清肝利肠方结肠透析对慢性乙型重型肝炎患者并发症的影响

目的:观察清肝利肠方结肠透析对慢性乙型重型肝炎肝肾综合征等并发症的影响。方法:前瞻性随机将91例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者分为治疗组45例,对照组46例,分别给予中西医结合治疗和单纯西药治疗4周,随访8周,观察两组患者治疗前后肝肾综合征等并发症情况。结果:两组患者治疗前后肝性脑病发生率无明显变化,两组无明显差异(P0.05);两组患者治疗后原发性腹膜炎发生率均有下降,治疗组治疗8周后原发性腹膜炎发生率26.7%(12/45)明显低于治疗前42.2%(19/45),有显著性差异(P=0.035),两组治疗后比较无明显差异(P0.05);两组患者治疗前后电解质紊乱发生率无明显变化,两组无明显差异(P0.05);治疗4周后治疗组患者肝肾综合征发生率2.2%(1/45)与对照组17.4%(8/46)比较,有显著性差异(P=0.016),8周后治疗组患者肝肾综合征发生率4.4%(2/45)与对照组15.2%(7/46)比较,无显著性差异(P=0.087);两组患者治疗后消化道出血发生率比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:清肝利肠方结肠透析在降低慢性乙型重型肝炎肝肾综合征并发症发生率方面有较好的疗效。     

“截断逆挽法”治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎临床疗效观察

目的:观察"截断逆挽法"治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎方案的有效性。方法:前瞻性随机将慢性乙型重型肝炎患者分为治疗组55例,对照组56例,分别给予中西医结合治疗和单纯西药治疗4周,随访8周,观察有效率、症状及主要化验指标的改善情况。结果:证候积分疗效:治疗组总有效率(40例,72.73%)高于对照组(30例,53.57%),两组比较差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。肝功能:①胆红素:两组患者治疗两周后TBil明显下降,其中治疗组两周后与治疗前比较,差异有显著性意义(P0.05);治疗组4周后与治疗前比较,差异有非常显著性意义(P0.01);对照组8周后与治疗前比较,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。②凝血功能:治疗组患者凝血酶原活动度(PTA)明显升高,治疗1周后PTA(43.6%)与治疗前(35.0%)比较,差异有非常显著性意义(P0.01);对照组患者PTA治疗前后无明显变化。综合疗效:治疗组有效率(37例,67.27%)高于对照组(30例,53.57%),两组比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05);治疗组病死率(5例,9.09%)低于对照组(13例,23.21%),两组比较差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:中西医结合疗法在降低病死率,改善症状、改善肝功能(退黄、提高凝血酶原活动度)等方面均优于单纯西药对照组,验证了"截断逆挽法"治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎方案的有效性。     

中西医结合治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎近期疗效评价方法探讨

目的通过Meld-Na评分观察中西医结合治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎疗效。方法将49例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者随机分为观察组33例及对照组16例,分别采用中西医结合疗法及和单纯西医疗法治疗。治疗前及治疗后第4周、第8周比较两组Meld-Na评分,评价短期疗效。结果不同预后患者入院时Meld-Na评分有显著差异（P〈0.05）;观察组有效率明显高于对照组,P〈0.05;治疗后4周及8周时Meld-Na评分比较显示,治疗组与对照组有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论 Meld-Na评分能较好预测慢性乙型重型肝炎患者的短期预后,中西医结合治疗对患者Meld-Na评分改善作用明显,能够有效提高短期疗效。     

解毒凉血法保留灌肠对慢性乙型重型肝炎患者血清内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子-α、血氨的影响

目的:观察解毒凉血法对慢性乙型重型肝炎患者内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、血氨(NH3)的影响,为中西医结合救治慢性乙型重型肝炎患者提供依据.方法:选择慢性乙型重型肝炎患者62例,随机分为治疗组32例,对照组30例,两组患者均给予综合治疗和血浆置换治疗,治疗组患者加用解毒凉血中药200ml保留灌肠,予对照组患者以同剂量生理盐水保留灌肠,5次/周,连续两周,分别检测血清总胆红素、凝血酶原活动度、内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子-α、血氨的水平.结果:治疗组患者治疗后血清内毒素、TNF-α水平有非常显著降低,与对照组治疗后比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01),且TNF-α活性与内毒素水平呈正相关(P<0.01),治疗组患者血清TBil、NH3治疗后下降明显,PTA上升,但与对照组比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05).结论:解毒凉血法对慢性重型肝炎有较好疗效,其机制可能与抑制患者血清内毒素、TNF-α水平有关.     

抗结核病史对乙型重型肝炎临床特点及预后影响

目的 探讨抗结核治疗病史对乙型重型肝炎临床特点及预后的影响.方法 通过对比有抗结核治疗病史的乙型重型肝炎85例患者与无抗结核病史的乙型重型肝炎123例患者,了解抗结核治疗病史对乙型重型肝炎的影响.结果 与无抗结核病史的乙型重型肝炎比较,有抗结核治疗病史的乙型重型肝炎死亡率高(P=0.0062),住院天数延长(P=0.04),并发症(脾大、腹水、肝硬化、自发性腹膜炎)发生频率较高(P＜0.05);凝血酶原时间、凝血酶原活动度、白蛋白、总胆红素、肌酐与无抗结核治疗病史的乙型重型肝炎比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 抗结核治疗病史可以显著影响乙型重型肝炎的临床表现及预后.     

血浆置换治疗慢性重型肝炎46例临床观察

目的:探讨血浆置换(PE)对慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效.方法:慢性重型肝炎患者82例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,对照组36例给于常规内科综合治疗,治疗组46例在内科综合治疗的基础上给予PE治疗,比较两组治疗前、后实验室指标及转归.结果:治疗组经PE治疗后患者ALT、TBIL、TCH、ALB、PTA明显改善,优于对照组(P＜0.01),治疗组早、中期有效率高于对照组(P＜0.05),晚期组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:PE可提高慢性重型肝炎的疗效,以早、中期最为适宜,是一种安全有效的方法.     

替比夫定治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的临床疗效观察

目的观察替比夫定治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的疗效。方法将43例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者随机分成观察组和对照组,在内科综合治疗的基础上,观察组口服替比夫定600 mg,1次/d;对照组口服拉米夫定100 mg,1次/d。疗程12周。观察两组治疗前后病毒载量、血清病毒标志物、生化指标和病死率的改变。结果治疗后12周观察组与对照组比较,血清HBV DNA水平明显下降,生化指标丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、总胆红素（TB IL）、白蛋白（ALB）、凝血酶原活动度（PTA）明显改善,HBV DNA阴转率、HBeAg血清学转换率明显升高,病死率明显降低,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。结论替比夫定治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎优于拉米夫定。     

慢性乙型重型肝炎与血清血小板活化因子的相关性

目的:探讨血小板活化因子变化在慢性乙型重型肝炎预后评估中的临床价值.方法:将49例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者分为好转组(n=26)和死亡组(n=23),另选择20例健康体检者作为对照组.重型肝炎患者均采用综合治疗.分别检测治疗前和治疗后血清内毒素和人血小板活化因子值,统计慢性乙型重型肝炎患者死亡率.结果:49例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者内毒素血症发生率为85.71%(42/49),死亡组和好转组血清内毒素浓度均高于正常对照组(均P<0.01);好转组治疗后血清ET浓度明显低于治疗前(P<0.01);死亡组和好转组的血清PAF含量均高于正常对照组(均P<0.01);好转组治疗后血清PAF浓度明显低于治疗前(P<0.01);发生内毒素血症的患者PAF浓度明显高于未发生内毒素血症的患者(P<0.05);经Logistic回归分析,TBIL、ET、PAF与慢性乙型重型肝炎患者预后成正相关(P<0.05或0.01,OR=0.799、0.040、2.007),PTA与慢性乙型重型肝炎患者预后成负相关(P<0.05,OR=0.015),其中以PAF与预后的关系最为密切.结论:血小板活化因子下降与肝功能改善、临床表现好转有密切关系,慢性乙型重型肝炎患者血小板活化因子含量可作为评价重型肝炎预后的指标之一.     

抗肝衰复方联合西药治疗重型肝炎临床疗效观察

目的：评价抗肝衰复方对急性、亚急性、慢性重型肝炎患者的临床治疗效果。方法：随机选择120例重型肝炎患者将其分为两组，对照组60例采用《病毒性肝炎防治方案》确定的常规西药治疗，治疗组60例在常规西医治疗基础上加用抗肝衰复方（药物口服和／或灌肠）治疗，100ml／次，1剂／d，14天为1个疗程，连用3—4个疗程。观察临床症状、体征变化，比较肝功能、乙肝病毒血清标志物及常规生化指标改善情况，研究抗肝衰复方对重型肝炎患者主要并发症的干预效果，统计治疗的有效率及存活率。结果：治疗组有效率71．7％。显效率为48．3％，对照组有效率为51．7％，显效率为20.2％，差异均有显著性意义（P〈0.05或P〈0．01）；治疗3个疗程后患者乏力、上腹不适、恶心、纳差、腹胀等临床症状及体征迅速缓解，血清总胆红素（TBil）、天门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、凝血酶原活动度（PTA）也明显改善，差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。而丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）与对照组比较也有下降，但差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。并发症在治疗3个疗程后均少于对照组，肝性脑病、肝肾综合征等并发症减少较对照组差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）；治疗3个疗程后HBVDNA、HBeAg定量滴度与对照组比较均有加速下降趋势，但差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论：抗肝衰复方有助于改善急性、亚急性、慢性重型肝炎患者的预后，是提高整体治疗重型肝炎疗效的有效措施之一。     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的疗效观察

目的观察拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择我院2002年4月至2004年8月所收治的慢性乙型重型肝炎患者66例,分治疗组39例,对照组27例,分别在不同时期给予拉米夫定治疗72周,观察其疗效与不良反应。结果治疗组疗效明显优于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎,能提高患者救治成功率,安全性好,及早使用疗效较好。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.