神经导管联合自体变性肌桥修复大鼠周围神经缺损的实验研究

目的探讨PLGA神经导管联合化学萃取的自体骨骼肌肌桥,修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的可能性。方法SD大鼠45只,建立大鼠左侧坐骨神经缺损模型。随机分为3组．分别采用自体神经（A组）、PLGA神经导管（B组）和PLGA神经导管联合化学萃取自体骨骼肌肌桥（C组）．来修复神经缺损。术后通过大体观察、坐骨神经功能指数测定、腓肠肌湿质量恢复率测定、组织学观察和图像分析对比等,检测神经缺损修复情况。结果神经导管联合化学萃取自体骨骼肌肌桥能促进坐骨神经再生．各项指标均优于单纯神经导管移植．但是效果略差于自体神经移植。结论PLGA神经导管联合化学萃取自体骨骼肌肌桥．对大鼠坐骨神经缺损具有良好的桥梁作用和促神经生长的作用。     

自体去肌浆骨骼肌的制备及其修复周围神经缺损初探

自体去肌浆骨骼肌的制备及其修复周围神经缺损初探金国华，田美玲修复周围神经缺损的非神经移植材料研究甚多，Ｆａｗｃｅｔｔ曾用化学和挤压的方法在体外主除骨骼肌肌浆，修复鼠和兔的周围神经缺损。本文将去肌浆骨骼肌的制备及其结果和用其修复大鼠坐骨神经１０ｍｍ缺损...     

外源性神经生长因子对神经在肌肉桥接物中再生的影响

自体冻融骨髂肌（ＦＴＭＧ）作为神经桥接体的实验是１９８６年Ｇｌａｓｂｙ首先报道，是基于此种非神经移植体的某些显见的优点，如轴突长入阻力小，有着与自体神经内膜管结构相似的肌基底膜管结构，可引导轴突向远端生长，但机械导向尚不能提供神经再生的全部必要条件。采用在冻融骨骼肌桥接物中加入外源性ＮＧＦ的方法，修复兔坐骨神经缺损，应用电生理学、组织学、免疫组织化学、图像分析、透射电镜等测试方法，发现早期神经轴突长入桥接体的速度及成熟程度明显优于单纯自体冻融骨骼肌桥（ＦＴＭＧ），为探索非神经组织桥接神经再生，及自体变性骨骼肌桥接物的临床应用，提供了基础实验依据。     

血管植入变性骨骼肌与自体神经瘤片段联合移植修复周围神经陈旧性缺损

目的 评估血管植入变性骨骼肌与自体神经瘤片段联合移植修复陈旧性神经缺损的效果。方法 用自体神经移植及血管植入变性骨骼肌作为对照组比较，经5个月观察，采用电生理和形态定量学的检测。结果 联合移植组在电生理、再生轴突密度恢复率和再生轴突面积恢复率方面与血管植入肌桥组有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。与自体神经移植组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。结论 联合移植能获得与自体神经移植相似的效果。     

骨骼肌包埋自体神经片段修复周围神经缺损的实验研究

作者设计用骨骼肌包埋自体神经片段修复周围神经缺损，试图克服单纯骨骼肌修复神经缺损中缺乏雪旺氏细胞的不足．选实验用大白鼠４０只．随机分成Ａ、Ｂ两组，每组２０只．造成坐骨神经缺损２ｃｍ，分别用骨骼肌包埋自体神经片段及单纯骨骼肌桥接．经２个月大体观察、镜下观察及电生理测定，证实骨骼肌包埋自体神经片段修复周围神经缺损所再生的神经纤维在直径、髓鞘厚度、数量及运动神经传导速度等方面均优于单纯骨骼肌桥接．     

三种脱细胞神经修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损效果的比较

目的 比较三种去细胞神经支架修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损效果差异.方法 取大鼠坐骨神经39条,分别用甘油(A组)、叠氮钠(B组)、三硝基甲苯(C组)萃取,每组13条.观察萃取神经结构.用A、B、C三组神经支架修复1.5 cm长的SD大鼠坐骨神经缺损,另设自体神经移植组(D组)和空白对照组(E组),每组10只,术后12周比较五者的修复效果.结果 萃取后A组90%细胞、B、C100%细胞消失,纤维性支架结构A组95%完整;而B、C组仅30%.修复后小腿三头肌湿重、神经电生理A、B、C三组修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损效果相当(P＞0.05),与D、E组比较(P＜0.05)、差异有统计学意义.结论 甘油、叠氮钠、三硝基甲苯等萃取神经可较好地修复坐骨神经缺损,但甘油处理神经最为简单.     

异种化学去细胞神经移植修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的功能评价

[目的]评价异种化学去细胞神经移植修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损后神经功能恢复,从而为临床应用去细胞异种神经移植修复神经缺损提供更为充分的理论依据.[方法]雄性Wistar大鼠15只,致左侧坐骨神经1 cm缺损,以等粗兔化学去细胞神经移植修复.每2周测定坐骨神经指数,移植后4个月动物麻醉后暴露移植段神经,刺激近侧神经干、于同侧胫后肌群记录运动诱发电位,之后取移植段神经切片后行HE组织化学及NF-160免疫组织化学染色. [结果]去细胞异种神经移植物未被宿主排斥,大量神经纤维长入移植物,神经电生理及坐骨神经指数显示宿主坐骨神经功能有部分恢复.[结论]去细胞异种神经移植可以作为修复周围神经缺损的一种有效方法.     

骨骼肌包埋自体神经瘤片修复周围神经的研究

研究变性骨骼肌包埋自体神经瘤片段修复周围神经缺损的疗效。方法：选用Ｗｉｓｔｅｒ大白鼠６０只，随机分成３组。造成坐骨神经缺损１５ｍｍ，分别采用变性骨骼肌包埋自体神经瘤片段，变性骨骼肌和自体神经桥接作比较。于术后３个月和５个月取材并进行大体，组织学，形态定量学和电生理学检测。     

用骨骼肌桥接神经缺损的灵长类动物实验研究

用两种形式的骨骼骨移植体即带蒂骨髂肌和植入血管的变性骨髂肌桥接灵长类动物猕猴尺神经3cm的缺损，并与自体腓肠神经移植进行比较，采用电生理和组织学定量的研究方法，经10个月观察，示涌证实再生神经长过带蒂骨骼肌桥，神经于近端形成较大神经瘤、轴突延伸不到肌桥中段。面植入血管的变性肌桥与自体腓肠神经移植比较，两组的运动神经传导速度、复合动作电位幅值和面积积分、神经纤维密度差异无显著性，但前者移植体中段神经纤维成熟程度较差。     

自体变性骨骼肌修复面神经缺损

长段的面神经缺损。临床上常用自体神经移植修复,但由于存在着供区有限和切取后留有一定功能障碍等缺点,限制了其广泛的应用。本实验分别造成家免一侧面神经上颊支20mm 和30mm缺损,以冻融变性后自体骨骼肌进行修复。实验证明自体变性肌桥对于较长距离面神经缺损修复是一种较理想的非神经组织的移植材料。     

Anatomie fonctionnelle du nerf trijumeau

The cranial nerve (CN) V is a mixed nerve that consists primarily of sensory neurons. It exits the brain on the lateral surface of the pons, entering the trigeminal ganglion within a few millimeters. Three major branches emerge from the trigeminal ganglion. The first division (V1, the ophthalmic nerve) exits the cranium through the superior orbital fissure, entering the orbit to innervate the globe and skin in the area above the eye and forehead. The second division (V2, the maxillary nerve) exits through a round hole, the foramen rotundum, into a space posterior to the orbit, the pterygopalatine fossa. It then re-enters a canal running inferior to the orbit, the infraorbital canal, and exits through a small hole, the infraorbital foramen, to innervate the skin below the eye and above the mouth. The third division (V3, the mandibular nerve) exits the cranium through an oval hole, the foramen ovale. The third division also has an additional motor component, which may run in a separate fascial compartment. Most fibers travel directly to their target tissues. Sensory axons innervate skin on the lateral side of the head, the tongue, and the mucosal wall of the oral cavity. Motor fibers innervate the muscles that are attached to the mandible. Some sensory axons enter in the mandible to innervate the teeth and emerge from the mental foramen to innervate the skin of the lower jaw.     

双神经卡压综合征

目的：研究双神经卡压征的病因及手术治疗方法。方法：分析了自１９８８年以来同时诊断为腕管综合征和肘管综合征２６例３４侧的临床资料。全部患者均作两处神经松解术，平均随访１７个月。疗效评定标准，根据术后症状、体征的改善程度分优、良、可和无效四级。结果：２５侧术后疗效优良，占７３．６％（２５／３４）。结论：双神经卡压征手术治疗效果较好。当双神经卡压同时合并颈部神经卡压时，建议优先考虑远端的神经减压。当远端神经减压后未能改善近端神经卡压症状时，才考虑近端神经减压     

Repair and reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries

Axonal regeneration after transection is a complex biological process. It is not merely a process of tissue repair, but rather of cellular repair of a large number of nerve cells. Regeneration involves restoration of the original morphology of each single cell, rather than proliferation. Techniques in microneurosurgical reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries have improved over the last two decades, with subsequent improvement in functional results. Nerve autografts are now routinely used to guide the regrowth of the proximal nerves to distal nerve segments. However, the limited source of expendable cutaneous nerves restricts the use of nerve grafting techniques and is associated with significant morbidity. With extensive injuries there is an insufficient quantity of nerve autograft material to facilitate optimal repair. In future, the use of artificial conduits or nerve allografts could provide a limitless source of material to reconstruct otherwise irreparable traumatic nerve injuries. Establishment of appropriate strategies to suppress host-immune reaction or donor antigenicity would facilitate clinical allogeneic nerve transplantation. Guest lecture presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association in Tokyo on April 13, 1996.     

Repair of peripheral nerve defect with direct gradual lengthening of the proximal nerve stump in rats.

We investigated the effect of direct gradual lengthening on the proximal nerve stump and subsequent nerve regeneration in rats. A 10-mm-long nerve segment was resected from the sciatic nerve of each rat. The proximal nerve stump was directly lengthened at a rate of 1 mm/day using an original external nerve distraction device. Experiment I: After distraction periods of 10, 15, and 20 days, the length of each nerve was evaluated, and the lengthened nerve stump was also examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Experiment II: After a distraction period of 20 days, both nerve stumps were refreshed and direct end-to-end neurorrhaphy was performed. For control, 10-mm nerve grafting was immediately performed after nerve resection. Nerve regeneration was evaluated electrophysiologically and histologically 7, 9, and 15 weeks after nerve resection in both groups. The whole proximal nerve stump, including the endoneurium and the axon, could be lengthened in proportion to the distraction period. There were no significant differences in motor nerve conduction velocity and tetanic muscle contraction force between both groups. Histologically, the total number of myelinated fibers was significantly greater in the nerve lengthening group than in the autografting group. This study demonstrated that the whole proximal nerve stump including the endoneurium and the axon could be lengthened by direct gradual distraction, and that this method might have potential application in the repair of peripheral nerve defects.     

Axillary nerve injury in young adults—An overlooked diagnosis? Early results of nerve reconstruction and nerve transfers

Abstract

An injury to the axillary nerve from a shoulder trauma can easily be overlooked. Spontaneous functional recovery may occur, but occasionally reconstructive surgery is required. The time frame for nerve reconstruction procedures is from a neurobiological view crucial for a good functional outcome. This study presents a group of operatively and non-operatively treated young adults with axillary nerve injuries caused by motorcycle accidents, where the diagnosis was set late. Ten young men (median age at trauma 13 years, range 9–24) with an axillary nerve injury were diagnosed by examination of shoulder function and electromyography (EMG). The patients had either a nerve reconstruction procedure or were treated conservatively and their recovery was monitored. The axillary nerve was explored and reconstructed at a median of 8 months (range 1–22 months) after trauma in 8/10 patients. Two patients were treated non-operatively. In 4/8 cases, a reconstruction with sural nerve graft was performed and in 1/8 case only exploration of the nerve was made (minor neuroma). In 3/8 cases a radial nerve branch transfer to the axillary nerve was chosen as the procedure. The shoulder was mobilised after 3 weeks with physiotherapy and the patients were monitored regularly. Functional recovery was observed in 9/10 cases (median follow up 11 months, range 7–64) with EMG signs of reinnervation in seven patients. Axillary nerve function should not be overlooked in young patients with a minor shoulder trauma. Nerve reconstruction can successfully recreate function.     

Current concepts in diagnosis and management of common upper limb nerve injuries in children

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) of the upper limb are a common event in the paediatric population, following both fractures and soft tissues injuries. Open injuries should in theory be easier to identify and the repair of injured structures performed as soon as possible in order to obtain a satisfying outcome. Conversely, due to the reduced compliance of younger children during clinical assessment, the diagnosis of a closed nerve injury may sometimes be delayed. As the compliance of patients is influenced by pain, anxiety and stress, the execution of the clinical manoeuvres intended to identify a loss of motor function or sensibility, can be impaired. Although the majority of PNI are neuroapraxias resulting in spontaneous recovery, there are open questions regarding certain aspects of closed PNI, e.g. when to ask for electrophysiological exams, when and how long to wait for a spontaneous recovery and when a surgical approach becomes mandatory. The aim of the article is therefore to analyse the main aspects of the different closed PNI of the upper limb in order to provide recommendations for timely and correct management, and to determine differences in the PNI treatment between children and adults.