1993～2009年日照市15岁以下儿童乙肝疫苗接种与乙肝发病情况分析

[目的]了解15岁以下儿童乙肝疫苗接种情况与乙肝发病情况,为乙肝防治提供科学依据。[方法]对1993～2009年日照市15岁以下儿童乙肝疫苗接种资料、自然人群部分HBV血清学指标检测资料及乙肝发病资料进行分析。[结果]1993～2009年调查15岁以下儿童10 238人,平均乙肝疫苗全程接种率为90.88%,平均首针及时接种率为88.28%。1993年以来,15岁以下儿童乙肝发病率呈下降趋势,2000年最高(12.67/10万),2008年无病例发生。0～4岁儿童HBsAg阳性率最低(0.96%),抗-HBs阳性率最高(71.81%)。乙肝发病率,全部人群呈上升趋势,15岁以下儿童呈逐年下降趋势。[结论]乙肝疫苗的接种提高了15岁以下儿童的乙肝免疫水平,降低了儿童乙肝发病率。     

1993-2009年日照市15岁以下儿童乙肝疫苗接种与乙肝发病情况分析

[目的]了解15岁以下儿童乙肝疫苗接种情况与乙肝发病情况,为乙肝防治提供科学依据。[方法]对1993-2009年日照市15岁以下儿童乙肝疫苗接种资料、自然人群部分HBV血清学指标检测资料及乙肝发病资料进行分析。[结果]1993-2009年调查15岁以下儿童10 238人,平均乙肝疫苗全程接种率为90．88％,平均首针及时接种率为88．28％。1993年以来,15岁以下儿童乙肝发病率呈下降趋势,2000年最高（12．67／10万）,2008年无病例发生。0-4岁儿童HBsAg阳性率最低（0．96％）,抗-HBs阳性率最高（71．81％）。乙肝发病率,全部人群呈上升趋势,15岁以下儿童呈逐年下降趋势。[结论]乙肝疫苗的接种提高了15岁以下儿童的乙肝免疫水平,降低了儿童乙肝发病率。     

2004年新泰市新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗接种与免疫情况调查

[目的]了解儿童乙肝疫苗接种情况,评价免疫效果。[方法]2004年9月,抽取新泰市部分2000~2003年出生的儿童,调查乙肝疫苗接种情况,检测HBsAg、抗-HBs。[结果]调查360人,新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率为95.27%,3针全程接种合格率为93.89%,呈逐年上升趋势;血清HBsAg阳性率为2.50%,抗-HBs阳性率为74.72%。山区儿童的接种率和抗-HBs阳性率均低于平原和市区儿童。[结论]新泰市新生儿乙肝疫苗合格接种率逐年增高,应进一步做好山区新生儿乙肝疫苗接种工作。     

杭州市下城区人群2006年乙肝血清学调查分析

[目的]了解杭州市下城区人群乙肝病毒感染和儿童乙肝疫苗接种现状,评价乙肝疫苗纳入免疫规划实施效果.[方法]按<全国人群乙肝等有关疾病血清学调查方案>抽样、调查和采集血清,由国家CDC对血清样本进行乙肝检测.[结果]HBV感染阳性率、HBsAg阳性率和抗-HBs阳性率分别为34.6%、3.4%和66.4%.与下城区10年前相比,HBsAg阳性率明显下降,而抗-HBs阳性率明显上升.[结论]政府应加大投入,将疫苗纳入医保,提高高危人群疫苗接种率.我区5岁以下儿童HBsAg阳性率为0.8%,已达到卫生部工作要求,乙肝疫苗纳入免疫规划效果显著.     

甘肃省2003-2006年出生儿童乙肝疫苗免疫效果分析

目的:了解甘肃省2003-2006年出生儿童接种乙肝疫苗后的免疫效果。方法:对1442名2003-2006年出生儿童采用酶联免疫法(ELISA法)检测乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs),分析乙肝疫苗免疫效果。结果:调查儿童HBsAg阳性率为1.04%,抗HBs阳性率为86.62%。结论:乙肝疫苗接种取得了明显的效果,但还需采取加大疫苗接种剂量、规范操作等措施保证有效抗体的产生。     

平顶山市学龄前儿童乙型肝炎感染标志物及疫苗免疫效果分析

[目的]了解平顶山市儿童乙型肝炎感染情况及乙肝疫苗免疫效果.[方法]对来该市第一人民医院来门诊接种疫苗和预防检测的学龄儿童进行问卷调查和采集静脉血,应用ELISA法检测乙肝5项指标.对抗-HBs阴性者进行5μg疫苗加强免疫1～3针,免疫后3个月进行抗-HBs检测.[结果]学龄前儿童HBsAg阳性率为2.16%,抗-HBs阳性率为60.4%,抗-HBc阳性率为2.62%.城市儿童HbsAg抗-HBc阳性率明显低于农村儿童.而抗-HBs阳性率明显高于农村儿童,接受乙肝疫苗免疫儿童HBsAg阳性率明显低于未免疫儿童.[结论] 平顶山市学龄前儿童乙肝疫苗按程序接种率较高、免疫效果良好,加强新生儿乙肝疫苗接种,是降低儿童乙肝发病率的有效选择.乙肝疫苗可以有效阻断乙肝传播,对抗-HBs阴性儿童只需加强接种乙肝疫苗5μg即可得到良好的免疫效果.     

国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果观察

为研究和比较国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗与血源乙肝疫苗的免疫效果,采用单纯随机方法,于免疫后1年对重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗接种的新生儿进行随访观察,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc).HBsAg阳性母亲所生的儿童其HBsAg阳性率为5.2%(4/77),抗-HBs阳性率为83.3%(65/78),疫苗保护效果为91.3%;HBsAg阴性母亲所生的儿童其HBsAg阳性率为0.9%(1/114),抗-HBs阳性率为97.4%(111/114),疫苗保护效果为79.5%.重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗有较好的近期保护效果和免疫原性,与以前使用的血源乙肝疫苗相当.     

张掖市＜5岁儿童乙型肝炎病毒携带率和抗体水平监测结果分析

[目的]了解张掖市＜5岁儿童乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)感染现状和免疫抗体水平. [方法]采用分层抽样和单纯随机抽样的方法,采集1 178名0～4岁儿童血清标本,检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)阳性率水平. [结果]HBsAg阳性率1.19%,不同年龄组儿童HBsAg阳性率差异有统计学意义,不同县(区)HBsAg阳性率差异无统计学意义,农村儿童HBsAg阳性率高于城镇儿童;抗-HBs阳性率66.55%,不同年龄组、不同县(区)儿童抗-HBs阳性率差异均有统计学意义,农村儿童抗-HBs阳性率低于城镇儿童. [结论]国际疫苗免疫联盟(GAVI)项目乙肝疫苗(HepB)接种达到了预期的免疫效果.今后HepB免疫重点人群是农村地区儿童、母亲HBsAg阳性儿童;有必要对4岁以上儿童开展乙肝疫苗(HepB)加强免疫.     

795名儿童乙肝疫苗免疫效果分析

我国人群乙肝病毒携带率高达10％，1992年国家将乙肝疫苗接种纳入计划免疫范畴，为了解我县千岛湖镇城区幼儿乙肝疫苗接种效果，我们对全镇1999～2000年出生的有乙肝全程免疫接种史的儿童795名进行了HBsAg与抗-HBs测定，对乙肝疫苗免疫效果进行了评价分析。     

蓬莱市农村人群乙肝疫苗接种和乙肝病毒感染相关性

目的分析评价乙肝疫苗免疫接种对蓬莱市农村居民乙肝病毒(HBV)感染变化的影响。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法,对蓬莱市农村1～59岁常住人口共629人进行乙肝血清流行病学调查和乙肝疫苗接种率调查,采用ELISA法检测HB-sAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc等乙肝标志物。结果 629名调查对象HBV感染率为22.26%,HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率分别为2.70%、62.32%、18.44%。乙肝疫苗接种率由1992年以前出生人群的18.89%提高到2002-2006年出生人群的100.00%,HBV感染率由42.11%降为1.31%;有乙肝免疫史的人群HBV感染率和HBsAg、抗-HBc阳性率均低于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群,抗-HBs阳性率明显高于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群,乙肝疫苗保护率为85.63%。结论从1992年使用乙肝疫苗以来,不仅有效的减少了乙肝病毒携带状态,且乙肝疫苗保护率达到较好的效果,进一步说明接种乙肝疫苗可有效防止乙肝病毒的感染。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.