小鼠树突状细胞表面PD-L1分子对T淋巴细胞协同刺激效应的研究

目的：琛讨小鼠髓系DCs表面PD-L1分子在树突状细胞介导T细胞免疫应答中的作用。方法：采用流式细胞术分别检测未成熟DCs和凋亡肿瘤细胞负载并经CD40配基化的成熟DCs表面免疫分子的表达；混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)和抗PD-L1单抗阻断试验分析未成熟DCs和成熟DCs表达的PD-L1分子对T淋巴细胞的协同刺激／抑制效应；^3H-TdR掺入试验检测未成熟DCs和成熟DCs对T淋巴细胞的促增殖效应；ELISA测定各组MLR反应上清中IL-10、IFN-γ的分泌水平；MTT比色法检测成熟DCs激发的肿瘤抗原特异性CTL对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效应。结果：未成熟DCs表面高表达PD-L1，负性调节未成熟DCs对自体T淋巴细胞的促增殖作用，抑制T细胞分泌IL-10、IFN-γ；凋亡肿瘤细胞负载并经CD40配基化的成熟DCs中等水平表达PD-L1，具有显著增强对自体T细胞的体外激发、扩增和细胞毒效应的作用，并可增加T细胞的IFN-γ分泌。结论：未成熟DCs高表达PD-L1抑制了对T细胞共刺激效应；CD40配基化成熟的DCs中度表达。PD-L1有助于激发T细胞介导免疫应答。     

CD40配基化调节小鼠树突状细胞上B7-H3分子表达的研究

目的 探讨CD40配基化对小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞上B7-H3分子表达的调节作用及其生物学意义。方法 采用GM-CSF和IL-4联合方案体外诱导小鼠髓系DC，并利用mCD40-CHO和TNF-α分别刺激凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的Dc制备成熟DC；采用间接免疫荧光标记法检测成熟Dc上B7-H3分子的表达；RT-PCR检测B7-H3 mRNA转录水平；混合淋巴细胞反应（MLR）和B7-H3单抗阻断实验分析CD40配基化的DC表面B7-H3分子在T细胞活化中的作用；^3H-TdR掺入试验检测DC对T淋巴细胞的促增殖效应；ELISA测定各组MLR反应和DC培养上清中IFN-γ分泌水平。结果 B7-H3分子在DC不同分化发育阶段均有表达，CD40配基化能显著上调凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的DC中B7-H3表达，TNF-α激发的DC弱表达（P〈0．05）；阻断CD40配基化的DC上B7-H3分子能抑制T细胞增殖和IFN-γ分泌；CD40配基化促进凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的DC分泌IFN-γ量也明显高于TNF-α组（P〈0．05）。结论 体外CD0配基化DC的B7-H3分子上调性表达有助于其刺激T细胞增殖和IFN-γ的产生。     

重组人可溶性CD40配体对树突状细胞体外分化、成熟及功能的影响

用Ficoll密度离心及贴壁法获得外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC ) ,PBMC经细胞因子组合诱导分化成树突状细胞 (DC ) :GM CSF (10 0ng/ml)与IL 4 (5 0ng/ml)诱导 5d后 ,分别加入TNF α (10ng/ml)或rhsCD4 0L (2 μg/ml)继续培养 4d ;倒置显微镜下观察DC形态 ,免疫荧光标记和流式细胞术分析DC表型 (CD1a、CD80、CD83、HLA DR、CD14、CD16、CD19)及摄取FITC Dextran抗原的能力 ;3 H TdR掺入法检测DC刺激自体混合淋巴细胞体外增殖反应 (MLR )能力 ;ELISA法分析DC培养上清中IL 12的水平 ;Trans well细胞趋化实验检测DC对自体外周T淋巴细胞的趋化能力。发现经rhsCD4 0L刺激的DC表面分子 (CD1a、CD80、CD83、HLA DR )的表达水平高于经典的细胞因子组合组 (GM CSF +IL 4 +TNF α ) ,同时rhsCD4 0L刺激后的DC摄取FITC Dextran的能力下降而刺激自体MLR和分泌IL 12的能力明显提高 ;而且rhsCD4 0L诱导的DC表面趋化因子受体CXCR4的表达水平及对自体外周T淋巴细胞的趋化能力均强于TNF α或FL激发的DC。rhsCD4 0L在体外不仅具有显著的诱导DC分化 ,促进DC成熟的功能 ,而且经rhsCD4 0L作用的DC能更有效地激发T淋巴细胞     

PD-L1信号对T细胞体外激发的调节作用

目的　探讨PD L1信号在PHA体外激发体系中对人外周血T细胞的协同调节作用。方法　采用 10 μg/mlPHA刺激人外周血T细胞体外培养体系 ,加入转基因细胞PD L1/L92 9混合培养 ;免疫荧光标记和流式细胞仪分析T细胞表型及细胞周期 ;3 H TdR掺入法观察T细胞的增殖 ;ELISA法检测T细胞对IL 2和IFN γ的产生。结果　PD L1转基因细胞在PHA激发T细胞增殖的培养体系中 ,具有显著下调T细胞活化表型 ,抑制T细胞对PHA促增殖的反应性 ,这种抑制效应与其阻断T细胞于G0 /G1细胞周期及使活化T细胞分泌IL 2和IFN γ的水平下降有关。同时还发现PD L1信号能抑制PHA介导的T细胞活化诱导凋亡。结论　PD L1信号在体外PHA激发T细胞培养体系中 ,具有显著的负性调节其活化增殖和相应功能的作用     

IL-4对DC产生IL-12影响的研究

为了研究白细胞介素 4 (IL 4 )对树突状细胞 (dendriticcell,DC )产生白细胞介素 1 2 (IL 1 2 )p70的调节作用及其机制 ,将小鼠骨髓细胞在含GM CSF和IL 4的培养液中培养 6d ,加入成熟诱导剂脂多糖 (LPS )或TNF α、CpG ODN继续培养 2d以获得成熟DC。流式细胞仪检测DC表面CD80和MHCII类分子 ,混合淋巴细胞反应检测DC促进同种异体T细胞增殖的能力 ,ELISA法检测不同诱导剂诱导DC产生IL 1 2p70的能力 ,RT PCR和荧光定量PCR检测IL 1 2p35和p4 0mRNA的表达及其变化。结果显示小鼠骨髓细胞在含GM CSF、IL 4和成熟诱导剂的培养液中培养后可以获得成熟的DC ,成熟DC高表达CD80和MHCII类分子 ,具有较强的刺激同种异体T细胞增殖的能力 ,LPS、CpG ODN、TNF α、PolyI:C在促进DC成熟的同时能诱导DC产生有活性的IL 1 2 ,IL 4对IL 1 2的产生具有明显的促进作用 ,RT PCR和荧光定量PCR结果显示LPS诱导IL 1 2产生以及IL 4对其的促进作用与IL 1 2p35基因的转录水平增高有关     

抗P选择素功能域单抗对人树突状细胞表型及IL-12分泌的影响

观察抗P选择素Lectin EGF功能域单抗 (PsL EGFmAb )对体外培养人树突状细胞 (DC )表型以及促炎细胞因子IL 1 2分泌的影响 ,探讨PsL EGFmAb对DC炎性成熟过程中的调节作用。通过SCF、GM CSF、TGF β1 、Flt 3和TNF α体外培养体系 ,从脐血CD34+ 造血干细胞中诱导扩增获得DC ,并于成熟中用PsL EGFmAb进行干预。采用流式细胞仪分析细胞表型CD1a、CD1 1c、CD83、CD80、CD86和HLA DR ;采用RT PCR检测IL 1 2p35、p4 0mRNA表达 ;以及ELISA法测定IL 1 2p70分泌的含量。结果显示 ,PsL EGFmAb可下调成熟中DC表面CD1 1c、CD83、CD80、CD86和HLA DR的表达 ,同时能抑制DC内IL 1 2p35、p4 0mRNA的转录和IL 1 2p70的分泌。本研究提示 ,PsL EGFmAb对DC黏附共刺激分子表达和促炎细胞因子合成具有抑制作用 ,并可能影响和调抑DC成熟及其提呈抗原功能     

CD40L单克隆抗体对HSP患儿PBMC及单核细胞株THP-1产生炎症因子的影响

目的　观察CD4 0配体单克隆抗体 (CD4 0LMcAb)对HSP(亨诺 许兰紫癜 )患儿PBMC及单核细胞株THP 1产生炎症因子的影响。方法　采用细胞培养、流式细胞技术及ELISA法分别检测正常对照、过敏性紫癜患儿的PBMC及单核细胞株THP 1表达膜蛋白分子CD4 0L、CD4 0的阳性率、产生炎症因子IL 1、TNF α、IL 6水平以及CD4 0LMcAb加入细胞培养体系后上述指标的变化。结果　与正常比较 ,HSP患儿的PBMC表达CD4 0L[(8.2 6± 4 .15 ) % ,对照 (0 .5 4± 0 .5 8) % ]显著增高、CD4 0表达无差异 ;PBMC培养上清中炎症因子IL 1[(10 0 0 .4± 5 74 .5 )pg ml,对照 (2 4 6 .8± 2 0 7.1)pg ml]、TNF α[(978.7± 2 0 5 .8)pg ml,对照 (45 2 .4± 2 4 8.5 )pg ml]的水平也显著高于对照 ,CD4 0LMcAb可使增高的IL 1[(16 4 .7± 12 7.9)pg ml]、TNF α[(6 74 .7± 2 6 9.2 )pg ml]降至正常水平。THP 1自发表达CD4 0 ,低浓度产生IL 1、TNF α。与正常比较 ,HSP患儿的PBMC培养上清诱导其表达CD4 0 ,产生IL 1,TNF α增高 ,CD4 0LMcAb同样具有抑制THP 1表达CD4 0、分泌IL 1、TNF α的作用。结论　CD4 0LMcAb能抑制炎症因子的产生。     

用含有特定细胞因子的无血清培养基培养慢性乙型肝炎病人的树突状细胞

目的　体外扩增慢性乙肝病人的树突状细胞 (dendriticcell,DC) ,从细胞表型和功能上鉴定和研究。方法　用含GM CSF和IL 4的无血清培养基AIM V体外培养慢性乙肝病人外周血单个核细胞 ,获得树突状细胞。流式细胞仪检测细胞表型 ,IL 1 2ELISA试剂盒检测DC分泌IL 1 2的水平 ,并观察加入细胞因子TNF α后对DC培养的影响。结果　慢性乙肝病人的外周血单个核细胞用AIM V培养及细胞因子诱导后 ,经贴壁法纯化 1 0 0mL可获得 0 .5× 1 0 7～ 1 .5× 1 0 7成熟的具有典型形态的DC ,加入TNF α后 ,CD83阳性占 60 .80 % ,明显高于未加组 (P <0 .0 5) ,IL 1 2分泌较未加TNF α组增高近 1 0倍。结论　①慢性乙肝病人的DC可用AIM V无血清培养基及特定的细胞因子诱导在体外大量获得 ,TNF α是诱导DC成熟的重要的细胞因子。②典型的细胞形态和CD1 4 -、HLA DRhigh+、CD86high+的细胞表面分子特征可作为临床上快速鉴定培养DC的标志。     

CD40配基化的肿瘤特异性树突状细胞介导Th1细胞分化的研究

目的：探讨CD40配基化的肿瘤特异性DCs在介导Th1细胞分化中的作用。方法：采用GM-CSF和IL-4联合方案体外诱导小鼠髓系DCs，并利用mCD40L-CHO和TNF-α分别刺激凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的DCs制备DCs瘤莆；^3H-TdR掺入试验检测DCs对T淋巴细胞的促增殖效应；ELISA测定细胞培养上清中IL-10、IFN-1、IL-12的含量；胞内染色和流式细胞术检测经成熟DCs活化的T细胞中CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋T和CD4^＋IL-4^＋T的比例。结果：体外刺激T细胞增殖能力在CD40配基化DCs组最高（P〈0．05），CD40配基化DCs能更有效地促进活化T细胞分泌IFN-γ和介导CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋T细胞的分化（P〈0．05）。同时，CD40配基化DCs分泌IL-12的量也明显高于TNF-α组（P〈0．05）。结论：CD40配基化的肿瘤特异性DCs体外能有效介导Th1细胞的分化。     

HBsAg体外冲击的慢性乙肝患者树突状细胞的生物学特性及其对HBV特异性CTL的诱导作用

目的 :研究HBsAg冲击的慢性乙肝患者单核细胞来源的树突状细胞 (DCs)的功能状况及体外对HBV特异性CTL的诱导作用 ,初步探讨诱导特异性抗HBV细胞免疫的途径。方法 :分离慢性乙肝患者外周血单核细胞 ,以GM CSF +IL 4 +TNF α培养诱导DCs,加入HBsAg冲击以诱导HBV特异性DCs。采用FCM测定细胞表面免疫分子CD1a、CD83、CD86、CD80、CD4 0以及HLA DR的表达水平 ,ELISA法检测培养上清中细胞因子IL 6、IL 12的分泌含量 ,MTT法测定DC刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖的能力 ,LDH法检测DC诱导的患者外周血T细胞对HepG2 2 2 15 (转染HBVDNA)、HepG2肝癌细胞株及K5 6 2白血病细胞株的细胞毒作用。结果 :HBsAg冲击的DC其表达CD1a、CD83、CD86、CD80、CD4 0、HLA DR表面分子明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ,分泌IL 12的水平也高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,而分泌IL 6的水平则较对照组显著降低(P <0 0 1) ;HBsAg冲击的DC刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖的能力明显增强 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并可有效地诱导自体CTL对转HBV基因的HepG2 2 2 15细胞高效特异性杀伤作用 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :慢性乙型肝炎患者单核细胞来源的DCs经HBsAg抗原冲击后 ,生物学活性增强 ,并且能有效地诱导对HBV特异性反应的CTL。     

Lymph nodes from HIV-infected individuals harbor mature dendritic cells and increased numbers of PD-L1+ conventional dendritic cells

The immune response induced by dendritic cells (DC) during the HIV infection has been of remarkable interest because of the therapeutic potential of DC for vaccine development. However, their beneficial or detrimental contribution in HIV infection remains unclear. The activation state of DC in lymph nodes (LN) is essential to induce T cell responses against HIV. In the present study, we characterized the immunophenotype and function of conventional (cDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) dendritic cells from peripheral blood (PB) and LN of HIV⁺ individuals. We observed that the frequency of PB pDC was decreased and exhibited an immature phenotype; whereas in the LN, activated pDC accumulated (CD40⁺ and CD83⁺). In addition, the frequency of PB cDC from HIV⁺ individuals was decreased and exhibited an immature phenotype, whereas LN harbored activated and mature cDC (CD40⁺, CD83⁺, CD80⁺ and CD86⁺). However, an increased number of PD-L1⁺ cDC was also observed in the LN. Moreover, pDC and cDC were able to produce inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-12) after TLR stimulation. These findings suggests that LN cDC expressing PD-L1 from HIV⁺ individuals may negatively impact the generation of HIV-specific T cells and that DC might be contributing to tissue chronic immune activation.     

Fine-tuned expression of programmed death 1 ligands in mature dendritic cells stimulated by CD40 ligand is critical for the induction of an efficient tumor specific immune response

During maturation, murine myeloid dendritic cells （DCs） upregulated the expressions of CDllc, CD25, CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC Ⅱ and programmed death 1 ligands 1 and 2 （PD-L1 and PD-L2）. Differential expression patterns of PD-L1 and PD-L2 were found when DCs were triggered by CD40 ligand and TNF-α. PD-L1 expression was repressed and PD-L2 expression remained unchanged in mature CD40-ligated DCs, whereas TNF-α stimulated DCs kept high expression of PD-L1 and significantly enhanced PD-L2 expression on DCs. Proliferations of T lymphocytes stimulated by immature DCs were enhanced by blockade of the PD-1 and PD-1 ligand interaction. But inhibitive effects were found in T lymphocytes stimulated by CD40-ligated DCs. With the fine-tuned expressions of PD-L1 and PD-L2, CD40-1igated DCs could sustain a longer activation period and elicit a more efficient T lymphocyte activation. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.     

PD-L1 blockade improves immune dysfunction of spleen dendritic cells and T-cells in zymosan-induced multiple organs dysfunction syndromes

This research is to investigate the role of tolerant spleen dendritic cells (DC) in multiple organs dysfunction syndromes (MODS) at late stage. Tolerant DC and MODS were induced by intraperotineal injection of zymosan. The immunity of DC was determined by examining interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, IL-2, major histocompatibility complex (MHC), CD86, programmed death (PD-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIR-B) or T-cell proliferation in serum, spleen homogenate, DC culture or DC/T-cell co-culture. The PD-L1/PD-1 pathway was blocked using PD-L1 antibody. The IL-12p70 in serum, spleen homogenate and DC culture supernatant were decreased at 5 d and 12 d after zymosan injection while the IL-12p40 and IL-10 were increased. The expression of MHC, cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), PD-1 and PD-L1 in spleen DCs were increased at early stage after zymosan injection. At 5 d and 12 d, the expression of MHC and CD86 was reduced while the expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and PIR-B was increased, accompanied with decreased proliferation of T-cell and decrease of IL-2 in spleen and serum. Application of PD-L1 antibody improved the above changes. At late stage of MODS mice induced by zymosan, the expression of co-stimulators and inhibitors in spleen DCs was imbalanced to form tolerant DCs which reduced the activation of T-cells. PD-L1 antibody improved the immune tolerance of DCs through intervening PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, and attenuated the inhibition of T-cell activities by tolerant DCs and the immune inhibition.     

C反应蛋白与酶修饰低密度脂蛋白对树突状细胞成熟的影响

目的探讨在动脉粥样斑块硬化进程中C反应蛋白（CRP）和酶修饰低密度脂蛋白（E-LDL）对外周血中树突状细胞（DC）分化成熟的影响。方法梯度离心法分离人外周血单核细胞,用含rhGM-CSF和rhIL-4的Cellgro培养液培养5d,使其分化为DC。分别用CRP、E-LDL及CRP加E-LDL刺激DC48h后,采用流式细胞术检测DC表型（CD1a、CD80、CD86、HLA-DR）的表达,ELISA法检测DC上清液中IL-12、TNFα、IL-2和IL-10的含量,并进行比较。结果CRP抑制DC的CD1a、CD80表达及IL-12、TNFα分泌,E-LDL促进DC的CD1a、CD80、CD86和HLA-DR表达及IL-12、TNFα分泌,CPR加E-LDL结果与E-LDL类似。结论CRP抑制DC的活化,E-LDL可促进DC的分化成熟,E-LDL激活DC的作用强于CRP的抑制作用。     

HBV转染增强细胞因子上调PD-L表达

目的 研究HBV转染的肝细胞系(HepG2.2.15细胞)在细胞因子作用下能否上调PD-L表达.方法 应用肝细胞系(HepG2细胞和HepG2.2.15细胞)为模型,用IL-4、IFN-α、IFN-γ(终质量浓度均为10 ng/ml,刺激时间为12 h)作用于上述细胞系,采用RT-PCR技术检测细胞因子作用前后PD-L表达情况.结果 无论是否转染HBV,IFN-α和IFN-γ均能诱导肝细胞系(HepG2细胞和HepG2.2.15细胞)PD-L1表达;而IL-4不能诱导PD-L1表达,IL-4、IFN-α、IFN-γ均能诱导转染了HBV的HepG2.2.15细胞PD-L2表达,仅IFN-γ能诱导未转染HBV的HepG2细胞PD-L2表达.结论 IFN-α和IFN-γ有较强诱导肝细胞系(HepG2细胞和HepG2.2.15细胞)PD-L1表达上调的作用,HBV在细胞因子诱导HepG2.2.15细胞PD-L2表达中具有促进作用.     

Human dendritic cells activate T lymphocytes via a CD40: CD40 ligand-dependent pathway

The CD40: CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction provides T lymphocyte-mediated help for B lymphocyte and monocyte function but has also been shown to serve as a co-stimulus for T lymphocyte activation. In this report, we studied the regulation of CD40 expression and its functional relevance for the human dendritic cell (DC) stimulation of T lymphocytes. Only a small subpopulation of directly isolated blood DC expressed CD40. However, CD40 was rapidly up-regulated by culture, and its expression was further enhanced by interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-3, tumor necrosis factor-α and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. Expression of CD40L on DC was not detected. The proliferation of T lymphocytes in an allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction, stimulated by blood DC or epidermal Langerhans cells, was significantly reduced in the presence of the CD40 immunoglobulin (CD40Ig) fusion protein or CD40L monoclonal antibodies. Cross-linking of CD40 on directly isolated DC with mouse CD40L trimer (mCD40LT) markedly augmented CD80 and CD86 up-regulation. Nevertheless, the same cross-linking mCD40LT inhibited DC stimulated T lymphocyte proliferation. When CD40Ig was added simultaneously with CTLA-4Ig, only minimal and variable additional inhibition of DC-stimulated allogeneic T lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 secretion was observed, compared to each fusion protein alone. These results suggest that both CD80/CD86-dependent and -independent components of DC-T lymphocyte CD40: CD40L co-stimulation exist and further emphasize that the majority of blood DC have to differentiate or be activated to express co-stimulatory molecules.     

Protein-bound polysaccharide activates dendritic cells and enhances OVA-specific T cell response as vaccine adjuvant

Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK) is a hot water extract from Trametes versicolor mushroom. It has been used traditionally in Asian countries for its immune stimulating and anti-cancer effects. We have recently found that PSK can activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). TLR2 is highly expressed on dendritic cells (DC), so the current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of PSK on DC activation and the potential of using PSK as a vaccine adjuvant. In vitro experiments using mouse bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) demonstrated that PSK induces DC maturation as shown by dose-dependent increase in the expression of CD80, CD86, MHCII, and CD40. PSK also induces the production of multiple inflammatory cytokines by DC, including IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-6, at both mRNA and protein levels. In vivo experiments using PSK as an adjuvant to OVAp323–339 vaccine showed that PSK as adjuvant leads to enlarged draining lymph nodes with higher number of activated DC. PSK also stimulates proliferation of OVA-specific T cells, and induces T cells that produce multiple cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. Altogether, these results demonstrate the ability of PSK to activate DC in vitro and in vivo and the potential of using PSK as a novel vaccine adjuvant.     

PD-L1 expression on tolerogenic APCs is controlled by STAT-3

During infection, TLR agonists are released and trigger mature as well as differentiating innate immune cells. Early encounter with TLR agonists (R848; LPS) blocks conventional differentiation of CD14(+) monocytes into immature dendritic cells (iDCs) resulting in a deviated phenotype. We and others characterized these APCs (TLR-APC) by a retained expression of CD14 and a lack of CD1a. Here, we show in addition, expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). TLR-APCs failed to induce T-cell proliferation and furthermore were able to induce CD25(+) Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs). Since PD-L1 is described as a key negative regulator and inducer of tolerance, we further analyzed its regulation. PD-L1 expression was regulated in a MAPK/cytokine/STAT-3-dependent manner: high levels of IL-6 and IL-10 that signal via STAT-3 were produced by TLR-APCs. Blocking of STAT-3 activation prevented PD-L1 expression. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed direct binding of STAT-3 to the PD-L1 promoter. Those findings indicate a pivotal role of STAT-3 in regulating PD-L1 expression. MAPKs were indirectly engaged, as blocking of p38 and p44/42 MAPKs decreased IL-6 and IL-10 thus reducing STAT-3 activation and subsequent PD-L1 expression. Hence, during DC differentiation TLR agonists induce a STAT-3-mediated expression of PD-L1 and favor the development of tolerogenic APCs.     

siRNA Knockdown of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells only Modestly Improves Proliferative Responses to Gag by CD8<Superscript>+</Superscript> T Cells from HIV-1-Infected Individuals

Introduction  Due to their capacity to elicit and regulate immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) are important targets to improve vaccination. Knowing that programmed death-1 (PD-1) high virus-specific T cells become functionally exhausted during chronic exposure to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), the development of a therapeutic DC-based HIV-1 vaccine might include strategies that downregulate PD-L1 and PD-L2 counter-receptors. Methods  After showing that monocyte-derived DCs rapidly upregulated PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression upon maturation with a variety of stimuli, e.g., Toll-like receptor ligands and cytokines, we determined that PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression could be knocked down by electroporation of a single small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence twice at the monocyte and immature stages of DC development. This knockdown approached completion and was specific and lasting for several days. Results  We then added the PD-L1 and PD-L2 silenced monocyte-derived DCs to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected individuals along with pools of 15-mer HIV-1 Gag p24 peptides. However, in cultures from six patients, there was only a modest enhancing effect of PD-L1 and PD-L2 silencing on CD8⁺ T cell proliferative responses to the DCs. Discussion  These findings suggest that, in monocyte-derived DCs, additional strategies than PD-L1 or PD-L2 blockade will be needed to improve the function of PD-1 high T cells.     

TLR4在HSP70EC-TCV冲激的DC成熟过程中的作用

观察TLR4在Hca-F榄香烯复合瘤苗来源的HSP70(HSP70EC-TCV)冲激处理的小鼠骨髓来源的DC成熟过程中的作用。用rmGM-CSF和rmIL-4诱导小鼠骨髓来源的DC,以HSP70EC-TCV或加入抗TLR4抗体30 min后再用HSP70EC-TCV冲激处理DC,流式细胞仪检测DC的CD40和CD86表达,ELISA法检测DC上清中IL-12和T细胞上清中IL-2浓度,MTT法检测T细胞对Hca-F细胞的杀伤率。结果表明,抗TLR4抗体对DC的CD40和CD86表达无明显影响,但对HSP70EC-TCV诱导DC分泌IL-12和进而致敏的T细胞分泌IL-2及产生杀瘤功能有明显的抑制作用。TLR4信号通路参与HSP70EC-TCV诱导DC成熟过程。