气管镜介入治疗支气管内膜结核方法的探讨

目的探讨支气管内膜结核（EBTB）的气管镜下治疗方法。方法分析136例支气管内膜结核的患者,在常规化疗及镜下注药基础上分别行低温冷冻、高压球囊扩张术及低温冷冻＋球囊扩张术治疗并观察疗效。结果136例中包括肉芽增殖型、瘢痕狭窄型、溃疡坏死型、炎症浸润型,其中显效81例,有效45例,无效10例,总有效率92．65％（126／136）。结论镜下注药、低温冷冻及高压球囊扩张术治疗支气管内膜结核的疗效确切,三种治疗方法均值得推广应用。     

结核后气道狭窄的非支架支气管镜下介入治疗方法

目的：随着人口流动及艾滋病患者的增加,结核患者也逐渐增多,活动性结核患者6.4%~40%会出现支气管结核,而超过90%的支气管结核患者会出现不同程度的气道狭窄。既往应用的手术及支架治疗方法各有利弊,并不适合所有患者。我中心采用非支架支气管镜下介入治疗方法(球囊扩张+冷冻+针形电刀+局部用药)治疗结核后气道狭窄,取得了满意的疗效。本文着重观察了新介入治疗方法治疗结核后气道狭窄的疗效及安全性。方法本研究纳入了24例结核后气道狭窄的患者,来自首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院呼吸科,时间从2012年1月至2014年4月。按病变类型分为2组,膜状环形狭窄3例,复杂型狭窄21例。在经过球囊扩张、冷冻和/或高频电刀治疗后,应用自制的导管在狭窄部位局部应用丝裂霉素或紫杉醇。主要评价指标为治疗的疗效、气道狭窄改善率、呼吸困难指数,并且观察了合并症的发生情况。结果根据我们的临床疗效判断标准,可供统计的24例患者中,16例治愈,6例有效,0例无效,2例失败,治愈率为66.7%,有效率为91.7%。不同类型的良性瘢痕性气道狭窄,其治疗疗效差异无统计学意义(P =0.267),并且未见到严重并发症的发生。结论对于结核后气道狭窄,非支架支气管镜下介入治疗方法可以取得很好的疗效,并且安全,在临床上值得推广。     

高压球囊扩张治疗儿童结核性气道狭窄1例并文献复习

<正>支气管结核多继发于肺结核,约90%以上的支气管结核患者有不同程度的气道狭窄,常导致肺不张、毁损肺等并发症,单纯药物治疗对瘢痕狭窄型支气管结核效果差[1]。支气管结核所致气管狭窄在儿童发病率高,随着支气管镜下治疗的发展,使那些需要手术治疗或无法治疗的结核性支气管狭窄,通过支气管镜下球囊扩张可获得良好的治疗效果[2]。我科成功应用支气管镜下球囊扩张治疗1例支气管结核性狭窄女童,效果良好,报告如下。     

电子支气管镜下新型高压球囊扩张治疗良性支气管狭窄疗效评价

目的回顾分析我科室2007年1月1日至2010年12月30住院和门诊收治的确诊支气管内膜结核引发支气管狭窄患者126例,通过支气管镜下新型高压球囊扩张治疗,随访观察评价疗效。方法支气管镜下应用美国强生公司生产的不同直径的用于血管扩张的高压球囊,扩张压力4—14aTm,一次扩张40min,定时气管镜观察126例应用支气管镜下新型高压球囊扩张治疗狭窄支气管开放愈合及相应肺叶复张情况,做结果分析。结果180个狭窄部位中76个支气管复张并良好愈合,相应肺叶重新复张,占42．2％;82例支气管复张且愈合良好,但肺不张部分改善,占45．6％;22例支气管重新狭窄,肺不张无改善,占12．2％。少量出血68例（54％;68／126）;稍重度撕裂伤6例,占4．8％（6／126）,两周后即再度愈合。未出现重度撕裂大咯血;未出现支气管壁受压坏死患者;少量出血者注入止血药后终止。结论支气管镜下新型高压球囊扩张治疗内膜结核引发的支气管狭窄效果良好,疗效显著,避免了大部分患者肺叶切除,部分患者肺不张好转或痊愈,部分患者支气管狭窄改善,但是肺叶不能复张,关键与患者就诊时机过晚,肺组织完全破坏相关,提示新型高压球囊扩张个值得广泛推广的治疗方法,应倡导尽早实施气管镜下治疗。     

探讨球囊导管扩张术在儿科呼吸介入中的应用

目的探讨球囊导管扩张术在儿科呼吸介入领域中的应用。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年9月在我科接受过球囊导管扩张术的病例资料。共12例,男8例,女4例,男女比为2∶1,年龄25 d至10岁,中位数为1.2岁。结果10例为瘢痕性狭窄病例,其中8例为声门下瘢痕性狭窄,另2例为支气管结核并发瘢痕性狭窄。治疗:9例用钬激光松解瘢痕、球囊导管扩张狭窄段、钳夹瘢痕及坏死组织、冻融肉芽组织等综合介入治疗,仅1例用单纯球囊导管扩张治疗。10例病例中部分缓解1例,占比10%,完全缓解8例,占比80%,1例尚在随访中;2例为支气管异物病例,应用球囊导管扩张后成功取出异物,治愈率100%。结论球囊导管扩张术作为呼吸介入手段的重要组成部分,对瘢痕性狭窄的病变有独特的优势,治疗效果好。在支气管异物取出的应用中,作为补充手段选择,能快速、完整地将异物取出。     

纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张术在治疗结核性气道瘢痕狭窄中的应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜介导下球囊扩张术在治疗结核性气道瘢痕狭窄中的应用价值。方法在局麻下,对11例结核性气管支气管患者的13处瘢痕狭窄部位实施球囊扩张术,每周1次,连续2～4次。X线胸片、CT扫描动态监测手术前后气道开放以及肺复张情况。于术前和最后一次球囊扩张后当天对狭窄气道直径、气促分数和第一秒用力呼吸容积（FEV₁）和用力肺活量（FVC）进行测定。结果11例患者平均接受球囊扩张治疗2.7次,扩张后支气管管径较前明显增大,症状显著缓解, X线胸片和CT扫描显示肺复张,即刻疗效达100％,远期90.9%。术后狭窄段支气管直径、气促评分、肺功能指标(FEV₁、FVC)均明显改善(P＜0.05)。结论球囊扩张术治疗结核性气管支气管瘢痕狭窄操作简便、安全,疗效显著,可作为临床首选治疗方法。     

球囊扩张、冷冻与氩气刀技术联合应用治疗支气管结核的有效性及安全性评价

目的 探讨球囊扩张、冷冻与氩气刀技术联合应用治疗支气管结核的有效性及安全性.方法 在无痛支气管镜条件下,首先用超细支气管镜观察支气管结核病变,且依据术前高分辨率CT三维重建影像学资料结合镜下观察结果予以正确分型.随后更换XT40型治疗支气管镜,严格根据狭窄部位选择与之相应型号的球囊扩张导管进行扩张,每周实施扩张、冷冻或氩气刀治疗术1次,平均1～4次;1次球囊扩张时间1～4 min不等,扩张压力保持在3～6个大气压,最高不超过8个大气压;冻融时间维持在0.5～3 min,氩气刀功率在25 W左右,时间少于5s.结果 35例患者术后完全有效18例,基本有效14例,完全无效3例,35例患者球囊扩张、冷冻或氩气刀治疗总有效率为91.4％.与上述三种介入治疗直接相关的严重不良反应发生如下:支气管撕裂伤致气胸1例,冻切致软式冷冻探头损坏1例,氩气刀治疗致气管内燃烧损坏气管镜1例,大出血3例,其严重不良反应发生率为17.1 ％(6/35),但无一例死亡发生.结论 针对各种临床类型或复杂支气管结核的气管镜下介入治疗,如何正确选择球囊扩张冷冻与氩气刀技术是至关重要的,尽管上述几种介入方法疗效确切,但亦应重视其安全性.     

高压球囊扩张术治疗结核性气管狭窄91例

近年来随着介入性肺脏病学技术的不断发展,经支气管镜高压球囊扩张术已成为治疗结核性气管和支气管瘢痕狭窄的有效方法之一[1-2].我们通过同顾性分析91例结核性气管瘢痕狭窄患者经高压球囊扩张治疗的临床资料,探讨高压球囊扩张治疗结核性气管狭窄的近期和远期疗效及安全性,并评价其临床应用价值.     

纤维支气管镜下高压球囊扩张术治疗结核性重度支气管狭窄

目的 探讨经支气管镜下高压球囊扩张术治疗重度支气管狭窄的临床疗效和安全性.方法 对28例结核性支气管重度狭患者实施高压球囊扩张气道成形术.分别于术前和最后一次球囊扩张术后,测定患者狭窄的气道直径、气促评分和第1秒钟最大呼气量（FEV1）.结果 28例患者分别接受高压球囊扩张术2～9次,平均（3.19±1.23）次/人.治疗前后,狭窄段气道直径明显扩大（P＜0.0l）,气促评分明显减低（P＜0.01）.术后FEV1较术前显著提高（P＜0.01）.近期疗效100％.随访18个月,远期疗效达92.9％.治疗过程中,有4例患者感轻微胸痛、2例痰中带血、发热1例.结论 经纤维支气管镜介导下高压球囊扩张气道成形术对重度结核性气道狭窄疗效显著,是l项安全和简便的治疗方法.     

冷冻及球囊扩张等多方式介入治疗结核性气管狭窄观察

目的观察经电子支气管镜冷冻及球囊扩张、微波介入治疗结核性支气管狭窄的临床疗效。方法对31例结核性气道狭窄病人选择性地实施烧灼、冷冻及高压球囊扩张气道成形术,分别于术前和最后一次治疗后当天对狭窄段气道直径、临床症状进行评估。结果 31例结核性气管狭窄病人根据气管狭窄情况选择合用微波及球襄扩张治疗7例,冷冻及球囊扩张6例,微波及冷冻治疗19例;所有病例均解除气道狭窄,窄段直径明显增大;5例病人在球襄扩张治疗中发生轻度胸痛,6例病人治疗当天少量痰血。未见其它严重并发症发生。结论根据气道狭窄情况经气管镜下选择性合用微波、冷冻及球囊扩张治疗结核性支气管狭窄疗效肯定,并发症少,值得临床广泛应用。     

球囊扩张治疗支气管结核40例临床分析

目的了解气管镜介导下球囊扩张对支气管结核导致的支气管狭窄甚至闭锁的疗效。方法分析应用球囊扩张的40例支气管结核的临床特点、治疗经过及疗效。结果支气管结核以年轻女性多见,左侧多见,多数病例经过1～3次扩张得以改善,6例疗效欠佳。并发症主要有出血和管壁撕裂。结论球囊扩张是支气管结核的一种有效的必要的治疗手段,正确应用可以明显的改善患者的生命质量。     

气道内结核病的微创治疗

目的探讨氩等离子体凝固术（APC）结合CO2冷冻治疗气道结核的疗效。方法15例气道结核患者中右侧支气管4例,主气管3例,左主支气管9例。在抗结核的基础上,给予气管镜下APC＋冷冻＋药物注射治疗。结果5例干酪坏死型及4例增殖型气道结核经治疗后4—10个月均痊愈。5例接受裸支架的患者,半年～1年后气道再狭窄,将支架取出后给予APC＋冷冻治疗,病情好转。左主支气管闭塞2例,无法再通,另1例经APC＋冷冻＋球囊扩张等处理,半年后痊愈。结论APC结合冷冻治疗气道结核,能加速溃疡愈合,减少气道狭窄的发生。     

球囊扩张术治疗支气管结核气道狭窄的临床价值

目的 探讨经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗支气管结核气道狭窄的临床应用价值.方法 北京市结核病胸部肿瘤研究所2005年1月至2009年9月经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗149例支气管结核气道狭窄患者,其中男18例,女131例;年龄16-59岁,平均(32±9)岁.回顾性分析患者治疗前后的临床表现、气道直径及肺复张情况.结果 支气管结核的临床表现不典型,且合并气道狭窄等重症患者较为多见.经球囊扩张后气道直径即刻均有不同程度的增加,狭窄段气道直径由扩张前的(2.7±1.4)mm增至扩张结束时的(6.8±2.0)mm,扩张后3个月和12个月随访时气道直径仍为(6.4±1.7)mm和(6.3±2.3)mm.患者的阻塞性肺炎等症状随气道通畅而缓解或消失.扩张结束后12个月随访结果表明,37例肺不张患者中34例肺复张,再狭窄发生率为3.4%(5/146).治疗前与治疗后3个时段比较,患者气道内径变化和肺复张的差异均有统计学意义(t值为13.09-20.50,均P<0.01),治疗后12个月各项随访结果与治疗结束时和治疗后3个月比较均无明显差别.本组球囊扩张术的成功率为93.3%(139/149),失败率为6.7%(10/149),严重并发症发生率仅为4.0%(6/149).结论 经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗支气管结核气道狭窄是一种安全、有效的治疗手段.     

肺结核合并支气管结核97例临床分析

目的探讨肺结核合并支气管结核的临床特点。方法回顾性分析97例肺结核合并支气管结核临床资料。结果临床以咳嗽(82.5%)、咳痰(80.4%)、发热(45.4%)、不同程度咯血或血丝痰(23.7%)等为主要症状,胸部CT以肺不张或膨胀不全(44.2%)及浸润增殖性病灶(37.9%)为主要表现,并可见支气管狭窄阻塞、支气管扩张、支气管播散、支气管充气征、纵隔淋巴结增大、纵隔淋巴结钙化等表现,痰涂片或培养检查抗酸杆菌阳性率较高(63.9%),尤其在多叶段浸润增殖病灶患者中其阳性率高达83.3%。纤支镜检查以主支气管及叶支气管开口受累显著(64.8%),多气管支气管受累患者达81.4%,且多种支气管镜下表现类型并存,纤支镜刷检抗酸杆菌、组织活检阳性率分别为55.9%、69.4%。接受纤支镜介入治疗的患者仅有18例,其中6例支气管狭窄闭塞并肺不张患者行气管镜下支气管球囊扩张术治疗,5例支气管狭窄好转。结论肺结核合并支气管结核患者临床表现无特异性。胸部CT对观察支气管损伤及淋巴结病变能提供较大帮助。气管镜检查仍为其重要诊断手段,镜下可见多气管支气管受累,且镜下表现类型相互重叠。球囊扩张术可有效改善支气管狭窄。     

A case of endobronchial tuberculosis associated with bronchial asthma treated with high doses of inhaled corticosteroid]

A 46-year-old woman had been treated with 1,600-2,000 micrograms/day of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and oral theophylline on the basis of a diagnosis of bronchial asthma in 1993. Eosinophilic pneumonia was diagnosed in June 1999, and she was then treated with 40 mg/day of oral prednisolone (PSL), which was gradually tapered off, and then stopped in October 1999. She was referred to our hospital because acid-fast bacilli were found in the sputum on January 18, 2000. Her chest radiographs and CT scans showed partial atelectasis of the right upper lobe, and fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed bronchial inflammatory changes and whitish mucosal nodular lesions in the walls of the lower trachea, the right main bronchus and the orifice of the right upper lobe bronchus. She was found to have endobronchial tuberculosis. Anti-tuberculosis treatment with isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and pyrazinamide was started. Serum levels of interferon-gamma were markedly elevated on admission. Asthma symptoms improved for a period of one month after the beginning of anti-tuberculosis treatment, despite the termination of inhaled corticosteroid. However, as the tuberculosis improved, the frequency and severity of the asthma increased and so corticosteroid inhalation was started again. Four months after administration of the anti-tuberculosis drug, fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed that the endobronchial lesions had improved without any stenosis or constrictive changes. It was speculated that high doses of inhaled corticosteroid may have the potential to cause endobronchial tuberculosis whilst, ironically, at the same time preventing bronchial stenosis by endobronchial tuberculosis. This is an interesting case in which the asthma symptoms first decreased during the acute phase of endobronchial tuberculosis and then increased again after the tuberculosis improved.     

New classification of endobronchial tuberculosis and balloon dilatation of bronchial stenosis]

Endobronchial tuberculosis frequently leaves bronchial stenosis as the complication despite of modern efficacious chemotherapy, and it may be misdiagnosed as bronchial asthma or bronchogenic carcinoma. When bronchial stenosis involves major airway, its treatment needs such special measures as steroid therapy, surgical intervention and/or laser therapy, but the therapeutic result is often disappointing. We have introduced a new classification of endobronchial tuberculosis, analyzing bronchoscopic findings in 166 cases of endobronchial tuberculoses. Namely, endobronchial tuberculosis was classified into seven subtypes as stenotic type with fibrosis, stenotic type without fibrosis, actively caseating type, tumorous type, ulcerative type, granular type, and nonspecific bronchitic type. Actively caseating type (48 cases: 28.9%), stenotic type without fibrosis (44 cases: 26.5%), nonspecific bronchitic type (31 cases: 18.7%) and stenotic type with fibrosis (30 cases: 18.1%) were predominant in the order of frequency, but tumorous type (9 cases: 5.4%), ulcerative type (2 cases: 1.2%) and granular type (2 cases: 1.2%) were relatively uncommon. Stenotic type with or without fibrosis, actively caseating type and tumorous type of endobronchial tuberculosis were closely related to bronchial stenosis. In these cases, it is necessary to apply specific measures for preventing or minimizing bronchial stenosis. To consider the therapeutic effect of steroid on the alleviation of bronchial stenosis in endobronchial tuberculosis, it may be very effective when the interval between symptom-onset and treatment with steroid is less than 6 months. To exploit a new treatment modality for bronchial stenosis, balloon dilatation was also carried out in 12 patients with endobronchial tuberculosis. Under local anesthesia, 4F-Fogarty balloon was inserted via bronchofiberscope in ten cases and 10F-Gruentzig balloon was introduced under fluoroscopic guide in two others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

经支气管镜治疗良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄方法的比较

目的 通过临床病例资料的分析,对厅前常用的治疗良性瘢痕性气道狭窄的介入技术进行评价,并对影响疗效的相关因素进行讨论.以期寻找最佳的治疗方法.方法 研究选择2004年12月至2009年12月收入北京天坛医院呼吸科的良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄患者36例,其中男15例、女21例,年龄13～82岁,平均(40±21)岁.根据采用的介入治疗方法不同将患者分为3组,A组使用电凝治疗;B组经电凝治疗后改为针形电刀、球囊扩张和(或冷冻治疗);C组不使用电凝治疗,采用球囊扩张、冷冻和(或)针形电刀治疗.评价不同介入处理方法的疗效及并发症情况,各组间病例资料的比较采用四格表卡方检验.结果 36例患者中治愈9例,治愈率为25%(9/36),有效10例,总体有效率为53%(19/36);无效12例,失败5例,总体无效率47%(17/36).其中电凝治疗有效者1例(1/12,8%),治疗后狭窄段延长8例(8/12,67%);球囊扩张及冷冻和(或)针形电刀治疗有效者14例(14/17,82%),治疗后狭窄段延长2例(2/17,12%).与电凝治疗相比,球囊扩张及冷冻和(或)针形电刀治疗的有效率明显提高,再狭窄率明显减少.结论 急性期气道复张治疗中,目前常用的电凝方法可加重气道再狭窄并最终导致治疗失败,而急性期应用球囊扩张联合针形电刀及冷冻是较为合理且有效的气道复张治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of different interventional bronchoscopic techniques for the management of benign cicatricial hyperplasia airway stenosis,and to study the factors associated with the treatment effects.Methotis From December 2004 to December 2009,36 patients with cicatricial airway stenosis were admitted to our department.An investigation was made to analyze the effects by different interventional bronchoscopie treatments.The most suitable treatment modality for cicatricial airway stenosis was explored and described.Results For the 36 patients,the disease was cured in 9,improved in 10,not improved in 12,and failure in 5.The care rate,effective rate and ineffective rate were 25%,53%and 47%,respectively.Further analysis showed that the effective rate was 8%and 82%respectively for the electrical coagulation therapy and the balloon dilation eombined with needle electrical knife and/or cryotherapy.Restenosis extension after operation occurred in 67%of the cases by electrical coagulation therapy,but only 12% of casesby the balloon dilation combined with needle electrical knife and/or cryotherapy.Conclusions Our experience demonstrated that for the treatment of airway cicatricial stenosis,electrical coagulation might induce and worsen serious airway restenosis resulting in failure of treatment.On the other hand,balloon dilation combined with needle dectrical knife and/or cryotherapy might be a relative safe and effective therapy for airway cicatricial stenosis.     

Interventional bronchoscopy in the management of airway stenosis due to tracheobronchial tuberculosis

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and complications of interventional bronchoscopic techniques in treating airway stenosis due to tracheobronchial tuberculosis. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Respiratory care centers at two tertiary care referral teaching hospitals in Japan, Hiroshima City Hospital and Okayama Red Cross Hospital. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: A total of 30 patients were admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of tracheobronchial tuberculosis between January 1991 and January 2002. Of those 11 patients received interventional bronchoscopy, including stent placement, laser photoresection, argon plasma coagulation (APC), balloon dilatation, cryotherapy, and endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS). One patient with complete bronchial obstruction underwent a left pneumonectomy. RESULTS: Six patients underwent stent placement after balloon dilatation, while the remaining five patients underwent only balloon dilatation. In six patients, Dumon stents were successfully placed to reestablish the patency of the central airways. Two patients first had Ultraflex stents implanted but had problems with granulation tissue formation and stent deterioration caused by metal fatigue due to chronic coughing. Dumon stents then were placed within the Ultraflex stents after the patient had received treatment with APC and mechanical reaming using the bevel of a rigid bronchoscope. In four patients, EBUS images demonstrated the destruction of bronchial cartilage or the thickening of the bronchial wall. The main complications of Dumon stents are migration and granulation tissue formation, necessitating stent removal, or replacement, and the application of cryotherapy to the granuloma at the edge of the stent. CONCLUSION: Interventional bronchoscopy should be considered feasible for management of tuberculous tracheobronchial stenosis. Dumon stents seem to be appropriate, since removal or replacement is always possible. Ultraflex stents should not be used in these circumstances because removal is difficult and their long-term safety is uncertain. EBUS could provide useful information in evaluating the condition of the airway wall in cases of tracheobronchial tuberculosis with potential for bronchoscopic intervention.     

支气管镜下高压球囊气道成形术的临床现状

气道为气体进出的通道,气道发生狭窄可导致一系列的临床症状。气道狭窄的病因很多,在西方发达国家,气道狭窄以气管一支气管肺癌、支气管袖式切除、肺移植、气管插管为主要原因,而在我国气管一支气管肺癌、气管结核、气管切开是导致气道狭窄的主要原因。随着介入性技术的不断发展,支气管镜下高压球囊扩张成形术已经成为治疗气道狭窄,特别是治疗良性气道狭窄的有效办法。本文对气道狭窄的病因及支气管镜下高压球囊扩张成形术治疗良性气道狭窄在临床的应用、适应证及疗效的评价进行如下综述。