西地那非对高原人体运动一氧化氮及其合酶的影响

目的探讨西地那非对高原人体运动一氧化氮(NO)及其合酶(NOS)的影响。方法在海拔3700m选择10名已习服半年的男性士兵,在海拔5380m选择10名已习服2个月的男性士兵,均采用服药前(对照组)后(实验组)的自身对比运动负荷双盲实验。运动结束检测血中NO及NOS的含量。结果海拔3700m和5380m负荷运动,实验组较对照组NO和NOS增高,有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)结论西地那非可明显改善高原机体运动抗氧化能力,对细胞功能恢复、内环境的稳定有重要作用。     

西地那非对高原人体耐缺氧抗疲劳有关生化指标的变化观察

目的 探讨西地那非对高原人体耐缺氧抗疲劳有关生化指标的影响. 方法 在海拔3700 m选择10名已习服半年的男性士兵,在海拔5380 m选择10名已习服2个月的男性士兵,均采用服药前(对照组)和服药后(试验组)的自身对比运动负荷试验.运动结束检测血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸(BLA)和尿素氮(BUN)的含量. 结果 海拔3700 m和5380 m负荷运动,试验组较对照组SOD增高,差异有非常显著性意义(t=5.07、6.05,P＜0.01);MDA、BLA和BUN降低,差异有显著性意义(t=2.23～9.20,P＜0.01或0.05). 结论 西地那非可增强高原运动机体抗氧化的能力,加速乳酸清除,具有抗疲劳耐缺氧的作用.     

富氧水对急进高原和高原人体运动血气的影响

目的探讨富氧水对急进高原和高原人体运动血气的影响。方法(1)在海拔3700m选择10名已习服半年的男性士兵,在海拔5380m选择10名已习服2个月的男性士兵,均采用口服富氧水前(对照组)后(试验组)的自身对比运动负荷双盲试验,试验组口服5%葡萄糖注射液制成的富氧水,对照组口服5%葡萄糖注射液,均每次500ml,2次/d。运动结束检测pH,PCO2,PO2,HCO3-,AaDO2及SaO2。(2)对首次进驻海拔5200m的36名男性青年,自海拔1400m驻地乘汽车2d到达海拔3700m当日随机分试验组(18人,口服富氧水)和对照组(18人,口服5%葡萄糖注射液),口服富氧水,方法同前。直至进入海拔5200m某哨卡第6天,共服9d,检测血气指标。结果(1)海拔3700m和5380m负荷运动,试验组较对照组pH,PaO2,HCO3-,SaO2增高,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或0.05),PaCO2,AaDO2降低,也有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)进驻海拔5200m的青年,试验组较对照组pH,PaO2,HCO3-,SaO2增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),PaCO2,AaDO2降低,也有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论富氧水可增加组织对氧的利用,有效提高机体血液中PaO2和SaO2,缓解高原缺氧症状。为预防急性高原病的发生,为高原供氧开辟一条新的途径。     

西地那非对高原人体运动血乳酸及自由基代谢的影响

目的：探讨西地那非对高原人体运动血乳酸及自由基代谢的影响。方法：在海拔3700 m选择10名已习服半年的男性士兵,在海拔5380 m选择10名已习服2个月的男性士兵,均采用服药前（对照组）后（实验组）的自身对比运动负荷双盲实验。运动结束检测血中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、乳酸（BLA）、尿素氮（BUN）、一氧化氮（NO）及其合酶（NOS）的含量。结果：海拔3700 m和5380 m负荷运动,实验组较对照组SOD、NO和NOS增高（P〈0.01）;MDA、BLA、BUN降低（P〈0.01或0.05）。结论：西地那非可提高高原人体作业效率,具有增强机体抗疲劳和抗氧化的能力。     

富氧水对高原人体运动血乳酸及尿素氮的影响

目的观察富氧水对高原人体力竭运动血乳酸及尿素氮的影响。方法在海拔3 700 m选择10名已习服半年的健康男性青年,在海拔5 380 m选择10名已习服2个月的健康男性青年,均采用口服富氧水前(对照组)后(实验组)的自身对比运动负荷双盲实验。实验组口服富氧水,对照组口服5%葡萄糖注射液,每次500 ml,2次/d,连续服用3 d。运动结束后检测血中乳酸(BLA)、尿素氮(BUN)在口服富氧水前后的变化。结果海拔3 700 m和5 380 m负荷运动,实验组较对照组BLA、BUN均降低,有显著性差异(P<0.01或0.05)。结论富氧水可增加组织对氧的利用,具有增强高原机体能量代谢和抗疲劳的作用。     

富氧水对高原人体耐缺氧抗疲劳作用机制的探讨

目的探讨富氧水对高原人体血液流变学的影响。方法(1)在海拔3 700 m选择10名已习服半年的男性士兵,在海拔5 380 m选择10名已习服2个月的男性士兵,均采用口服富氧水前后的自身对比运动负荷双盲实验。第一次运动口服5%葡萄糖注射液,第二次运动口服5%葡萄糖注射液制成的富氧水,每次均500 m l,2次/d。运动结束后检测血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA),乳酸(BLA),尿素氮(BUN),一氧化氮(NO)及其合酶(NOS)的含量。(2)对首次进驻海拔5 200 m的36名男性青年,自海拔1 400 m驻地乘汽车2 d到达海拔3 700 m当日随机分实验组(18人,口服富氧水)和对照组(18人,口服5%葡萄糖注射液),口服富氧水,方法同前。直至进入海拔5 200 m某哨卡第6天,共服9 d,检测血液生化指标。结果(1)海拔3 700 m和5 380 m负荷运动,口服富氧水后较未服富氧水时SOD,NO和NOS增高(P<0.01或0.05);MDA,BLA,BUN降低(P<0.01或0.05)。(2)进驻海拔5 200 m的青年,实验组较对照组NO增高(P<0.01);SOD,NOS也增高(P<0.05);MDA,BLA降低(P<0.01);BUN无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论富氧水可增加组织对氧的利用,具有耐缺氧、抗疲劳的作用,对预防急性高原病有重要意义。     

西地那非在高原的抗低氧效果观察

目的：观察西地那非在高原的抗低氧效果。方法：受试者为海拔3700m习服半年和海拔5380m习服2个月的男性士兵各10名,均采用口服同种胶囊的西地那非（西地那非组）和安慰剂（安慰剂组）进行自身对比踏阶负荷运动双盲实验。结果：海拔3700m西地那非组与安慰剂组比较,安静状态下SaO2显著增高（P〈0.05）,心率虽有降低,但无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;踏阶负荷运动后即刻心率显著降低,SaO2显著增高（P〈0.05）;台阶指数显著增高（P〈0.05）。海拔5380m西地那非组与安慰剂组比较,安静状态下和踏阶负荷运动后即刻心率均显著降低,SaO2均显著增高（P〈0.05）;台阶指数显著增高（P〈0.05）。结论：在高原口服西地那非可迅速改善低氧血症,增强运动能力。     

富氧水对高原人体运动自由基代谢的影响

目的:探讨富氧水对高原人体运动后自由基代谢的影响。方法:在海拔3700m选择10名已习服半年的健康男性青年,在海拔5380m选择10名已习服2个月的男性青年,均采用口服富氧水前(对照组)后(实验组)的自身对比运动负荷双盲实验。实验组口服富氧水,对照组口服5%葡萄糖注射液,每次500mL,一日2次,连续服用3天。运动结束后检测血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)及其合酶(NOS)在口服富氧水前后的变化。结果:海拔3700m和5380m负荷运动后,实验组SOD、NO和NOS增高,差别有非常显著性(P<0.01);MDA降低,差别有显著性(P<0.05或0.01)。结论:富氧水可增加体内氧含量,对低氧造成的自由基代谢失衡有调节作用。     

单兵高原增氧呼吸器在高原地区增氧效果的评价

目的:探讨单兵高原增氧呼吸器在高原现场的增氧效果。方法:5名从海拔3 700 m到5 380 m往返途中和10名在海拔5 380 m高原的受试者,佩戴单兵高原增氧呼吸器进行踏阶负荷运动试验,分别检测血氧饱和度(SaO2)、心率(HR)及台阶指数。结果:在往返海拔5 380m途中,5名在7处的不同海拔高度佩戴与不佩戴单兵高原增氧呼吸器时,SaO2分别为(82.17±8.93)%和(77.17±11.41)%,有显著性差异(P<0.05);HR分别为(86.74±17.33)次/min、(90.25±20.46)次/min,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在海拔5 380m高原,佩戴与不佩戴单兵高原增氧呼吸器时,踏阶运动台阶指数分别为(53.83±6.10)和(49.28±3.01),有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:单兵高原增氧呼吸器能有效地促进高原习服过程,提高和改善低氧条件下人体的劳动能力。     

海拔3700m富氧室对高原人体运动血气及心率的影响

目的：探讨在3700m高原建立富氧室对机体运动后血气及心率的影响。方法：对海拔3700m高原的10例健康青年在进入富氧室前、后分别进行功率自行车递增负荷运动，检测pH值、二氧化碳分压（PCO2）、氧分压（PO2）、肺泡、动脉氧分压（AaDO2)、血氧饱和度（SaO2)、心率及5min恢复心率；结果：富氧后较富氧前pH增高显著（P＜0．05）；PCO2、PO2、SaO2增高，即刻心率、AaDO2降低，差别有非常显著性（P＜0．01）；恢复心率无统计学差异（P＞0．05）；结论：富氧室能改善高原低氧人体气体交换和心脏工作效能，是一种较为理想的高原供氧途径。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）