境和浪费金钱。他们吸烟的行为除受年龄的影响外,还受家庭、朋友以及自己对吸烟行为的认知和态度的影响。结论 采取综合性措施,使学生充分认识到吸烟的长期和短期危害,可有效地控制中学生的吸烟行为。     

Cigarette smoking and its risk factors among elementary school students in Beijing.

OBJECTIVES. This study investigated patterns of and risk factors for smoking among elementary school children in Beijing, China. METHODS. In 1988, anonymous questionnaires were administered to a multistage stratified cluster sample of 16996 students, aged mostly 10 to 12, in 479 fourth- to sixth-grade classes from 122 Beijing elementary schools. RESULTS. Approximately 28% of boys and 3% of girls had smoked cigarettes. The most frequently cited reasons for smoking initiation were "to imitate others'' behavior" and "to see what it was like." Girls were more likely to get cigarettes from home than to purchase their own. Having close friends who smoked and being encouraged by close friends to smoke were strong risk factors for smoking. Smoking was also associated with lower parental socioeconomic status; having parents, siblings, or teachers who smoked; buying cigarettes for parents; performing poorly in school; and not believing that smoking is harmful to health. CONCLUSIONS. Gender differences in smoking prevalence among adolescents in China are larger than those among US teenagers, whereas the proximal risk factors for smoking are similar. Major efforts are needed to monitor and prevent smoking initiation among Chinese adolescents, particularly girls.     

Reducing underage cigarette sales in an isolated community: The effect on adolescent cigarette supplies

Objective.The current study explored the practicality of preventing underage retail cigarette sales and the relationship to cigarette supplies among adolescents.Method.In Fort Morgan, Colorado, an isolated rural community with below-average socioeconomic status and a large Latino population, supervised teenaged employees repeatedly attempted to buy cigarettes from every store over a 9-month period in 2005. Repeated violations were penalized. Cigarette acquisition and exchange among community adolescents were assessed before and after intervention using a high school student survey.Results.The measured violation rate declined from 47% in the first week to 3.4% during the final three months, and high school student reliance on retail cigarette purchases declined. Adolescent cigarette supplies declined by approximately 15%.Conclusion.Isolated rural communities can reduce adolescent cigarette supplies by conducting consistent enforcement against retail cigarette sales to minors. Previous research suggests that reducing these sales may help reduce adolescent smoking. The current study demonstrates that enforcement is practical and effective.     

Exposure of Japanese school children to smoking-related environmental factors

Japan has no legal restrictions on cigarette advertising and vending machines. This lack of smoking control measures is a possible contributor to smoking initiation by adolescents. This study was conducted to provide primary data on environmental factors related to smoking, such as cigarette advertising and candy cigarettes, that influence elementary school children in Japan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a self-administered questionnaire at two elementary schools in Kitakyushu City, Japan in 1995. Questionnaire sheets were anonymously filled out by 282 elementary school children at school. The effective response rate was 91.5% (128 boys and 130 girls). Over 90% of respondents had seen cigarette advertising on TV, candy cigarettes and cigarette vending machines. Over 75% had at least one smoker in their family. Fewer female children expressed an intent to smoke in the future despite the fact that there were no significant sex differences in smoking-related experiences. Children were higher exposed to cigarette advertising on TV, candy cigarettes, vending machines and family members' smoking. Control of such smoking-related factors in the environment would be crucial to keeping children from initiating smoking behavior.     

河南省濮阳市高中学生吸烟行为及相关因素分析

目的了解濮阳市高中生的吸烟行为及相关因素，为制定干预措施提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法，对濮阳市4所高中的1421名学生进行问卷调查。结果共调查1421名高中生，吸烟报告率为29．28％；男生吸烟报告率高于女生，13岁以下开始吸烟的学生占21．88％，13～18岁之间吸烟比例最大，占66．83％，随着年级的增加，吸烟率呈上升趋势；重点高中学生吸烟报告率低于普通高中；高中生吸烟与家庭环境、父母及同学朋友的吸烟行为、父母的文化程度等有关。30．19％的学生对吸烟持赞成态度，78．82％的学生认为学校里应该戒烟。结论高中生吸烟现象较普遍，应引起学校、家庭和社会的关注和重视，积极采取有效的干预措施控制吸烟。