Nonmucinous cystic pancreatic neoplasms

This article discusses serous cystadenomas, the most common of the nonmucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas. These microcystic lesions were previously known as "glycogen-rich" cystadenomas because of the presence of glycogen within the cyst epithelium. A small percentage of these lesions are macrocystic, and it may be difficult to differentiate them from mucinous lesions; however, endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration can provide diagnostic material from the cyst fluid. The second most common nonmucinous cyst, the islet cell tumor, is also discussed. These rare cystic tumors may or may not be accompanied by excess hormone production. The prognosis for the rare cystic tumors is good if they are resected successfully.     

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas (MCNP) are rare tumors with presentation and findings that differ in most cases from pancreatic pseudocysts. A simple pancreatic cystic lesion in a younger-aged patient with a history of pancreatitis and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) demonstration of ductal communication with the cyst strongly suggests the diagnosis of a benign pseudocyst. MCNP may have extensive areas without an epithelial lining, adding histologic sampling error to the potential for confusing these two entities. Pancreatic pseudocysts are benign lesions treated by enteric drainage procedures, while MCNP have significant malignant potential, and resection is advised. Even when clinical presentation and imaging are persuasive for a benign cyst, MCNP of the pancreas should be considered in planning, evaluation, and treatment.     

Diagnosis of cystic neoplasms with endoscopic ultrasound

From the data that are currently available, it appears that EUS can help to reliably distinguish between the majority of benign and neoplastic cystic lesions. In equivocal cases, or cases where a high suspicion for malignancy exists, the use of EUS-guided FNA for obtaining cytology and cystic fluid for analysis of various tumor markers, gives the best diagnostic yield. Occasionally, despite a complete evaluation of a cystic mass, the cyst type may not be determined. The decision regarding further management of these lesions should be based on a combination of factors including symptoms, cyst size, EUS morphology and the patient's overall medical condition. In the case of symptomatic, large, or suspicious lesions where the patient is a good surgical candidate, surgical resection should be performed. However, it becomes more difficult in the case of asymptomatic, small cystic lesions where the patient is not an optimal surgical candidate. In the latter scenario, applying EUS criteria for follow-up of small pancreatic cystic lesions as reported by Ikeda et al can help in the decision-making process. In this study, Ikeda et al reported on 31 patients with pancreatic cystic lesions of unknown etiology that were followed-up with semi-annual EUS exams over a 3-year period. In 87.1% of these lesions, the size was less than 2 cm. Their criteria included 1) a clear thin wall, 2) smooth contour, 3) round or oval shape, 4) no septum or nodules, 5) asymptomatic clinical presentation, and 6) no findings of chronic pancreatitis. The cystic lesions remained stable in 30/31 patients, and only one lesion increased in size. This lesion was resected and was found to be a retention cyst. We are optimistic that the role of EUS in the management of cystic neoplasms will continue to evolve and expand as future studies evaluate the clinical utility of imaging modalities for the optimal practice algorithm for managing these neoplasms.     

Endoscopic ultrasound techniques for pancreatic cystic neoplasms

The role of EUS and EUS FNA in the evaluation of cystic pancreatic lesions is evolving. The detailed imaging provided by EUS and hence the ability to target the biopsy at suspicious areas within the pancreatic cystic lesion may prove to be invaluable. Improvements in EUS equipment will further secure the role of this technology when evaluating these patients.     

29例胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声诊断

目的探讨胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声表现与诊断。方法对2000年6月至2008年12月中山医院外科手术病理证实的29例胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声表现进行回顾性分析。结果超声表现囊性或囊性为主22例,囊实性实性为主5例,实性2例;病理诊断良性20例,交界性4例,恶性5例;超声诊断良性病变12例,恶性病变6例,良恶性诊断符合率72.4%(21/29),其中9例诊断囊腺瘤。结论胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声声像图表现多样,图像典型时超声可作出正确诊断,声像图表现不典型时要诊断黏液性囊性肿瘤及其良恶性确有困难。     

胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声表现

目的探讨胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤(MCNs)的超声表现。方法回顾性分析42例经手术病理证实的MCNs的超声表现。结果 MCNs多发生于中年女性,大部分位于胰体尾部,肿瘤体积较大,边界清晰,多数有包膜。42例MCNs中,22例为囊性或以囊性为主;18例囊实混合性;2例实性。病理诊断良性病变24例,交界性7例,恶性11例。超声诊断:20例考虑为良性,22例考虑恶性,超声诊断恶性MCNs的敏感度为77.78%(14/18),特异度为66.67%(16/24)。结论 MCNs超声图像表现复杂,肿物内分隔厚度、是否存在实性部分有助于鉴别良、恶性病变。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤误诊四例诊治体会

胰腺囊性肿瘤是一种少见肿瘤,主要包括浆液性囊腺瘤、粘液性囊腺瘤和粘液性囊腺癌,约占胰腺囊性病变的１０％～１５％［１］。由于临床少见,症状不典型,发展缓慢,病理常不能准确定性,从而导致诊治的延误。我院１９９３年５月～１９９８年４月共收治４例胰腺囊性肿瘤误诊为胰腺假性囊肿病人。现结合文献,讨论如下。１　病例资料【例１】　女,５０岁。因上腹隐痛不适５年,行ＣＴ检查发现胰体尾部有一６ｃｍ×５ｃｍ×５ｃｍ大小的囊性肿块。行剖腹探查,术中囊壁活检未发现上皮细胞,遂诊断为假性胰腺囊肿行内引流术。术后半年症状加…     

胰腺常见囊性肿瘤的临床特点、影像学表现和鉴别

胰腺囊性肿瘤（PCN）是以囊性改变为主胰腺肿瘤的统称。常见的PCN分为浆液性囊性肿瘤（SCN）、黏液性囊性肿瘤（MCN）、导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（IPMN）、实性假乳头性肿瘤（SPT）等。各型肿瘤生物学特性各异,良恶性均有涉及,因此提高PCN的术前影像学诊断对临床有一定的指导意义。本文就PCN的影像学表现、病理特点及鉴别诊断进行综述。     

Role of tumor markers in the diagnosis of cystic and intraductal neoplasms

Despite recent advances in imaging procedures, the correct diagnosis of cystic lesions of the pancreas is lacking in about one third of cases. Cyst fluid analysis can help in the differential diagnosis, particularly in patients with unilocular or paucilocular lesions, thus precluding unjustified resection in patients with benign cystic lesions of the pancreas. Although use of cystic fluid marker analysis is helpful in several situations, it is crucial to carefully evaluate the clinical context with appraisal of patient's demographics, clinical symptoms, and morphologic data. A multidisciplinary approach is advised and should improve the overall diagnostic performance and lead to better management strategies in patients presenting with such tumors of the pancreas.     

Role of cytology in the diagnosis of cystic and intradcutal papillary mucinous neoplasms

Cytology may provide valuable information and is diagnostic in many cases, but it is limited by sampling difficulties. Performance of mucin stains and analysis of the cyst fluid for tumor markers, as described in the article on histology of cystic neoplasms elsewhere in this issue, increase detection of MCNs and IPMNs; however, as with any other laboratory test, the results of the cyst fluid cytologic analysis need to be assessed in light of the clinical and radiologic findings, particularly when the cytology is not completely diagnostic.     

3DSPGR磁化传递成像在鉴别脑脓肿与坏死囊变性脑肿瘤的应用

目的探讨3DSPGR磁化传递成像(MTI)在鉴别脑脓肿与坏死囊变性胶质瘤和脑转移瘤的应用价值。方法7例经手术病理(3例)或临床随访(4例)证实的脑脓肿、9例经手术病理证实的坏死囊变性胶质瘤和8例经临床证实的坏死囊变性转移瘤在治疗前接受了常规MR和3DSPGR序列MTI检查,测量并计算病灶囊性区、实性区、同层面对侧正常脑白质区和脑脊液的平均磁化传递率(magnetization transfer ratio,MTR)。结果病灶囊性区、实性区、同层面对侧正常脑白质区和脑脊液的MTR分别依次为(0.0803±0.04)、(0.2259±0.03)、(0.3475±0.02)、(-0.1546±0.15);病灶囊性区与脑脊液的MTR之间存在显著性差异,t=8.911,P<0.001,病灶实性区与正常脑白质区的MTR之间存在显著性差异(t=-20.208,P<0.001);脑脓肿与坏死囊变性胶质瘤和脑转移瘤囊性区的MTR均存在显著性差异(F=37.390,P<0.001),其中脑脓肿与胶质瘤存以及脑脓肿与脑转移瘤有显著性差异(P<0.001),胶质瘤和脑转移瘤无明显差异(P=0.179);实性区域的MTR三者之间无差异。结论3DSPGR-MTI以及MTR的测量在鉴别脑脓肿与坏死囊变性胶质瘤和脑转移瘤有重要价值,可作为常规MRI序列的重要补充。     

扩散加权成像对胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)对胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤良恶性的鉴别诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析45例胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的DWI图像,测量肿瘤表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)、最小ADC值(ADC_(min))和最大ADC值(ADC_(max))。比较胰腺良恶性黏液性囊性肿瘤的平均ADC(ADC_(mean))、ADC_(min)和ADC_(max),并应用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristics,ROC)曲线评价其诊断性能。结果:胰腺良性黏液性囊性肿瘤(n=27)的ADC_(mean)高于恶性肿瘤组(n=18;3.34×10~(-3)mm~2/s vs 2.36×10~(-3)mm~2/s,P0.000 1),ADC_(mean)鉴别肿瘤良恶性的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.91。胰腺恶性黏液性囊性肿瘤的ADC_(min)低于良性黏液性囊性肿瘤(1.24×10~(-3)mm~2/s vs 2.54×10~(-3)mm~2/s,P0.000 1),ADC_(min)鉴别肿瘤良恶性的AUC为0.94。胰腺良恶性黏液性囊性肿瘤的ADC_(max)差异无统计学意义(3.71×10~(-3) mm~2/s vs 3.86×10~(-3) mm~2/s)。结论:DWI中ADC_(mean)和ADC_(min)对胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤良恶性有鉴别价值。     

Factors associated with misdiagnosis of preoperative endoscopic ultrasound in patients with pancreatic cystic neoplasms undergoing surgical resection

Journal of Medical Ultrasonics - Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) include various types of cysts. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary surgery on benign cysts. In this...     

肝脏黏液性囊性肿瘤与囊肿型肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤CT及MRI表现

目的 对比分析肝脏黏液性囊性肿瘤（MCN）与囊肿型胆管乳头状肿瘤（IPNB）的CT及MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析25例MCN和16例囊肿型IPNB（侵袭性10例、非侵袭性6例）的临床病理资料及影像学资料。结果 IPNB组与MCN组周围胆管交通、胆管扩张、附壁结节差异有统计学意义（P均<0.001）,病灶直径、位置、形状、囊内出血、ADC值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。IPNB组中,非侵袭性和侵袭性病变间仅病灶直径差异有统计学意义（P=0.032）。结论 MCN和囊肿型IPNB的CT及MRI表现具有一定相似性,病灶周围是否有胆管扩张、扩张的胆管是否与病灶相通及病灶内部壁结节对鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

Nephroblastic neoplasms

Nephroblastoma, or Wilms tumor, is a malignant embryonal neoplasm that is derived from nephrogenic blastemal cells, with variable recapitulation of renal embryogenesis. The pathogenesis of nephroblastoma is complex and has been linked to alterations of several genomic loci, including WT1, WT2, FWT1, and FWT2. Generally, nephroblastoma is composed of variable proportions of blastema, epithelium, and stroma, each of which may exhibit a wide spectrum of morphologic variations. Distinguishing nephroblastoma with favorable histology from tumors that exhibit anaplasia is an integral component of histologic assessment because of its prognostic and therapeutic implications. Nephrogenic rests and a special variant of nephroblastoma, cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma, also are discussed.