良性前列腺增生及其伴发疾病的同期治疗(附205例报告)

目的 探讨良性前列腺增生症(BPH)及其伴发疾病的同期手术治疗方法及疗效、安全性.方法 对205例BPH合并膀胱结石、腹股沟疝、尿道狭窄或膀胱肿瘤的患者在行耻骨上经膀胱前列腺摘除术或经尿道前列腺等离子电切术时,同期行膀胱取石或碎石术、腹股沟疝无张力修补术、尿道内切开术、经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt).随访期间回顾性...     

良性前列腺增生及其伴发疾病的同期治疗

目的:探讨良性前列腺增生(BPH)及其伴发疾病一次性手术治疗方法。方法:对114例合并有腹股沟疝、尿道狭窄、膀胱肿瘤或膀胱结石的BPH患者在行经尿道前列腺电切/汽化术(TURP/TUVP)时,同期行腹股沟疝修补术、尿道内切开术、经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURB t)或膀胱取石术。结果:114例手术全部成功。随访3~60个月,TURP效果良好。30例腹股沟疝和39例膀胱结石均无复发。25例尿道狭窄1例术中血压明显下降,4例术后需继续尿道扩张。20例膀胱肿瘤未见前列腺窝种植转移,6例非原位复发者再次行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术。结论:BPH合并腹股沟疝、尿道狭窄、膀胱肿瘤或膀胱结石可一期手术处理。     

前列腺增生症合并膀胱结石的腔内治疗分析

目的 探讨腔内泌尿外科技术治疗前列腺增生症(BPH)合并膀胱结石的应用价值.方法 对74例BPH合并膀胱结石患者分别采用大力碎石钳、输尿管镜气压弹道、标准肾镜超声碎石等方法结合经尿道前列腺电切进行治疗.结果 1例大力钳碎石因膀胱穿孔改行开放手术,2例耻骨上小切口切开取石,另外71例均完全进行腔内治疗,术后5～7 d拔除...     

尿道狭窄的腔内治疗（附56例报告）

目的：探讨尿道狭窄的腔内治疗效果。方法：对56例男性尿道狭窄患者联合采用尿道内冷刀及电切镜等腔内技术行尿道内切开术;对并发BPH、输尿管结石或膀胱肿瘤患者一并以电切镜或输尿管镜进行前列腺电切、气压弹道碎石或膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗。结果：本组56例尿道狭窄患者手术均一次成功,拔管后均排尿通畅,仅1例术后因出血而再次住院治疗;无明显尿失禁、尿瘘等并发症。术后根据狭窄段长度定期行尿道扩张。结论：采用经尿道腔内切开术、瘢痕电切术治疗尿道狭窄具有创伤小、并发症少等优点,避免了开放手术痛苦。为降低狭窄复发率,彻底切除瘢痕是必要的;为弥补瘢痕切除不彻底,狭窄段较长患者术后定期行尿道扩张也是必需的。同时,对于尿道狭窄合并BPH、输尿管结石或膀胱肿瘤的患者,在尿道狭窄处理后也可一并处理。     

高危前列腺增生合并膀胱结石行经尿道钬激光碎石及经尿道前列腺电切术的观察

目的 探讨高龄高危前列腺增生(BPH)合并膀胱结石的治疗方法.方法 采用经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)联合电切镜钬激光碎石同期治疗高危BPH合并膀胱结石患者84例.即通过电切攀通道置入钬激光光纤行膀胱结石钬激光碎石,再行TURP治疗.结果 84例平均年龄78岁患者均一次性手术成功,取石率为100%.手术时间40～120min,平均约65min,其中碎石时间5～30min,平均15min.术中无出血、穿孔.TURP术后留置导尿管3～6d,术后住院时间为5～9d,平均6.9d.术后随访3～12个月,无结石复发及尿道狭窄等并发症.结论 采用TURP加钬激光碎石术治疗高危BPH合并膀胱结石具有手术时间短,创伤小及安全性高等优势.特别是对高危前列腺增生症患者合并膀胱较大结石、多发结石更具优势.     

前列腺增生并膀胱结石三种腔内碎石方法比较

目的:探讨BPH并膀胱结石患者经尿道腔内碎石的高效方法。方法:对BPH并膀胱结石患者280例,行经尿道腔内碎石治疗,术中均先行碎石,采用大力碎石钳碎石150例(Ⅰ组),气压弹道碎石55例(Ⅱ组),钬激光碎石75例(Ⅲ组);如碎石成功再行前列腺电汽化术切除前列腺(TVP)。结果:Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组碎石成功率分别为57.3%、67.3%、98.7%;术中发生膀胱损伤、穿孔率20.0%、1.8%、0%,因膀胱穿孔改为开放手术率2.7%、0%、0%,结石无法粉碎改为开放手术率40%、32.7%、1.3%,术后6月尿道狭窄发生率18%、5.5%、2.7%。改为开放手术患者均行耻骨上膀胱切开取石及前列腺摘除术,余碎石失败患者均行TVP并耻骨上膀胱切开取石。Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组碎石成功率、结石无法粉碎改开放手术率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组术中并发症发生率及术后尿道狭窄发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经尿道钬激光碎石治疗BPH并膀胱结石是一种安全、高效的方法,可以作为首选。     

经尿道电切镜鞘气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石

目的探讨经尿道电切镜鞘气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石的疗效。方法2003年3月~2007年5月,采用经尿道电切镜鞘气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石32例。结果32例均一次手术成功,无中转开放手术。22例合并前列腺增生症碎石后行经尿道前列腺电切术(transurethral prostatectomy,TURP),4例膀胱颈挛缩行膀胱颈电切术,4例尿道狭窄入镜前行尿道扩张,2例单纯行膀胱结石碎石。手术时间25~90min,(45±25)min,均无结石残留,无膀胱穿孔。术后尿道狭窄1例。结论经尿道电切镜鞘输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石具有方法可靠、创伤小、手术并发症少等优点,特别适合于合并前列腺增生者。     

同期手术治疗良性前列腺增生并膀胱结石27例报告

目的:探讨良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)并膀胱结石的治疗方法及疗效。方法:27例患者中8例用电切镜直接夹取结石,13例经尿道碎石,6例行耻骨上小切口切开取石术,同期均行经尿道前列腺电切术(transure-thral electroresection of prostate,TURP)联合经尿道前列腺汽化电切术(transurethral electrovaporization of prostate,TUVP)。结果:手术均获成功,术中无膀胱穿孔,术中、术后无电切综合征发生,无结石残留,术后3~5d拔除导尿管。结论:对BPH合并膀胱结石的患者,根据结石的直径、数量采取经尿道取石、碎石或经耻骨上小切口取石,同期行TURP联合TUVP治疗BPH,能缩短手术时间,减少并发症。     

三种腔内微创方法在前列腺增生并膀胱结石的疗效比较

目的：比较经尿道大力碎石钳、气压弹道碎石和钬激光在BPH合并膀胱结石患者中碎石的疗效和安全性。方法：把BPH合并膀胱结石165例分为三组：Ⅰ组68例用大力碎石钳碎石后联合经尿道前列腺电切治疗;Ⅱ组51例经尿道气压弹道碎石后联合经尿道前列腺汽化电切治疗;Ⅲ组46例经尿道钬激光碎石后联合经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切治疗,对3组术中、术后并发症及碎石效果进行比较。结果：Ⅰ组术中发生前列腺或膀胱损伤、穿孔19例,因膀胱穿孔或结石无法粉碎改为开放手术23例,术后发生尿道狭窄9例,碎石成功率为62.0%（42/68）;Ⅱ组碎石成功率为80.0%（41/51）,其中5例术中发生膀胱损伤、穿孔,因结石无法粉碎转为开放手术7例,术后发生尿道狭窄3例; Ⅲ组无术中并发症,46例全部碎石成功（46/46）,术后6月发生尿道外口狭窄1例。三组之间的碎石成功率、术中并发症发生率、转开放手术率比较差异均有显著性（P<0.05）。结论：经尿道钬激光碎石联合经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切治疗BPH并膀胱结石是一种安全、高效的方法,可以作为首选。     

经尿道电切联合小切口取石治疗BPH合并膀胱多发性结石（附28例报告）

良性前列腺增生症（BPH）合并膀胱结石是老年泌尿外科较常见的疾病，目前较广泛使用的治疗方法是腔内微创手术治疗，我院2005年6月至今共治疗BPH合并膀胱多发性结石（平均结石直径〉3cm）28例，采用经尿道前列腺电切（TURP）同期小切口膀胱切开取石术取得较好的治疗效果，现报告如下。     

自制激光碎石固定钳碎石效果的体外研究

目的 评价一种自行设计的碎石固定钳在体外实验时的碎石效率.方法 2010年10月选取结石替代品48颗,成分为碳酸钙,大致加工成椭圆形,质量0.5 ～0.7 g,直径约1 cm.随机分成两组,每组各24颗,第1组使用自制激光碎石固定钳,第2组不使用碎石固定钳,两组均采用钬激光碎石.在钬激光能量消耗2 kJ时记录碎石时间及碎除结石质量,至彻底击碎结石后再记录碎石时间及消耗能量.比较两组碎石时间、消耗能量、残余结石的差异.结果 钬激光能量消耗2 kJ时碎石时间,第1组为(4.7 ±0.9) min,第2组为(4.2 ±0.9) min,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);能量消耗2 kJ时所碎除结石质量第1组为(0.14 ±0.04)g,第2组为(0.13±0.06)g,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);剩余结石碎石时间第1组为(4.5±1.2)min,第2组为(9.2±2.6) min,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);剩余结石碎石消耗能量第1组为(1.7±0.5)kJ,第2组为(2.6±0.4)kJ,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);第1组总碎石时间为(9.2±1.7)min,总能量消耗为(3.7±0.5)kJ,第2组总碎石时间为(13.4±2.7) min,总能量消耗为(4.6±0.5)kJ,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 体外实验中,自制激光碎石固定钳能明显提高碎石效率,对于直径＜1 cm结石的碎石效率提高更明显.     

Cyberwand双导管超声吸附碎石治疗特殊人群膀胱结石

目的 探讨应用Cyberwand双导管超声吸附碎石系统治疗特殊人群膀胱结石的价值.方法 2008年7月～ 2011年10月我院收治因各种原因需长期留置膀胱造瘘管致膀胱结石形成患者89例,其中神经源性膀胱49例,前列腺增生不能耐受手术行膀胱造瘘者14例,肿瘤局部浸润行尿流改道者1 1例,反复尿道狭窄手术失败保留造瘘者15例.均通过膀胱造瘘口肾镜应用Cyberwand双导管超声吸附碎石. 结果 所有手术均顺利完成,手术时间平均40(30～70)min.无膀胱穿孔、大出血、结石残留、输尿管开口损伤等.所有患者均获随访,平均6(1 ～24)个月.13例患者术后7个月再发膀胱结石,再次行上述处理,结石清除干净. 结论 对于各种原因需长期留置膀胱造瘘管的患者所形成的膀胱结石,通过造瘘口Cyberwand双导管超声吸附碎石,效果良好,创伤轻微,具有很好的推广价值.     

Changing composition of renal calculi in patients with neurogenic bladder

PURPOSE: Renal calculi are a significant source of morbidity for patients with neurogenic bladder. Calculi from patients with NB have traditionally been composed primarily of struvite and carbonate apatite secondary to chronic urea-splitting bacteriuria. In the current era there have been great improvements in the urological rehabilitation of patients with NB. We defined the composition of renal calculi in a contemporary cohort of patients with NB due to spinal cord injury or myelomeningocele who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective evaluation of all patients with NB due to SCI or MM who underwent PNL between January 2002 and January 2005. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients with NB (14 with SCI, 18 with MM) underwent PNL in this period. Stones were infectious in etiology in 37.5% (12 struvite/carbonate apatite) and metabolic in 62.5% (1 uric acid, 2 calcium oxalate monohydrate, 2 brushite, 6 hydroxyapatite, 9 mixed hydroxyapatite/calcium oxalate). All patients with struvite calculi were infected with urea-splitting bacteria on preoperative urine culture. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with neurogenic bladder are traditionally thought to harbor infection related calculi. These data demonstrate that many contemporary patients will be found to have calculi of a metabolic etiology. Although patients with NB still have renal calculi, advances in urological treatment may have affected the composition of their calculi, as metabolic stones are becoming more commonly identified. When metabolic components are identified, stone activity may be attenuated with appropriate metabolic evaluation, pharmacological therapies and dietary modifications.     

膀胱重复畸形2例临床分析

目的：提高对膀胱重复畸形的认识和诊疗水平.方法：回顾性分析2例膀胱重复畸形患者的临床资料,并结合文献资料进行讨论.结果：例1经膀胱尿道镜检查后发现左侧膀胱前壁有一菜花状肿物,病理检查结果提示膀胱高-中分化鳞状上皮细胞癌,行全膀胱切除＋双侧输尿管皮肤造口术.例2行双膀胱融合和腹前壁修补术.结论：膀胱重复畸形极其罕见,并且很少单独存在,多合并尿路或其他器官畸形.手术是唯一能根治的方法,治疗应遵循个体化原则.     

Bladder calculi formed over a hair nidus in spinal injury cases

Clean intermittent catheterization has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective method of bladder drainage in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. However, breakdowns in technique may allow the introduction of foreign matter into the bladder and thereby result in bladder calculi. The three cases reported herein demonstrate this potential problem in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) with hair nidus as the source of bladder calculi causing neurogenic bladder. In each situation, the problem was identified, calculi were removed cystoscopically and the patient and/or the ancillary aid were reinstructed. We recommend annual renal function tests, ultrasound and cytoscopic screening in high suspicion cases to allow early detection of bladder calculi in persons with SCI and prevent further urinary tract infections. This report also emphasizes the need for patient education and a careful follow-up preventing bladder calculi and thus, minimizing the morbidity in persons with SCI.     

前列腺增生并发膀胱结石形成原因探讨

目的初步探讨前列腺增生并发膀胱结石的形成原因。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月至2010年12月收治的151例前列腺增生并发膀胱结石患者的临床资料。结果151例患者平均年龄71.8（50～93）岁,结石平均直径19（5～45）mm,前列腺体积平均44.8（23～231）mL,残余尿量〈20mL 95例（63%）,最大尿流率平均9.2（1～31.1）mL/s,有膀胱出口梗阻139例（92%）,合并尿路感染6例（4%）。结石成分主要为草酸钙102例（67%）、尿酸39例（26%）、碳磷灰石10例（7%）。结论草酸钙是前列腺增生并发膀胱结石中最常见的结石成分,与肾结石成分相似,而且大部分患者残余尿量较少,因此我们推测前列腺增生并发膀胱结石的形成机制中除膀胱出口梗阻外,可能还包括其他的理化及代谢因素。     

Bladder calculi formed over a hair nidus in spinal injury cases

Abstract

Clean intermittent catheterization has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective method of bladder drainage in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. However, breakdowns in technique may allow the introduction of foreign matter into the bladder and thereby result in bladder calculi. The three cases reported herein demonstrate this potential problem in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) with hair nidus as the source of bladder calculi causing neurogenic bladder. In each situation, the problem was identified, calculi were removed cystoscopically and the patient and/or the ancillary aid were reinstructed. We recommend annual renal function tests, ultrasound and cytoscopic screening in high suspicion cases to allow early detection of bladder calculi in persons with SCI and prevent further urinary tract infections. This report also emphasizes the need for patient education and a careful follow-up preventing bladder calculi and thus, minimizing the morbidity in persons with SCI.     

Long-term complications following bladder augmentations in patients with spina bifida: bladder calculi,perforation of the augmented bladder and upper tract deterioration

Background

We desire to review our experience with bladder augmentation in spina bifida patients followed in a transitional and adult urologic practice. This paper will specifically focus on three major complications: bladder calculi, the most frequent complication found following bladder augmentation, perforation of the augmentation, its most lethal complication and finally we will address loss of renal function as a direct result of our surgical reconstructive procedures.

Methods

We reviewed a prospective data base maintained on patients with spina bifida followed in our transitional and adult urology clinic from 1986 to date. Specific attention was given to patients who had developed bladder calculi, sustained a spontaneous perforation of the augmented bladder or had developed new onset of renal scarring or renal insufficiency (≥ stage 3 renal failure) during prolonged follow-up.

Results

The development of renal stones (P<0.05) and symptomatic urinary tract infections (P<0.0001) were found to be significantly reduced by the use of high volume (≥240 mL) daily bladder wash outs. Individuals who still developed bladder calculi recalcitrant to high volume wash outs were not benefited by the correction of underlying metabolic abnormalities or mucolytic agents. Spontaneous bladder perforations in the adult patient population with spina bifida were found to be directly correlated to substance abuse and noncompliance with intermittent catheterization, P<0.005. Deterioration of the upper tracts as defined by the new onset of renal scars occurred in 40% (32/80) of the patients managed by a ileocystoplasty and simultaneous bladder neck outlet procedure during a median follow-up interval 14 years (range, 8–45 years). Development of ≥ stage 3 chronic renal failure occurred within 38% (12/32) of the patients with scarring i.e., 15% (12/80) of the total patient population. Prior to the development of the renal scarring, 69% (22/32) of the patients had been noncompliant with intermittent catheterization. The onset of upper tract deterioration (i.e., new scar formation, hydronephrosis, calculus development, decrease in renal function) was silent, that is, clinically asymptomatic in one third (10/32 pts).

Conclusions

This paper documents the need for high volume bladder irrigations to both prevent the most common complication following bladder augmentation, which is the development of bladder calculi and to reduce the incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infections. It provides a unique perspective regarding the impact of substance abuse and patient non-compliance with medical directives as being both the most common cause for both spontaneous bladder rupture following augmentation cystoplasty and for deterioration of the upper tracts. These findings should cause the surgeon to reflect on his/her assessment of a patient prior to performing a bladder augmentation procedure and stress the need for close follow-up.