保留食道心脏薄层解剖断面和正常近端冠状动脉多平面TEE显像的对照研究

目的 :为冠状动脉的多平面 TEE显像提供连续的薄层断面解剖学基础 ,确定近端冠状动脉在多平面 TEE中的最佳显示方位和层面。方法 :用冰冻薄层断面技术将 2 4个保留食道的心脏标本制作成与人体横断面成 0°、 45°、 90°、 1 35°四个方位的薄层连续解剖断面 ,观察和分析近端冠状动脉的走行 ;并与 30个健康成人的心脏多平面 TEE进行对照研究 ,确定 TEE显示近端冠状动脉的最佳方位和层面。结果 :0°、 45°方位的心脏薄层断面和多平面 TEE切面能清晰地显示左右冠状动脉主干和左冠状动脉分叉 ,90°、1 35°方位能显示左右冠状动脉的起始部。结论 :保留食道心脏薄层断面解剖学研究能够为冠状动脉的多平面 TEE显像提供解剖学基础     

多排螺旋CT图像重建技术在肩部损伤中的应用

目的分析多排螺旋CT体积扫描图像三维重建技术在肩关节损伤中的应用.方法 21例肩关节骨折病人接受MSCT检查,对CT二维图像资料经工作站处理,进行多平面重建(MPR)和三维表面遮盖法(SSD)重建,最后进行图像比较分析.结果 MPR可更全面地显示骨折的断面信息, 3D-SSD能立体地显示骨折的范围和方向,对关节脱位的解剖关系显示清楚.结论螺旋CT的2D-MPR和3D-SSD重建作为CT轴位图像的重要补充依据,能更直观和立体地显示肩关节损伤的骨折和脱位情况.     

时间-空间相关成像技术评价胎儿心脏形态结构的初步研究

目的评估3D／4D时间-空间相关成像（STIC）是否能比常规二维胎儿超声心动图提供更多胎儿心脏的切面及信息。方法采用3D／4DSTIC超声系统对26例孕龄16～41周的正常胎儿进行心脏和胸部的自动扫查，获得容积数据后进行脱机分析，主要对胎儿心脏的解剖结构进行多平面的观察和三维重建，重点观察胎儿心脏的流出道等结构。结果26例胎儿皆成功获得满意二维和三维四腔心切面的图像。通过STIC技术获得的容积数据显示了一系列相互垂直的三维平面图像（即A平面、B平面、C平面），对其中的每一幅图像都可通过旋转、平移进行控制、分析。切割或三维重建图像可获得比常规二维胎儿超声心动图检查更多的切面及信息。结论3D／4DSTIC技术比常规二维胎儿超声心动图检查能更快地提供更多的观察心脏解剖结构的切面和信息。     

人体三维可视化心脏与多平面经食道超声心动图的对照研究

目的 :建立国人心脏的可视化模型 ,为多平面经食道超声心动图 (TEE)确立任意方位的薄层断面解剖学基础。方法 :采用 (VRM)软件在中国首套可视化人体数据集的基础上进行心脏的可视化研究。结果 :本研究建立了国人心脏的可视化模型 ,可视化模型能在计算机的帮助下围绕食道进行任意方位的切割 ,各个切割面所显示的解剖结构清晰 ,并能与多平面经食道超声心动图各个方位的切面形成良好的对照。结论 :国人心脏可视化模型能为多平面经食道超声心动图提供详细而完整的断面解剖学资料     

三维超声重建冠状断面评估乳腺病灶的初步研究

乳腺超声检查的传统切面包括横切面、纵切面或放射状切面、反放射状切面[1].传统超声无法显示乳腺的冠状切面,而三维超声可通过储存的数据组进行包括冠状切面在内的多切面显示[2].与二维超声相比,三维超声通过表面成像模式灰阶阈值调节和三维重建,能够显示出层面上的乳房冠状图(从乳头到胸壁),更好地了解乳房组织结构和解剖结构,可更清晰地显示出病灶内部结构与周边邻近组织的立体关系.本研究通过三维重建技术对乳腺病灶超声成像进行研究,旨在探讨三维超声重建冠状断面检查对乳腺病灶良恶性的鉴别诊断价值.     

实时三维超声心动图的临床应用和研究现状

心脏三维超声图像采集始于1974年,由于其消除了对心腔几何假设的不足以及二维平面成像诠释三维立体结构导致的误差,能够更加精确地评价复杂的心脏解剖和功能。早期心脏三维图像的获得依赖于脱机三维重建,不仅复杂、耗时而且图像质量不佳,限制了其临床应用。容积成像技术(volumetric imaging)的发展使得实时三维超声心动图(real-time 3-denminsional echocardiography,RT3DE)成为可能,尤     

心脏三维可视化模型在经胸超声心动图中的应用价值

目的建立心脏三维可视化模型,为经胸超声心动图（TTE）提供任意方位的薄层断面解剖学基础。方法在中国可视化人体数据集心脏连续断面的基础上运用可视化软件建立心脏三维可视化模型,并与TTE对照研究。结果心脏三维可视化模型能在计算机的帮助下模拟TTE扫查方位进行切割和旋转,各个切面均能清晰地显示心脏的精细解剖结构及毗邻关系,并与TTE上的解剖结构形成相对良好的对照。结论心脏三维可视化模型能为TTE提供详细、连续的任意断层解剖学资料。     

数字化心脏解剖系统的构建

目的：探讨新的构建心脏解剖系统的方法,为影像医学、心脏手术和解剖学教学提供参考。方法：对VHP数据集心脏断面图像进行连续追踪观察,对分割结果进行三维重建;利用Maya三维动画软件对重建心脏进行修正以及对心脏供血过程进行动画设定。结果：VHP心脏断面图像清晰,可清楚显示心脏各部分组织,心脏重建图像质量高,心脏供血过程动画准确、生动。结论：研究采用传统编程技术与Maya三维动画软件相结合进行三维重建的新方法,实现了基于VHP数据集的心脏解剖系统的构建,为影像医学和心脏手术提供了解剖学参考,也为解剖学教学提供了新的教学软件。     

基于VTK的肱骨薄层断面三维可视化重建研究

目的通过使用可视化工具包VTK的二维轮廓线的表面重建算法,在VC 的编译环境下实现对人体薄层断面中肱骨的三维表面重建。方法应用数字化可视人体数据获取技术,对双侧肱骨进行计算机三维重建及立体显示。结果重建出双侧肱骨的大、小结节,大、小结节嵴,桡神经沟,尺神经沟,肱骨小头,肱骨滑车,冠突窝,桡窝,鹰嘴窝,内、外上髁等结构的三维立体图像,可以任意角度和比例大小对它们进行观察,清楚地显示了它们在空间上的位置关系。结论本研究以中国可视化人体数据集和VTK为基础,实现了对人体肱骨的3D可视化重建,为进一步深入研究和实现更多人体解剖结构可视化以及科学计算提供支持,也为解剖教学展示提供参考。     

3D膝关节模型的构建

背景:三维图像重建是开展膝关节虚拟研究的基础.关节周围韧带、软骨、半月板等结构分割重建报道较少.目的:在前期大量膝关节标本解剖研究的基础上,利用CT及MRI数据,三维重建包括关节周围韧带、软骨、半月板等结构在内的膝关节模型.方法:采用1例人体成年膝关节标本CT、MRI薄层扫描数据,导入Mimics 10.01分别三维重建膝关节骨、软骨、韧带及半月板等结构,利用逆向工程软件Geomagic 8进行及图像配准处理.结果与结论:三维重建了包括关节周围韧带、软骨、半月板等结构在内的膝关节模型,为建立相应膝关节有限元模型奠定了基础.     

经食管超声心动图纵向扫描切面三维重建

在双平面经食管超声心动图研究的基础上，借鉴经胸壁三维超声心动图研究的经验，开展新的经食管超声心动图三维重建系统的研究。介绍了经食管超声心动图三维重建系统的硬件装置和图像处理的流程框图。结果表明。本系统可以对心脏和大血管多区域结构进行三维重建，结构显示清晰、直观、立体感强，并且能以不同层次立体剖面和不同方位的立体旋转图像显示各区域的结构，为心脏立体形态学研究提供了准确的三维解剖学资料，有助于确定病变的空间位置和大小。     

Rapid and Accurate Assessment of Aortic Arch Atherosclerosis Using Simultaneous Multi-Plane Imaging by Transesophageal Echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is widely used for the evaluation of aortic arch atherosclerosis which carries an increased risk of ischemic stroke. We investigated the feasibility of simultaneous multi-plane imaging by real-time 3-D TEE for the assessment of aortic arch plaques. In 152 patients, we assessed aortic arch plaques and measured their maximum thickness by both conventional TEE imaging and multi-plane TEE imaging. There was excellent correlation and good agreement between the two methods in the measurement of the maximum thickness of arch plaques (r = 0.95, mean difference, −0.1 ± 0.5 mm). The mean image acquisition time required for aortic arch assessment by multi-plane imaging was significantly shorter than that required for conventional imaging in all patients (p < 0.001), especially those with complex plaques. These findings suggest that simultaneous multi-plane TEE imaging enables rapid and accurate evaluation of arch plaques and is therefore a useful tool for the assessment of aortic arch plaques in the clinical setting.     

尸体肝脏横断面解剖与CT增强影像对比研究对活体肝移植的术前评估

目的 用国人尸体肝脏薄层横断面结构形态学信息,为人体肝脏断层影像学的识别和活体肝移植提供解剖学依据。方法选取人体尸体肝脏连续横断面图像进行解剖形态学观察,与其相对应的CT增强图像对照研究,并完成计算机三维重建。结果在尸体肝脏连续横断面图像与其相对应的CT增强图像,清晰显示肝内管道系统主支的走行分布特点,三维重建图像能清晰显示肝内血管空间结构特征以及所支配区域的空间体积。结论通过对肝脏横断面解剖结构的探讨,CT增强图像能够完整而精确地反映出该区域复杂的解剖学结构特点,为活体肝移植的术前评估提供坚实的形态学基础。     

大脑横断面解剖与MRI对照研究

目的探讨大脑主要结构在薄层横断面上的形态及其变化规律,为此区域的影像识别与分析提供依据.方法从首例中国可视人数据集中选出大脑有关的横断面图像与相对应的MRI图像对照.结果在人体大脑横断面标本与相应的MRI轴位图像上,清楚显示出大脑主要结构的形态与影像特征.结论首例中国数字化可视人体数据集的大脑断面标本图与MRI图像有良好的对应关系,通过对照观察,可在MRI上精确识别脑沟、回及脑内结构,为临床影像诊断提供详实准确的断层形态资料,对脑内微小结构占位性病变的早期诊断提供参考依据.     

可视化肝脏横断面解剖与MR影像对照研究

目的应用数字化可视人体肝脏薄层横断面结构形态学信息,为人体肝脏断层影像学的识别与诊断提供解剖学依据.方法选取可视化人体数据集的肝脏连续横断面图像进行解剖形态学观察,与其相对应的MR图像对照研究,并完成计算机三维重建.结果在可视化肝脏横断面与其相对应的MR图像上,清晰显示肝内管道系统主支的走行分布特点,三维重建图像能清晰显示肝内管道空间结构特征,并明确肝内管道主支在肝脏横断面的最佳显示平面.结论通过对肝脏横断面解剖结构的探讨,可视化肝脏能够完整而精确地反映出该区域复杂的解剖学结构特点,为肝脏疾病的影像定性诊断及影像辅助定位治疗提供形态学依据.     

Volume quantification of intracardiac mass lesions by transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiography

As compared with two-dimensional (2-D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 3-D echocardiography now permits more realistic visualization of cardiac anatomy and of intracardiac lesions. The aim of this study was to apply newer 3-D echocardiographic techniques to quantify volumes of intracardiac masses undergoing surgical resection seen during an intraoperative TEE. The calculated volumes were compared with actual in vitro measurements of surgically resected masses. A total of 14 patients (9 men; 5 women; age range between 21 and 77 years) with intracardiac mass lesions (4 tumors: 3 left atrial myxomas and 1 mitral valve fibroelastoma, and 10 vegetations: 5 aortic valve, 3 mitral valve, 1 tricuspid and 1 pulmonary valve) were studied. Using commercially available 3-D reconstruction software (TomTec v. 4.1), the volumes of intracardiac masses were estimated using both the average rotation (rotation around the long axis, AR) and disk summation (parallel short axis cuts, DS) methods. Volumes of these lesions were also measured in vitro by water submersion. They ranged from 0.20 mL to 24 mL (mean +/- SD = 8.07 +/- 9.21 mL). Both 3-D TEE AR and 3-D TEE DS calculated volumes correlated excellently with in vitro measured volumes (r = 1.00 and r = 0.98, respectively, p = < 0.0001). The correlation between 3-D TEE AR and 3-D TEE DS calculated volumes was also excellent (r = 0.98, p = < 0.0001). In conclusion, the volume assessments by 3-D TEE of intracardiac mass lesions correlated well with in vitro measured volumes of surgical specimens. This technique may prove to be valuable in further defining intracardiac pathology and is a further advancement toward the application of clinically useful 3-D echocardiography.     

Postmortem high-resolution 3-dimensional imaging of the primate brain: blockface imaging of perfusion stained tissue

Modern anatomy of the brain is primarily concerned with visualizing contrast between tissue elements and with 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction. The first objective relies on specific neuroanatomical and imaging protocols, the latter on proper alignment of serial cross-sectional anatomy. We present a method that meets these goals at a resolution that allows for the structural delineation in the primate central nervous system. Methylene blue was administered by perfusion to the intact brain of three rhesus macaques thereby staining the neuropil in the cortex and gray nuclei of the brain in situ. Subsequent dissection and serial sectioning revealed excellent contrast in the tissue and showed clear boundaries between anatomical structures. We captured sequential images of the block surface of the brain before each serial section was cut from the specimen by means of a digital camera mounted directly over the microtome stage and the brain. We developed a suite of algorithms to automate the alignment, segmentation, normalization, and intensity correction for the series of blockface images. These digital images were the basis for 3-D reconstruction of the brains.     

Mode vibrations of a matrix transducer for three-dimensional second harmonic transesophageal echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) uses the esophagus as an imaging window to the heart. This enables cardiac imaging without interference from the ribs or lungs and allows for higher frequency ultrasound to be used compared with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). TEE facilitates the successful imaging of obese or elderly patients, where TTE may be unable to produce images of satisfactory quality. Recently, three-dimensional (3-D) TEE has been introduced, which greatly improves the image quality and diagnostic value of TEE by adding an extra dimension. Further improvement could be achieved by optimizing 3-D TEE for harmonic imaging. This article describes the optimal geometry and element configuration for a matrix probe for 3-D second harmonic TEE. The array concept features separated transmit and receive subarrays. The element geometry was studied using finite element modeling and a transmit subarray prototype was examined both acoustically and with laser interferometry. The transmit subarray is suitable for its role, with a 3 MHz resonance frequency, a 40%-50% -3 dB bandwidth and crosstalk levels <-27 dB. The proposed concept for the receive subarray has a 5.6 MHz center frequency and a 50% -3 dB bandwidth.