心电图在急性肺栓塞诊断治疗中的价值

目的 探讨心电图在急性肺栓塞诊断治疗中的价值.方法 对30例急性肺检塞患者心电图表现进行分析.结果 30例患者心电图均有改变,表现各异.结论 心电图对肺栓塞的诊断具有比较重要的价值.多次心电图检查观察动态变化并结合临床进行全面分析,综合判断,对PTE诊断和预后的判断有更大意义.     

Oral, direct factor Xa inhibitors in development for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases

Anticoagulants are recommended for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of thromboembolic events. Although existing anticoagulants are effective, their use is limited by parenteral administration or the requirement for frequent monitoring and subsequent dose adjustment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel, oral agents with a predictable anticoagulant action. Because of its key position in the coagulation cascade and its limited roles outside of coagulation, Factor Xa has emerged as an attractive target for novel anticoagulants. As a result, the past decade has witnessed an explosion of research into small-molecule, oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitors, and several are now in clinical development. Rivaroxaban, LY517717, YM150, apixaban, PRT054021, and DU-176b, among others, have shown considerable promise; rivaroxaban is currently furthest ahead in its developmental program, having entered phase III in 3 indications. It is hoped that, before long, these anticoagulants will allow us to enter an era of convenient, oral anticoagulation, without the need for regular monitoring or dose adjustment.     

肺灌注/通气显像在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的价值

目的:评价核素肺通气/灌注(V/Q)显像在肺动脉栓塞(PE)诊断中的价值。方法:回顾总结40例核素肺灌注/通气显像与肺动脉造影(CPA)诊断PE的对照研究。结果:31例患者V/Q显像示不相匹配的肺叶、肺段或多发亚肺段的放射性分布稀疏或缺损,提示为PE,其中肺动脉造影证实30例为PE,1例多发大动脉炎;9例患者的V/Q显像为相匹配的肺叶、肺段或多发亚肺段的稀疏或缺损,提示不是PE,与肺动脉造影结果一致。核素V/Q显像诊断PE的灵敏度为100%(30/30例),特异性为90.0%(9/10例),准确性为97.5%(39/40例)。结论:多数PE患者通过核素肺V/Q显像可以作出明确诊断,少数肺V/Q显像与临床表现不符的患者需行肺动脉造影。     

The 5 most frequently asked questions about factor Xa inhibitors

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Rivaroxaban and factor Xa inhibitors in clinical practice

Prevention and treatment of thrombosis represent some of the most common medical interventions in the clinical area that remains among the most common causes of mortality and morbidity. At present, heparins, pentasaccharides and warfarin are used to prevent thromboembolic events. Nevertheless, these drugs have a range of adverse effects and other disadvantages that force scientists to seek new treatment options that would fulfil the concept of an 'ideal antithrombotic drug'. Characteristics of such an agent include selectivity of its effect, absence of adverse effects, possibility to administer the drug without the need for laboratory control and low cost. Attention is, therefore, focused on thrombin modulation either with direct inhibitors or with inhibitors of the thrombin production system, i.e. activated factor Xa of the plasma coagulation cascade (F Xa). Management so far involved injectable formulations, the efforts described above aim for oral administration of treatment.     

急性肺血栓栓塞的溶栓治疗

急性肺血栓栓塞 (ＡＰＥ)的溶栓治疗始于 30年前。长期以来 ,人们一直在探求能够提高疗效、降低出血风险的药物和治疗方法。随着优质溶栓药物的开发及溶栓方案、给药途径的改进 ,ＡＰＥ的溶栓治疗已取得了长足的进展。现有溶栓剂主要有链激酶 (ＳＫ)、尿激酶 (ＵＫ)、重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 (ｒｔ -ＰＡ) ,均为纤溶酶原激活剂 ,是具有启动 -放大纤溶系统的有效药物。它通过激活纤溶酶原而溶解血栓 ,使其降解成可溶性肽类。目前新一代溶栓剂如 :重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂ｔ -ＰＡ缺失突变体 (ｒ -ＰＡ)、ＴＮＫ -组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 (Ｔ…     

肺栓塞的诊断和治疗

肺动脉栓塞（pulmonary embolism,肺栓塞）是发达国家常见病,在美国的死亡率仅次于恶性肿瘤和心肌梗死而排在第3位.肺栓塞在我国一直被认为是少见病,但从20世纪90年代中对部分医院进行临床流行病学调查,发现病例数呈稳步上升趋势,2001年中华医学会呼吸病分会公布的《肺血栓栓塞症的诊断与治疗指南（草案）》以来,部分医院病例增长10倍,应引起临床医生警惕.     

老年肺栓塞的螺旋CT肺动脉造影诊断研究

目的探讨螺旋CT肺动脉造影在老年肺动脉栓塞(PE)诊断中的临床应用价值。方法采用螺旋CT对66例老年PE患者行肺动脉增强扫描,其中多层、单层螺旋CT(MSCT,SCT)肺动脉造影检查者各为21和45例。结果分析66例老年PE患者的2728支肺动脉,MSCT、SCT肺动脉造影共显示926支肺动脉受累。直接征象为中心型充盈缺损、部分型充盈缺损、完全性阻塞、附壁性充盈缺损,约占33.9%;1206支段以上肺动脉中,依据直接征象MSCT、SCT分别检出240支/384支(62.5%)和481支/822支(58.5%),共721支/1206支,两者检出率无明显差别(P=0.037);1522支亚段肺动脉中,MSCT、SCT分别检出121支/484支(25.0%)和84支/1038支(8.1%),共205支/1522支,前者检出率明显高于后者(P=0.632)。平扫示间接征象共125例次。结论MSCT、SCT对段以上PE的诊断二者均有较高的准确度,MSCT对亚段PE的诊断有其优势。     

急性肺动脉栓塞的CT表现在疾病危险分级中的价值

目的:回顾性分析急性肺动脉栓塞(APE)的CT肺动脉血管成像(CTPA)表现与疾病危险程度相关因素,并探讨CTPA在评价急性肺动脉栓塞危险分级中的价值。方法:根据2014ESC的s PESI标准将28例经CTPA确诊的急性肺动脉栓塞患者分为危重组和非危重组,分别测量两组病例右心室最大层面短轴(RV_d)和左心室最大层面短轴(LV_d),并计算其比值(RV_d/LV_d);记录每个病例肺动脉的栓塞数量和栓塞程度,计算Qanadli评分,并对右心室/左心室的最大层面短轴比值(RV_d/LV_d)和Qanadli评分进行分析。结果:危重组的右心室/左心室的最大层面短轴比值和Qanadli评分明显大于非危重组。右心室/左心室的最大层面短轴比值和Qanadli评分之间显著正相关(r=0.804,P<0.01),且存在线性关系(β=59.144,P<0.01);危重和非危重患者的Qanadli评分和RVd/LVd均呈现显著性差异。结论:CTPA对评价急性肺动脉栓塞的危险分级具有重要的价值。     

New perspectives for treatment of pulmonary embolism

Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) have been shown to be as safe and effective as intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) for the initial treatment of patients with deep vein thrombosis and acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. In comparison with UFH, LMWHs have a longer half-life, greater bioavailability and more predictable antithrombotic effect when administered in fixed doses, thus obviating the need for laboratory monitoring. It is therefore feasible that LMWH preparations may replace UFH for the treatment of pulmonary embolism in the future. It is recommended that LMWH should be administered for 5-10 days and should overlap with oral anticoagulant therapy by at least 4 days. Surgical pulmonary embolectomy should only be considered in patients with life-threatening pulmonary embolism who have failed to respond during the first 3 h of thrombolytic therapy. The systematic use of vena cava filters is not recommended in patients presumed to be at high risk for pulmonary embolism.     

The value of sPESI for risk stratification in patients with pulmonary embolism

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - Various risk stratification methods exist for patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). We used the simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI) as a...     

肺动脉栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞的诊断与治疗

目的:评价肺动脉栓塞(PE)合并矛盾性栓塞(PDE)的诊断与治疗效果,探讨PE合并PDE的诊断与鉴别诊断方法。方法:回顾性分析1999年2月至2007年1月我院6例PE合并PDE的临床资料。对急性期合并脑PDE采用脱水治疗、加用或不加用溶栓抗凝治疗;对合并脑以外PDE急诊采用选择性溶栓、抗凝或拉栓治疗。对卵圆孔未闭(PFO)或房间隔缺损(ASD)采用手术或介入伞堵封闭。结果:1例行肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术及PFO缝闭术,3例行PFO介入封堵,1例行ASD介入封堵,1例PFO未治疗。4例PE经手术或溶栓治愈,2例长期抗凝治疗缓解。随访3个月至7年,1例PFO未治疗的患者于2年后再发脑PDE,另5例未再发PDE,随访检查PFO或ASD封堵器无移位,无右向左分流。心功能Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级1例,Ⅲ级1例。结论:1.急性期对脑以外PDE应行急诊溶栓、抗凝或拉栓治疗;对脑PDE应行脱水加用或不加用溶栓抗凝治疗。2.手术或介入治疗闭合心内外右向左分流是根治PDE的必要条件。     

The value of four-detector row spiral computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

Although spiral computed tomography (CT) is being used increasingly as the first-line imaging procedure in the diagnostic workup of patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism (PE), the diagnostic value of negative findings, at least when using the four-detector row scanners, is still controversial. A total of 702 consecutive patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of PE underwent four-slice CT. Patients with negative findings received the determination of D-dimer. Those with positive D-dimer underwent further diagnostic workup to confirm or rule out the diagnosis of PE. Those with negative D-dimer were followed-up to 6 months to detect the development of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE). The CT test was interpreted as negative in 536 patients (76.3%). These patients had the D-dimer determination, which was positive in 279 and negative in the remaining 257 patients. Of the former, PE subsequently was documented in 55 patients (19.7%). Of the latter, symptomatic VTE in the follow-up period developed in three patients (1.17%; 95% confidence interval, 0.24 to 3.38%). In conclusion, when using the four-detector row, the negative predictive value of CT findings in patients with clinically suspected PE and positive D-dimer is low. In contrast, it is safe to withhold anticoagulation from patients with negative findings and negative D-dimer.     

心电图在急性肺栓塞诊治中的应用

目的探讨心电图在诊治急性肺栓塞中的作用。方法回顾性分析38例确诊的急性肺栓塞患者入院时及溶栓后1周的心电图变化。结果入院时S1〉0．1mV者32例次（84．21％），S1QⅢTⅢ型23例次（60．53％）。QⅢTⅢ型21例次（55．26％），TⅢ倒置29例次（76．32％），Tv1-v3倒置26例次（68．42％），Tv1-v3倒置19例次（50．0％），Tv1-v4倒置15例次（39．47％），Tv1-v5R倒置4例次（10．53％）。T波倒置均呈对称性，不完全性右束支传导阻滞7例次。Sv1-vm粗钝、挫折17例次（44．74％）。溶栓后1周S1〉0．1mV、S1QⅢTⅢ型、QⅢTⅢ型、顺钟向转位、电轴右偏、窦性心动过速、房性心律失常及aVR终末R波等指标阳性率均有减少。差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。溶栓后胸导联T波倒置较溶栓前大多加深。结论急性肺栓塞心电图改变是非特异性的．但如能紧密结合临床、动态观察心电图改变，则有助于诊断急性肺栓塞。有效溶栓治疗后胸导联T波倒置加深可能是右心室负荷减轻的一种表现。     

Modern treatment of pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism is diagnosed over 100,000 times yearly in the United States and is the recognized primary cause of death in at least 10,000 cases. Thrombolytic therapy has been successful in reducing clot burden substantially; however, clinical data are lacking to indicate that thrombolytic therapy improves mortality rates in patients with pulmonary emboli or that the pharmacologic removal of colt will improve future quality of life. The use of thrombolytic agents has been limited by the potential for producing hemorrhagic complications. This paper discusses the pharmacology of numerous thrombolytic agents and their clinical use in research studies intended to determine the safest and most efficacious regimens. Recombinant t-PA infusions appear quite safe and produce very rapid lyses of pulmonary emboli. Innovative administration regimens of urokinase also appear promising. The availability of extremely safe and efficacious treatment regimens should allow for large epidemiologic studies to be conducted to determine whether thrombolytic therapy will improve the morbidity and mortality of pulmonary embolism.     

Current and future prospects for anticoagulant therapy: inhibitors of factor Xa and factor IIa

Indirect systemic and direct oral factor Xa and direct oral factor IIa inhibitors with improved pharmacologic profiles compared with heparins and vitamin K antagonists are currently in clinical development. This overview focuses on the indirect antithrombin dependent pentasaccharide derivatives of idraparinux and on the most advanced oral direct inhibitors to factor Xa (rivaroxaban and apixaban) and IIa (dabigatran). Specifically, the results of dose-finding studies for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective orthopedic surgery, the results of dose-finding studies for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism including prolonged prophylaxis of recurrent events, and the designs of ongoing clinical trials are reviewed.     

Determination of antithrombin-dependent factor Xa inhibitors by prothrombin-induced clotting time

Prothrombinase-induced clotting time (PiCT) determines the anticoagulant effects of heparins, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), and direct thrombin inhibitors. At present, this is the only method that measures the effects of all of these inhibitors, in contrast to the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), Heptest, ecarin clotting time, and the chromogenic assays. The antithrombin-dependent direct factor (F) Xa inhibitors fondaparinux and idraparinux were compared with the LMWH dalteparin on PiCT, aPTT, Heptest, and chromogenic anti-FXa assays in pooled human normal plasma samples. Fondaparinux and idraparinux prolonged the coagulation times in the PiCT, Heptest, and chromogenic FXa assays in a dose-dependent manner, in contrast to the aPTT. We conclude that PiCT is a suitable assay to determine the anticoagulant effects of these two new FXa inhibitors in patients receiving treatment with these compounds.