胫骨平台骨折52例临床分析

目的 比较胫骨平台骨折的几种治疗方法，选择治疗胫骨平台骨折的最佳方案。方法 本组总结胫骨平台骨折52例，按A0分型和塌陷程度分为B、C两种类型。B1、B2型骨折主要采用手法整复骨牵引或石膏外固定；B3、C1型骨折主要采用撬拨复位，植骨后采用松质骨螺钉固定；C2、C3型骨折主要采用坚强固定。结果 52例胫骨平台骨折获得随访47例，膝关节功能恢复按关节功能、活动范围、膝关节轴线、关节稳定性及骨折复位综合评定，膝关节功能优良41例(87.24％)，可及差6例(12.76％)。结论 胫骨平台骨折的治疗应以关节面损伤程度为中心，选择恰当的治疗方案，早期膝关节功能练习能够获得满意的治疗效果。     

林可钢板并植骨治疗胫骨平台骨折

[目的]探讨Link胫骨上段解剖钢板固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的手术方法及疗效评估。[方法]本院19％年1月-2004年7月住院患者128例，按胥少汀分类，Ⅱ型92例，Ⅲ型36例。均经手术治疗行单侧骨膜剥离，对平台骨折并塌陷者，在保持关节面平整基础上行坚强内固定并植骨，早期膝关节功能锻炼。[结果]所有病例均获6个月～18个月的随访，全部病例均骨性愈合，愈合时间最短为8周，最长为14周，平均为12周，膝关节功能评价，优108，占84．38％，良16例，占12．50％，可4例，占3．12％，优良率为96．88％。[结论]Link钢板加植骨治疗胫骨平台骨折，对加快骨折愈合，防止胫骨平台塌陷，便于膝关节早期功能锻炼，预防关节僵直和创伤性关节炎有显著疗效。     

解剖型胫骨髁钢板治疗胫骨平台骨折

[目的]探讨胫骨平台骨折内固定的方法，评估内固定手术的疗效。[方法]对本科2000～2006年收治的22例胫骨平台骨折手术内固定患者进行随访，并进行回顾性分析，全部患者均采用德国LINK解剖型髁钢板内固定。[结果]本组患者平均随访33．3个月，骨折均于3个月愈合。膝关节功能恢复情况根据关节活动度、疼痛、关节稳定性进行HSS评分，平均89．5分。[结论]解剖型胫骨髁钢板可很好的治疗各型胫骨平台骨折，手术操作简单，治疗效果满意，是治疗胫骨平台骨折的良好的内固定材料。     

内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折64例分析

[目的]探讨胫骨平台骨折内固定治疗的临床疗效。[方法]回顾性分析本院1994年1月～2000年12月收治的胫骨平台骨折64例。骨折按Sehatzker分类，Ⅰ型8例，Ⅱ型40例，Ⅲ型6例，Ⅳ型4例，Ⅴ型3例，Ⅵ型3例，均采用切开复位内固定治疗，骨缺损者同时予以植骨。[结果]58例获得随访，随访期1～7a，平均2．8a，全部骨性愈合。按Hohl评分标准，优良率84．48％。[结论]手术是治疗胫骨平台骨折的有效方法，手术方法根据骨折的不同类型而异，术后并发症的发生与骨折的严重程度密切相关。解剖复位、骨缺损植骨、稳定的固定和早期功能锻炼是减少并发症的关键。术前必须重视软组织损伤的评估。     

梯形双钢板治疗C型胫骨平台骨折的疗效分析

目的观察梯形双钢板治疗C型胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法将46例根据AO分类为c型胫骨平台骨折的患者，应用切开整复，胫骨内外侧同时使用国产解剖钢板，结合螺钉呈梯形内固定治疗，关节面塌陷严重者进行植骨支撑，术后早期应用自创每周一次活动膝关节法进行功能锻炼。结果本组均获随访，随访时间为6～28个月，平均17个月。根据Rasmussen的膝关节功能评价标准评价，优26例，良15例，中3例，差2例，优良率达89．1％。结论梯形双钢板设计良好，较易完成复杂胫骨平台骨折的内固定，骨折复位满意，关节面平整，内固定坚强，可早期功能锻炼，疗效满意，是理想的内固定方法。     

关于胫骨平台骨折的手术治疗体会(附37例报告)

[目的]探讨胫骨平台骨折的手术治疗方法。[方法]对37例胫骨平台骨折患者行切开复位内固定，Schatzker分类Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型者同时予以植骨。[结果]37例随访12～36个月，平均17个月。按Merchant评分标准，优良率86．5％。[结论]对移位的胫骨平台骨折宜采用切开复位适当的内固定术，Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型患者应予植骨。     

关节镜及C型臂机监护下治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨关节镜及C型臂机监护下治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法 2003年12月～2005年2月对18例胫骨平台骨折患者行常规膝关节镜检查，依次观察有无关节内结构损伤，了解胫骨平台骨折形态、移位方向和软骨缺损程度。通过撬拨或推顶使骨折复位，缺损处植骨，并采用6．5mm中空螺纹钉或支持钢板固定。结果 18例患者获5～17个月（平均12个月）随访，骨折均愈合。按照Merchant膝关节功能评分法评定：优4例，良12例，可1例，差1例，优良串为88.9％。结论 关节镜及C型臂机监护下治疗胫骨平台骨折操作容易且疗效满意。     

关节镜辅助下仿MIPPO技术治疗B型胫骨平台骨折

[目的]探索治疗胫骨平台骨折的新方法。[方法]运用关节镜及微创经皮钢板固定技术（minimally invasive pereutaneous plate osteosynthesis MIPPO）治疗B型胫骨平台骨折5例。在关节镜监视下复位骨折，骨折侧建立皮下骨膜外隧道，置入普通钢板，螺丝钉固定。[结果]术后随访6个月～2a，平均15个月。HSS膝关节临床功能评分，优4例，良1例。[结论]关节镜辅助下仿MIPPO技术治疗B型胫骨平台骨折，创伤小，骨折的愈合率高，是治疗B型胫骨平台骨折的有效方法。     

Schatzker Ⅴ Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的手术治疗与疗效分析

[目的]探讨SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的损伤特点、疗效差的原因和改进的方法，提出外科治疗的思路和手术方法的选择。[方法]2002年5月-2006年3月，本科收住35例SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折患者。分别采用双钢板、锁定板加空心螺钉、外固定架结合有限内固定及关节镜辅助下微创内固定治疗。[结果]术后35例患者均获得随访，随访12-35个月，平均16．5个月，骨折均获骨性愈合，根据Rasmussen膝关节功能评分法进行综合评分：优19例，良10例，可4例，差2例。[结论]对于SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折，术前结合三维CT重建详细了解骨折情况，注重软组织损伤程度的评估，选择合适的手术时机、入路和固定方法，在保护骨折部血运情况下，对胫骨平台进行解剖复位、充分植骨并予以适当的固定，以及术后积极的无负重下膝关节功能训练是获得良好手术效果的关键。     

有限切开间接复位LCP固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨有限切开间接复位LCP内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床效果。方法自2011-09—2013-05采用C型臂X线机透视下有限切开间接复位、LCP内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折21例。小切口置入LCP固定,对SchatzkerⅡ~Ⅳ型骨折均进行自体骨植骨,采用Rasmussen评分标准进行膝关节功能评定。结果 21例均获得随访,随访时间4~11个月,平均5.5个月。术后3个月时X线片显示骨折均骨性愈合,未见胫骨平台高度丢失;膝关节功能评定:优18例,良2例,可1例,优良率为95.2%。结论应用有限切开间接复位LCP内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折创伤小、固定坚强、可早期功能锻炼,术后关节功能恢复好、并发症少。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.