GFAP和Fos蛋白在戊四氮致痫大鼠前脑中的表达变化

目的 研究大鼠在戊四氮导致癫痫发作时前脑内星形胶质细胞和神经元的形态学反应及其相互关系。方法 应用免疫组织化学单标记法分别显示前脑内GFAP和Fos蛋白表达的时间规律，并用免疫组织化学双重标记显示GFAP和Fos蛋白表达的相互关系。结果 在戊四氮导致大鼠癫痫发作早期，前脑的星形胶质细胞被激活，细胞体积增大，突起粗大，GFAP表达阳性，随着存活时间的变化，星形胶质细胞的反应经历先逐渐升高后降低的过程。被激活的星形胶质细胞和神经元表达Fos蛋白阳性，也呈现逐渐升高又降低的变化；另外，GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞和Fos阳性神经元在前脑主要分布在大脑皮层、海马、杏仁核等部位，二者的分布特征基本一致。结论 星形胶质细胞可能和神经元一起参与了戊四氮所致癫痫发作的变化。     

氯喹对戊四氮致痫大鼠GFAP、PCNA及Cyclin D1变化的影响

目的 观察氯喹对戊四氮致痫大鼠皮质和海马星形胶质细胞GFAP、PCNA及Cyclin D1表达的影响．探讨氯喹在癫痫发生发展过程中的作用。方法 用免疫组化检测大鼠皮质和海马GFAP和PCNA的变化，用Westernblot检测CyclinD1含量的变化。结果 对照组无痫样发作，戊四氮致痫组有重型的痫样发作（Ⅲ～V级），氯喹干预组有轻型的痫样发作（Ⅰ～Ⅲ级）（P〈0．05）；戊四氮致痫组脑电记录呈频发高幅的痫样波，氯喹干预组痫样波幅低且缓。GFAP和PCNA在戊四氮致痫组表达强，以海马为著，与对照组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），氯喹干预组与对照组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；Cyclin D1在戊四氮致痫组的皮质和海马的含量与对照组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），氯喹干预组与对照组比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论 氯喹通过抑制胶质细胞的增生和GFAP的表达，影响致痫大鼠痫样发作的发生和发展。     

乙酰唑胺对慢性癫痫大鼠海马NF-κB p65、IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α表达的影响

目的观察戊四氮(Pentylenetetrazole,PTZ)致慢性癫痫大鼠发作以及应用AQP4抑制剂乙酰唑胺(Acetazolamide,AZA)干预后对海马核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达影响,探讨AQP4与炎症因子表达间的关系及乙酰唑胺抑制癫痫发作的可能机制。方法将50只健康成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组(每日腹腔注射生理盐水)、致痫组(每日腹腔注射亚惊厥剂量PTZ35 mg/(kg·d)建立慢性癫痫大鼠模型)、乙酰唑胺干预组[每日先腹腔注射AZA35 mg/(kg·d)预处理,30 min后再腹腔注射亚惊厥剂量PTZ]。连续注射28 d,每天记录大鼠的发作级别。最后一次给药1 d后处死所有大鼠以备实验,RT-q PCR和ELISA检测大鼠海马中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达;Western blot检测海马内NF-κB p65表达。结果对照组无明显癫痫发作,RT-q PCR和ELISA检测结果显示致痫组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.001);乙酰唑胺干预组的三者水平明显低于致痫组(P<0.05),但仍高于对照组(P<0.05);Western blot结果显示致痫组海马组织NF-κB p65的表达与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.01),而乙酰唑胺干预组表达量与致痫组相比明显下降(P<0.05),但仍高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论乙酰唑胺抑制癫痫的发作的作用机制可能与乙酰唑胺抑制星形胶质细胞膜上AQP4的表达、改善星形胶质细胞水肿损伤状况、下调炎性因子表达有关。     

甘珀酸抑制大鼠唇下注射Formalin引起的伤害性行为和Sp5C神经元的Fos表达

目的探讨缝隙连接阻断剂甘珀酸(CBX)注入大鼠小脑延髓池后，对由福尔马林唇下注射所引发的伤害性行为，以及三叉神经尾侧亚核(Sp5C)神经元、星形胶质细胞的影响。方法20只SD大鼠分为生理盐水(NS)注射、Formalin注射、CBX Formalin注射、Sham CBX Formalin注射组，观察注射后45min内大鼠抓挠的累计时间；用免疫组织化学方法，显示Sp5CFos和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫反应性变化。结果NS组大鼠抓挠时间、范围、强度以及Fos-LI神经元、GFAP—LI星形胶质细胞均明显小于Formalin组和Sham CBX Formalin组，CBX Formalin组介于NS、Formalin组之间，有明显差异。结论缝隙连接可能参与中枢神经系统对疼痛反应的调控。     

红藻氨酸致痫大鼠海马Fos和GFAP的共同表达

目的 研究红藻氨酸（kainic acid,KA)诱导大鼠癫痫发作后海马（hippocampus,HI)内神经元和星形胶质细胞的时空效应性反应变化。方法 大鼠侧脑室内注射KA，用抗即刻早期基因Fos蛋白和抗胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的双重免疫荧光组织化学方法结合激光共聚焦显微镜技术，显示痫性发作后HI同一部位内反应性神经元与星形胶质细胞的分布。结果 KA诱导大鼠癫痫发作，HI内的Fos阳性神经元和GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞明显增多。两分布范围基本一致，且癫痫诱发30min后GFAP开始增多，1h达高峰；1h后Fos阳性产物开始增多；2h达高峰；部分Fos阳性神经元周围有GFAP免疫反应产物包绕，显示反应性神经元（Fos阳性）与反应性星形胶质细胞（GFAP阳性）之间关系密切。结论 HI内的神经元和星形胶质细胞与癫痫发作直接相关且存在相互关系。可能共同参与癫痫的发生及其调节。     

氯喹对戊四氮慢性致痫大鼠脑皮质及海马腺苷激酶表达的影响

目的 观察氯喹对戊四氮致痫大鼠皮质和海马区腺苷激酶(ADK)表达的影响,探讨ADK与癫痫发作的关系及氯喹在癫痫发生过程中的作用. 方法 30只健康雄性SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为对照组、戊四氮(PTZ)致痫组和氯喹干预组,每组10只.观察大鼠行为学表现,记录其脑电改变,采用免疫组化法检测3组大鼠皮质和海马区ADK的表达. 结果 对照组大鼠无癫痫发作,PTZ致痫组大鼠出现Racine评分中Ⅳ～Ⅴ级严重发作,氯喹干预组大鼠出现Ⅰ～Ⅲ级发作,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).PTZ致痫组大鼠脑电记录呈频发高幅的痫样波,氯喹干预组大鼠脑电记录显示慢波、小棘波.PTZ致痫组大鼠脑内ADK表达明显增强,以海马区最为显著,与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).氯喹干预组大鼠脑内ADK表达降低,但距离正常水平仍有较大差距,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 癫痫脑组织中存在ADK的表达异常,氯喹可以抑制这种表达,有效控制癫痫发作.     

Olomoucine在匹罗卡品所致颞叶癫痫间中的作用及机制的研究

目的研究细胞周期依赖激酶(CDK)抑制剂在氯化锂-匹罗卡品(Licl-Pilocarpine)所致颞叶癫痫间大鼠痫间性发作中的作用及其相关机制。方法用Licl-Pilocarpine制作大鼠颞叶癫痫间模型;用CDK抑制剂Olomoucine在大鼠癫痫间持续状态后第3、4、5 d进行干预,并将参与实验的大鼠分为正常组、模型组、干预组和对照组;用视频监测各组大鼠的癫痫间发作情况,记录距离第1次慢性自发性发作的潜伏期、慢性自发性发作的频率及贯穿于整个过程中大鼠的病死率;用脑电图监测各组出现慢性自发性发作大鼠的脑电活动的变化,记录发作间期棘波发放的情况;用免疫组化检测GFAP(胶质纤维酸性蛋白,一种星形胶质细胞的标记物)和ADK(腺苷激酶)的表达水平。结果干预组较模型组距第1次发作的潜伏期明显延长,临床发作次数明显减少,棘波发作的频率和持续时间明显缩短(P0.05);GFAP和ADK的表达量明显下降(P0.05);模型组较正常组GFAP和ADK的表达量明显增加;对照组较模型组无明显变化。结论 CDK抑制剂在一定程度上能够减少癫痫间大鼠的痫间性发作次数和脑电波的棘波发放,其机制可能为细胞周期依赖激酶抑制剂能够抑制星形胶质细胞的增生,减少ADK的表达,间接的增加了内源性止痫间剂腺苷的含量。     

红藻氨酸诱发大鼠复杂部分性癫痫发作的海马神经元和星形胶质细胞反应及相互关系

目的：观察大鼠癫痫发作后海鸟内神经元与星形胶质细胞反应变化的时空效应及相互关系。方法：以红藻氨酸诱发的大鼠复杂部分性癫痂发作为模型，利用免疫组织化学法，在原位显示癫痫发作后15、30、60、90、120、180min6个时间点海马神经元Fos蛋白及星形胶质细胞内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的表达变化、相互关系及分布规律。结果：致痫后15min海马内GFAP表达开始增多，60min达高峰。Fos阳性神经元在癞痴诱发后30min开始出现，120min达高峰。海马内GFAP阳性细胞与Fos阳性神经元分布规律基本一致。结论：在癫痫病理状态下，海马内星形胶质细胞的反应略早于神经元，两者之间分布呈平行关系，它们之间可能存在着复杂的信息通讯，以复合体的形式其同对各种病理生理刺激作出反应。     

硫丙咪胺对戊四氮致痈幼鼠海马GFAP、c—fos表达和学习认知的影响

目的：观察硫丙咪胺（Thi）对戊四氮（PTZ）致痫幼大鼠海马胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、c-fos表达及学习认知的影响。方法：发育期SD幼鼠40只随机分为对照组、PTZ致瘸组、TM 30mg·kg^-1干预组和Thi15mg·kg^-1干预组（均n=10）。观察各组大鼠瘸样行为，水迷宫实验观察学习认知能力、免疫组化检测海马GFAP和c-fos的变化。结果：对照组无痫样发作，阿z致痫组有重度发作，Thi30mg·kg^-1干预组有轻度发作（P〈0．05）；水迷宫实验中，PTZ致痫组寻找平台潜伏时间延长和通过平台次数减少，Thi30和15mg·kg^-1干预组寻找平台潜伏时间明显缩短，通过平台次数增加明显，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；PTZ致痫组GFAP和c-fos表达明显强于Thi干预组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），其中Tiff30与15mg·kg^-1干预组相比差异也有统计学意义（P〈o．05）；GFAP和c—fos免疫组化表达与大鼠空间学习记忆能力呈正相关。结论：Thi可能通过抑制PTZ致瘸幼大鼠海马GFAP、c—fos表达，减轻癫痫发作程度，提高其学习认知能力。     

凋亡诱导因子在戊四氮致痫大鼠海马组织中的表达

目的研究凋亡诱导因子(AIF)mRNA在戊四氮(PTZ)点燃癫痫持续状态(SE)大鼠海马组织中的表达情况。方法通过腹腔注射戊四氮建立急性点燃大鼠模型,运用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术(RT-PCR)分析AIFmRNA在大鼠癫痫发作后的表达情况。结果癫痫发作后海马组织AIFmRNA的表达水平早期即出现升高(6h组与对照组相比,P<0.05),且持续较长一段时间(48h组与对照组相比,P<0.01)。结论AIF可能参与了戊四氮致痫大鼠海马神经元的凋亡过程。     

Expression of connexin genes in hippocampus of kainate-treated and kindled rats under conditions of experimental epilepsy

We have analyzed whether the expression of connexin genes is altered in the hippocampus of kindled and kainate-treated rats, i.e., animal models of human temporal lobe epilepsy. We have tested this hypothesis by analyzing mRNA, protein abundance and cellular location of connexins (Cx) 43, 36, 32 and 30. The expression of glial fibrillary acid protein and mRNA was also monitored both in kainate-treated and kindled rats, in order to take into account reactive gliosis under these conditions. We found significantly increased expression of GFAP mRNA (100%) and protein (178%) in kainate-treated rats 4 weeks after kainate application, whereas in kindled rats only moderate increases of GFAP mRNA and protein were detected 2-3 weeks (group 2) or 4-6 weeks (group 1) after the last stage 5 induced seizure. Under gliotic conditions, connexins 43 and 30 mRNA or protein expression in astrocytes of kainate-treated rats were nearly unaffected. Cx36 mRNA expression (presumably in neurons) was significantly reduced (44%), whereas abundance of Cx36 protein was only slightly reduced. In both groups of kindled rats, Cx30 and Cx43 mRNA or protein expression were either slightly decreased or unchanged. Again, Cx36 mRNA and protein expression were reduced by about half in group 2. Immunofluorescence analysis of Cx43, Cx36 and Cx30 expression revealed that 4 weeks after the last kainate administration or kindling, cellular localization of these connexins was indistinguishable from control animals.     

Human intravenous immunoglobulins suppress seizure activities and inhibit the activation of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the hippocampus of picrotoxin-kindled rats

We previously showed that human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) can lower seizure severity and prolong seizure latency in picrotoxin-kindled rats. The aim of this study was to further characterize the effects of IVIG on seizure activity and investigate its influence on astrocytes in the hippocampus of picrotoxin-kindled rats. A rat kindling model was established by peritoneal injections of picrotoxin for 21 days in Wistar rats. Seventy-five rats were equally divided into five groups: picrotoxin, IVIG pretreatment, IVIG post-treatment, normal saline control, and IVIG control. Seizure severity was evaluated according to a six-stage classification. The number and morphology of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes were studied by immunohistochemistry using the anti-GFAP antibody. The cross-sectional area and grayscale of GFAP-positive astrocytes were also determined. In picrotoxin-kindled rats, pretreatment with IVIG appeared to inhibit full kindling rates, and it significantly reduced the number of GFAP-positive cells in the hippocampus (p < .001). IVIG also significantly (p < .001) attenuated the increase in the cross-sectional area and grayscale of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that by suppressing the expression of GFAP, IVIGs may reduce seizure activity and inhibit the activation of GFAP-positive astrocytes in picrotoxin-kindled rats.     

戊四氮致痫对大鼠海马星形胶质细胞的影响

目的　探讨戊四氮（ＰＴＺ）致痫对大鼠海马星形胶质细胞的影响。方法　应用免疫组织化学方法观察ＰＴＺ致痫后大鼠海马内胶原纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）变化的特点,同时观察了不同强度的痫性发作与ＧＦＡＰ改变的关系。结果　ＧＦＡＰ改变于ＰＴＺ致痫后１２ｈ 开始,２４ｈ 达到高峰,７２ｈ 已开始回落,并且痫性发作的强度与ＧＦＡＰ改变有一定的联系。结论　癫痫与星形细胞之间确有一定联系。     

Extensive loss of connexins in Baló’s disease: evidence for an auto-antibody-independent astrocytopathy via impaired astrocyte–oligodendrocyte/myelin interaction

Extensive aquaporin-4 (AQP4) loss without perivascular deposition of either activated complement or immunoglobulins is a characteristic of Baló's disease. Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between astrocytopathy and demyelination in Baló's disease, focusing on connexins (Cx), which form gap junctions among glial cells and myelin. Autopsied specimens from four cases that provided seven actively demyelinating concentric lesions infiltrated with numerous CD68(+) macrophages were immunohistochemically examined for the astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), AQP4, Cx43, Cx30 and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cyst 1 (MLC1). Specimens were also stained for oligodendrocyte/myelin markers, namely Cx32, Cx47, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP) and Nogo-A. Serum samples from six patients that had undergone magnetic resonance imaging, confirming a diagnosis of Baló's disease, were assayed for the presence of anti-Cx43, -Cx32 and -AQP4 antibodies. Despite the presence of numerous GFAP- and MLC1-positive astrocytes, there was a marked decrease in the levels of Cx43, Cx32 and Cx47. At the leading edges, Cx43 and AQP4 were mostly absent despite positive GFAP, MLC1, Cx32, Cx47, MOG, MAG, and OSP immunoreactivity. Of the six Baló's disease patients, none were positive for anti-Cxs or -AQP4 antibodies. Baló's disease is characterized by extensive loss of Cxs and AQP4, and a lack of auto-antibodies to Cxs and AQP4. Loss of Cx43 and AQP4 in the presence of other oligodendrocyte/myelin proteins at the leading edges suggests the possibility that auto-antibody-independent astrocytopathy may contribute to disease pathology via the disruption of astrocyte-oligodendrocyte/myelin interactions.     

柚皮苷对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究柚皮苷(Naringin,NRG)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及星形胶质细胞是否参与其中。方法柚皮苷连续灌胃7 d后进行大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO),缺血2 h后拔出线栓进行再灌注。24 h后TUNEL染色观察凋亡细胞数量,苏木精-伊红(hematoxyli-eosin,HE)染色观察形态学改变,免疫荧光染色分别检测星形胶质细胞标记物胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)和缝隙连接蛋白43(connexin43,Cx43)。结果同模型组相比,柚皮苷预干预后凋亡细胞数量显著减少(P0.05),细胞损伤明显减轻。免疫染色显示柚皮苷可以减轻星形胶质细胞的激活程度,同时Cx43的表达也有所降低(P0.05)。结论柚皮苷预干预可有效减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,该保护作用同降低星形胶质细胞Cx43表达密切相关。     

Oligodendrocytes in mouse corpus callosum are coupled via gap junction channels formed by connexin47 and connexin32

According to previously published ultrastructural studies, oligodendrocytes in white matter exhibit gap junctions with astrocytes, but not among each other, while in vitro oligodendrocytes form functional gap junctions. We have studied functional coupling among oligodendrocytes in acute slices of postnatal mouse corpus callosum. By whole‐cell patch clamp we dialyzed oligodendrocytes with biocytin, a gap junction‐permeable tracer. On average 61 cells were positive for biocytin detected by labeling with streptavidin‐Cy3. About 77% of the coupled cells stained positively for the oligodendrocyte marker protein CNPase, 9% for the astrocyte marker GFAP and 14% were negative for both CNPase and GFAP. In the latter population, the majority expressed Olig2 and some NG2, markers for oligodendrocyte precursors. Oligodendrocytes are known to express Cx47, Cx32 and Cx29, astrocytes Cx43 and Cx30. In Cx47‐deficient mice, the number of coupled cells was reduced by 80%. Deletion of Cx32 or Cx29 alone did not significantly reduce the number of coupled cells, but coupling was absent in Cx32/Cx47‐double‐deficient mice. Cx47‐ablation completely abolished coupling of oligodendrocytes to astrocytes. In Cx43‐deficient animals, oligodendrocyte‐astrocyte coupling was still present, but coupling to oligodendrocyte precursors was not observed. In Cx43/Cx30‐double deficient mice, oligodendrocyte‐to‐astrocyte coupling was almost absent. Uncoupled oligodendrocytes showed a higher input resistance. We conclude that oligodendrocytes in white matter form a functional syncytium predominantly among each other dependent on Cx47 and Cx32 expression, while astrocytic connexins expression can promote the size of this network. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

甲基强的松龙对伽玛刀照射后胶质细胞Cx43和GFAP表达的影响

目的 研究甲基强的松龙（MP）对伽玛刀照射后胶质细胞缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）和胶质纤维酸蛋白（GFAP）表达的影响。方法体外培养原代星形胶质细胞,经伽玛刀照射（边缘剂量32Gy）并培养36h后随机分为1μg／ml、5μg／ml、10μg／ml、20μg／ml、30μg／ml、40μg/ml组及实验对照组,各组进一步随机分为48h、72h、96h、120h4个亚组。将各组胶质细胞与相应剂量MP共培养,于48、72、96、120h各时间点采用免疫组化方法检测GFAP及Cx43的表达。结果伽玛刀照射后,胶质细胞Cx43表达降低,GFAp表达增高。添加MP后,20μg／ml、30μg／ml组Cx43呈时间依赖性上调;GFAP表达虽呈时间依赖性上升,但其峰值低于实验对照组,峰值出现时间亦晚于实验对照组。结论MP可上凋伽玛刀照射后胶质细胞Cx43的表达,抑制GFAP表达的上升趋势。     

Wnt/β‐catenin signaling mediates the seizure‐facilitating effect of postischemic reactive astrocytes after pentylenetetrazole‐kindling

Ischemia not only leads to tissue damage, but also induces seizures, which in turn worsens the outcome of ischemia. Recent studies have revealed the impaired homeostatic functions of reactive astrocytes, which were thought to facilitate the development of seizures. However, how this phenotype of reactive astrocytes is regulated remains unclear. Here, using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐kindling model, we investigated the roles of reactive astrocytes and their intracellular Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the ischemia‐increased seizure susceptibility. Our data showed that somatosensory cortical ischemia significantly increased the susceptibility to PTZ‐induced seizure. Genetic ablation of Nestin‐positive reactive astrocytes significantly decreased the incidence and severity of seizures. By using a Wnt signaling reporter mice line Topgal mice, we found that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling was upregulated in reactive astrocytes after ischemia. Depletion of β‐catenin in reactive astrocytes significantly decreased the susceptibility of seizures and the expression of c‐Fos induced by PTZ in the ischemic cortex. Overexpression of β‐catenin in reactive astrocytes, in contrast, significantly increased seizure susceptibility and the expression of c‐Fos. Furthermore, the expression of aquaporin‐4 (AQP‐4) and inwardly rectifying K⁺ channel 4.1 (Kir4.1), two molecules reportedly associated with seizure development, was oppositely affected in reactive astrocytes with β‐catenin depletion or overexpression. Taken together, these data indicated that astrocytic Wnt/β‐catenin signaling accounts, at least partially, for the ischemia‐increased seizure susceptibility. Inhibiting Wnt/β‐catenin signaling may be utilized in the future for preventing postischemic seizures. GLIA 2016;64:1083–1091